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Animal Anatomy and Physiology > Urinary pt. 1 > Flashcards

Urinary pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Most obvious function of kidneys

A

produce urine to facilitate elimination of metabolic wastes

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2
Q

Kidneys maintain homeostasis by manipulating ____________

A

manipulating composition of blood plasma

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3
Q

Kidneys also help regulate __________

A

regulates acid-bas balance and fluid-electrolyte balances

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4
Q

The kidneys must filter enough water and electrolytes out of the blood to equal ___________

A

to equal the amount that is being put into the blood from other sources

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5
Q

levels of NA, K, Cl, and N waste (urea from protein breakdown) in plasma must be maintained within specific, narrow concentration limits. Needs to do this for health and life to continue. What happens if kidneys fail to do this

A

concentrations can rise to toxic levels. Leads to illness and death

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6
Q

What is the most important function of the kidneys

A

Maintaining homeostasis

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7
Q

Main processes of maintaining homeostasis are:

A

Blood filtration, reabsorption, and secretion as well as fluid balance and regulation, Acid-base regulation, hormone production, and blood pressure regulation

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8
Q

During blood filtration, useful substances are _________, and waste products are ______

A

useful substances are returned to circulation, and waste products are secreted from the bloodstream, into a fluid that eventually becomes urine

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9
Q

The amount of urine produced depends on ________, this helps ensure ________

A

depends on the amount of water it contains, this helps ensure that the body contains the right amount of water to maintain a healthy internal environment

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10
Q

If the body has excess water and it needs to get rid of it, what happens

A

more urine is formed (diuresis)

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11
Q

if the body needs to conserve water, what happens

A

less urine is produced, and pass little (oliguria) or no urine at all (anuria)

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12
Q

The amount of water contained in the urine is under the control of the hormones ___________ and _____________

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

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13
Q

Acid-base balance regulation is maintained by the ability to

A

remove acidic hydrogen and basic bicarbonate ions from the blood and excrete them in urine. By eliminating these ions in the appropriate amounts, blood pH can be maintained in the proper range

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14
Q

Kidneys have a close association with the endocrine system -> hormones that help regulate body functions. The kidneys do three things with hormones

A

Kidneys produce hormones, regulate the release of hormones from other organs, and are influenced by hormones themselves

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15
Q

Kidneys can influence the rate of release of ______ from the posterior pituitary gland and __________, secreted from the cortex of the adrenal gland

A

ADH from the posterior pituitary gland
aldosterone form the cortex of the adrenal gland

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16
Q

Specialized cells in kidney produce ______________, the hormone necessary for RBC production, and some __________

A

Erythropoietin
prostaglandins

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17
Q

Kidneys contain internal receptors that monitor blood pressure. When blood pressure fails, kidneys secrete

A

renin

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18
Q

the release of renin results in

A

vasoconstriction and the retention of Na and H2O. By increasing fluid volume of the blood, blood pressure will also be increased

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19
Q

Where are the kidneys located

A

Dorsal part of the abdomen, just ventral to and on either side of the first few lumbar vertebrae
In common domestic animals, except the pig, the right kidney is more cranial than the left

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20
Q

What surrounds the kidneys and helps protect them from pressure exerted by surrounding organs

A

A thick layer of fat (perirenal)

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21
Q

Kidneys are located ______ to the abdomen

A

retroperitoneal
They are outside the parietal peritoneum (more or less they are outside the abdomen)

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22
Q

To an extent, kidneys move with the diaphragm. As it contracts, what happens

A

-kidneys are pushed cranially (by half a vertebra)
-Right kidney doesn’t move as much as the left kidney
-Right kidney fits into a depression in the liver that stabilizes it
-Left kidney doesn’t have this stabilization

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23
Q

In most animals, what shape is the kidney and what is it covered by

A

kidneys are bean-shaped and covered by a fibrous connective tissue capsule
Horses: right kidney is compressed, so it becomes somewhat heart-shaped
Cattle: is multilobulated, about 12 lobes

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24
Q

The indented area on the medial aspect of the kidney is called the

A

hilus
This is where blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and the ureters enter and leave the kidney

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25
Q

If you cut the kidneys of most animals in half longitudinally through the hilus, you’ll find a funnel-shaped area inside the hilus. This is known as

A

the renal pelvis

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26
Q

the renal pelvis is a urine collection chamber the forms ____

A

The beginning of the ureter

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27
Q

The renal pelvis is lined with

A

transitional epithelium

28
Q

what animal don’t have a distinct chamber that can be called a renal pelvis

A

cattle

29
Q

the outer portion of the kidney is called

A

the renal cortex
it is reddish brown and has a rough granular appearance

30
Q

The inner portion around the renal pelvis is the

A

renal medulla
it has a smooth appearance with a dark purple outer area that sends rays up into the cortex and a pale grey-red inner area that extends down the renal pelvis

31
Q

The shapes of the cortex and medulla and how they relate to each other vary among species
Cattle and pigs:

A

medulla is made of numerous, pyramid-shaped areas with the apex pointing to the renal pelvis (pigs) or directly to the ureter (cattle)
 This gives the medulla a scalloped appearance
 The cortex fills in around the scallops

32
Q

Kidneys with the structure like the cattle and pigs have is called

A

multipyramidal or multilobular

33
Q

In other species the medullary pyramids fuse to occupy the entire medulla, and the cortex is pushed to the outside area only. This is known as

A

unipyramidal or unilobar

34
Q

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the

A

Nephron

35
Q

4 parts of the nephron:

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal convoluted tubule
36
Q

The renal corpuscle is located where

A

in the cortex of the kidney

37
Q

The renal corpuscle is made up of

A

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

38
Q

The glomerulus is

A

a tuft of glomerular capillaries

39
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

double walled capsule that surrounds the glomerulus

40
Q

Bowman’s capsule has two layers

A

a visceral and a parietal

41
Q

The visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule has ________

A

podocytes (“foot cells”)
Cover capillaries and make a permeable layer that allows fluid and dissolved substance to pass through during filtration

42
Q

fluid filtered out of the blood is called

A

glomerular filtrate

43
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (twisty turn) is a continuation of

A

the capsular space of the bowman’s capsule

44
Q

What is the longest part of the tubular system of the nephron

A

the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

45
Q

What type of epi cells line the PCT

A

cuboidal and have a brush border (important for resorption)

46
Q

filtered fluid in the pct is known as

A

tubular filtrate

47
Q

The loop of Henle continues from

A

the PCT and descends into the medulla of the kidney, makes a U turn and heads back up to the cortex

48
Q

The descending loop portion is made of what kind of cells

A

simple cuboidal with a Brush border like the PCT

49
Q

as the loop of henle maks the u turnin the medulla of the kidney, what happens?

A

it becomes thinner. The epi cells transition to simple squamous and it loses the BB

50
Q

As the loop of henle ascends to the cortex, what happens

A

it becomes thicker again, but it doesn’t regain the BB

51
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a continuation od

A

the ascending loop of Henle. it follows twisting path through the cortex

52
Q

DCT from all the nephrons in the kidney empty into a series of tubules called

A

collecting ducts

53
Q

the collecting ducts carry tubular filtrate through __________ into

A

through the medulla into the calyces —> renal pelvis

54
Q

The DCT is also the primary site of action for ____

A

ADH
and K and acid-base regulation occur here

55
Q

where does the nerve supply to the kidney come from

A

primarily from the sympathetic nervous system

56
Q

Each kidney has a massive blood supply because it is _________________________ for blood

A

It is a filter organ for blood

57
Q

How much of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys

A

25%
Meaning that every 4-5 min, all circulating blood in the body passes through the kidneys

58
Q

What artery does the blood come from into the kidneys

A

the renal artery
branches off the abdominal artery
enters at the hilus
divides/subdivides until becoming a series of afferent glomerular arterioles

59
Q

The afferent glomerular arterioles carry blood where

A

into the glomerular capillaries of the renal corpuscle

60
Q

The glomerular capillaries are a continuation of the afferent arterioles. What do the filter

A

they filter some of the plasma out of the blood
not all plasma is filtered out, if so, blood flow would stop

61
Q

When the blood is in the glomerular capillaries, the blood is still arterial blood at this point, which means what?

A

This is the only place the blood entering AND leaving the capillaries is oxygenated blood

62
Q

efferent glomerular arterioles are capillaries that surround what

A

the rest of the nephron

63
Q

what is the efferent glomerular arterioles is known as

A

peritubular capillaries

64
Q

what happens in the efferent glomerular arterioles

A

oxygen transfer
substances are also taken out of the tubular filtrate and put back in the blood (AKA tubular reabsorption)

65
Q

Peritubular capillaries surround ______________ and converge to form __________________

A

surround the nephron and converge to form venules

66
Q

The renal vein leaves the kidney at ____

A

at the hilus and joins the abdominal portion of the Caudal vena cava (cleanest blood in the body)

Animal Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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