Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of respiratory system

A

gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid base balance, blood pressure regulation, blood and lymph flow, platelet production, blood filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

principal organs

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

facial part is shaped by bone and hyaline cartilage

A

nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

muscular funnel extending about 5 in. from choanae to larynx

A

pharynx (throat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cartilaginous chamber about 4 cm (l.5 in.) long

A

larynx (voice box)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

keeps food and drink out of airway

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

rigid tube, anterior to esophagus, 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

A

trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

crowded by adjacent organs, does fill entire ribcage, not symmetrical

A

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

arise from fork of trachea, supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

A

main bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

trace the flow of air from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli

A

nose-nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx-trachea- carina-primary bronchus-secondary bronchus-terminal bronchus- respiratory bronchioles -alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

highly organized hyaline cartilage, incomplete rings to allow esophagus to expand when eating

A

trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

muscles in forced expiration

A

rectus abdominis, internal intercostals, abdominal, and pelvic muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

greatly increased abdominal pressure pushes viscera up against diaphragm increasing thoracic pressure, forcing air out; important for “abdominal breathing”

A

forced expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

energy saving passive process achieved by the elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage

A

normal quiet respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

as muscles relax, structures recoil to original shape and original (smaller) size of thoracic cavity

A

normal quiet respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

inspiration:

A

inhaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

expiration:

A

exhaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

prime mover of repiration

A

diaphragm (contracts to flat shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

breathing is controlled at what two levels of the brain

A

cerebral and conscious; unconscious and automatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

automatic, unconscious breathing is controlled by respiratory centers in the reticular formation

A

medulla oblongata and pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

primary generator of the respiratory rhythm, produces a respiratory rhythm of 12 breaths per minute

A

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in quiet breathing (eupnea), inspiratory neurons fire for about 2 seconds, expiratory neurons fire for 3 seconds

A

ventral respiratory group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

modifies the rate and depth of breathing, receives influences from external sources

A

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

one pair of respiratory center in the pons

A

Pontine respiratory group (PRG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

modifies rhythm of VRG by outputs to both VRG and DRG

A

pontine respiratory group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

adapts breathing to special circumstances such as sleep, exercise, vocalization, and emotional responses

A

pontine respiratory group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describes air flow in and out of lungs during ventilation

A

boyle’s law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

changing volume creates a ___

A

pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

F is related to the change in ___

A

pressure over resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

____ pressure falls with more volume and rises with less volume

A

inter pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

slightly negative pressure that exists between the two pleural layers

A

intrapleural pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, affects expansion of lungs

A

charles law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

two factors influence airway resistance:

A

bronchiole diameter and pulmonary compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

increases airflow, epinephrine and sympathetic stimulation

A

diameter of the bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

decreases airflow, suffocation can occur, histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air, and chemical irritants

A

bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

ease with lungs can expand, reduced by degenerative lung diseases, limited by surface tension of water film inside alveoli

A

pulmonary compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

conduction zone of airway where there is no gas exchange, can be altered somewhat by sympathetic dilation

A

anatomic dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

space that is filled with air that cannot exchange with the blood

A

anatomic dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

important to deduct this amount when calculating alveolar ventilation rate

A

anatomic dead space

41
Q

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of breathing (500mL)

A

tidal volume

42
Q

max inward breath

A

inspiratory reserve volume

43
Q

max outward breath

A

expiratory reserve volume

44
Q

air still remaining in lungs after maximum expiration (cannot be expelled)

A

residual volume

45
Q

air that can be inhaled or exhaled with maximum effort

A

vital capacity

46
Q

air breathed in normally (normal tidal expiration)

A

inspiratory capacity

47
Q

maximum air lungs can contain

A

total lung capacity

48
Q

air remaining after normal breath

A

functional residual capacity

49
Q

relaxed, quiet breathing

50
Q

temporary cessation of breathing (one or more skipped breaths)

51
Q

labored, gasping breathing;shortness of breath

52
Q

increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions

53
Q

increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand, frequently associated with anxiety

A

hyperventilation

54
Q

reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to an increase in blood CO2

A

hypoventilation

55
Q

deep, rapid breathing often included by acidosis

A

kussmaul respiration

56
Q

dyspnea that occurs when person is lying down

57
Q

permanent cessation of breathing

A

respiratory arrest

58
Q

accelerated respiration

59
Q

the separate contribution of each gas mixture

A

partial pressure

60
Q

alveolar air mixes with

A

residual air

61
Q

air is humidified by contact with

A

mucous membranes

62
Q

___ exchanges O2 and CO2 with blood

A

alveolar air

63
Q

inspired air mixes with air left from the previous

A

respiratory cycle

64
Q

gases diffuse down their own gradients until the ___ of each gas in the air is __ to its partial pressure in water

A

partial pressure; equal

65
Q

at the air- water interface, for a given temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in the water is determined by its solubility and its partial pressure in air

A

henrys law

66
Q

the greater the PO2 in the ___, the more O2 the blood picks up

A

alveolar air

67
Q

behaves independently, one __ does not influence the diffusion of another

68
Q

for __ to get into the blood, it muust dissolve in this water and pass through the respiratory membrane separating the air from the bloodstream

69
Q

must pass the other way and then diffuse out of the water film into the alveolar air

A

for carbon dioxide to leave blood

70
Q

less gradient, less __ diffuses into blood. more gradient, more __ diffuses into blood

71
Q

process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa

A

gas transport

72
Q

oxygen in

A

98.5% bound to hemoglobin and 1.5% dissolved in plasma

73
Q

90% is hydrated to form carbonic acid, 5% is bound to proteins, and 5% is dissolved as a gas in plasma

A

carbon dioxide transport

74
Q

70% of CO2 comes form carbonic acid, 23% comes from proteins, and 7%comes straight from plasma

A

carbon dioxide exchange

75
Q

specialized for oxygen transport, has 4 protein (globin) portions

A

hemoglobin

76
Q

O2 bound to hemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin

77
Q

hemoglobin with no O2

A

deoxyhemoglobin

78
Q

1 can carry up 4 O2, each has a heme group, binds one O2 to an iron atom

A

hemoglobin

79
Q

carbon dioxide is transported in 3 forms:

A

gas dissolved in plasma, carbonic acid dissolved in plasma, carbamino compounds

80
Q

4 factors adjust rate of oxygen unloading to match need:

A

ambient PO2, temperature, ambient pH, bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)

81
Q

O2 is released from Hb, active tissue has (down arrow) PO2

A

ambient PO2

82
Q

active tissue has (up arrow) CO2, lower pH of blood, promotes O2 unloading

A

ambient pH (bohr effect)

83
Q

RBCs produce this, which binds to Hb; O2 in unloaded

A

bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)

84
Q

 body temp (fever), thyroxine, growth hormone,
testosterone, and epinephrine all raise BPG and promote
O2 unloading

A

bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)

85
Q

active tissues has this, promotes O2 unloading

A

temperature

86
Q

__ unloads O2 to match metabolic needs of different states of activity of the tissues

A

hemoglobin

87
Q

rate of __ loading also adjusted to meet needs

88
Q

rate and depth of breathing adjust to maintin

A

arterial blood levels

89
Q

pH =

A

7.35 to 7.45

90
Q

PCO2

91
Q

PO2

92
Q

brainstem respiratory centers receive input from central and ___ that monitor composition of CSF and blood

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

93
Q

most ___ for breathing is pH, followed by CO2, and least significant is O2

A

potent stimulus

94
Q

deficiency of oxygen or the inability to use oxygen, a consequence of respiratory disease

95
Q

state of low arterial PO2, usually due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

A

hypoxemic hypoxia

96
Q

inadequate circulation of blood (congestive heart failure)

A

ischemic hypoxia

97
Q

due to inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen

A

anemic hypoxia

98
Q

metabolic poisons (cyanide) prevents O2 use in tissue

A

histotoxic hypoxia

99
Q

blueness of the skin, (sign of hypoxia)

A & P (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions