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Animal Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine System Pt. 2 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus found

A

In the Diencephalon
Btwn the ventral brain, caudal to the optic chiasm

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2
Q

What are some of the many nervous system functions the hypothalamus controls?

A

Appetite control
temp regulation
control of sleep cycles

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3
Q

what does the hypothalamus link together

A

links the conscious mind with the rest of the body

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4
Q

How is the hypothalamus linked to the endocrine cycle?

A

Due to its control of the activities of the pituitary gland

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5
Q

The hypothalamus is the missing link btwn what?

A

nervous and endocrine systems

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6
Q

The pituitary gland is know as what

A

Master endocrine gland

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7
Q

the pituitary is know as the master gland because

A

it makes a bunch of hormones

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland housed

A

in the pituitary fos of the sphenoid bone

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9
Q

The pituitary gland is actually two separate glands with completely diff functions. What are the two separate glands called

A

Anterior pituitary (hypophysis)
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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10
Q

Is the anterior pituitary more rostral or more caudal

A

more rostral

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11
Q

What does the anterior pituitary look like under the microscope

A

looks more glandular

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12
Q

Is the posterior pituitary more rostral or more caudal

A

more caudal

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13
Q

what does the the posterior pituitary look like under the microscope

A

looks like nervous tissue

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14
Q

how many hormones does the anterior pituitary make?

A

7 different hormones

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15
Q

How many hormones does the posterior pituitary make

A

doesn’t make any hormones
stores and releases two hormones made in the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

in the diencephalon
ventral to the hypothalamus

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17
Q

what is the pituitary gland on and why?

A

on a stalk
nerves and vessels in the stalk allow the hypothalamus to control the pituitary

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18
Q

what does the portal system link

A

links the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

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19
Q

Modified Hypothalamus neurons secret what where?

A

hormones into portal blood vessles

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20
Q

The hormones in the portal blood vessels act on what and do what?

A

act on the anterior pituitary and regulates function

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21
Q

What are the two thing hormones released by the hypothalamus are known as?

A

Releasing factor or inhibiting factor

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22
Q

The hypothalamus has a more ___________ route to the posterior pituitary

A

direct

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23
Q

Modified neurons make tow horomones to store in the posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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24
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents what

A

diuresis

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25
How does ADH prevent diuresis
makes the body conserve water by acting on the kidneys concentrates the urine
26
When is ADH released
Hypothalamus detects dehydration When the osmotic pressure of the blood increases (Hemoconcentration)
27
Deficiency of ADH causes what specific disease
Diabetes insipidus
28
What does Diabetes insipidus cause
make large amounts of very dilute urine (polyuria) and makes them drink large amounts of water (polydipsis)
29
How would you treat Diabetes insipidus
administer ADH
30
What are the two targets of oxytocin
Uterus and mammary glands
31
What does oxytocin act on in the uterus
myimetrium
32
what does oxytocin do in the uterus
causes uterine contractions during breeding and parturition
33
why would we need uterine contracts during breeding
moves sperm up the ducts
34
What kind of contractions do we have during breeding
fine contractions
35
Why would we need uterine contractions during parturition
aids in fetal movement and placenta delivery
36
what kind of contractions do we have during parturition
strong contractions
37
What does oxytocin do the mammary glands
cause milk let-down
38
where does the milk move to and accumulate?
down to the lower parts of the gland and accumulates in the alveoli and small ducts
39
When nursing occurs (nipple is stimulated) this causes what
cause oxytocin release in the bloodstream
40
When oxytocin is released into the blood (from nursing) what does that cause
causes myoepithelial cells to contract (cells around the alveoli and small ducts)
41
what kind of hormone is Growth Hormone (GH)
Somatotropin and somatotropic hormone
42
What does GH do?
promotes body growth in young animals and helps regulate metabolism
43
What does GH affect to help young animals grow
mainly muscle and bones
44
What three things does GH affect to help regulate metabolism
proteins, carbs, and lipids
45
How does proteins affected by GH help regulate metabolism
promotes anabolism
46
what is anabolism and what does it provide
synthesis of proteins by cells provides materials needed for growth and repair
47
When carbs and lipids are linked, it causes
causes mobilization of lipids from storage and their breakdown aka catabolism at the same time it inhibits carb breakdown and utilization
48
What happens to circulating glucose levels (GH)?
Increase (hyperglycemic effect) this is why insulin and GH have to work together
49
What does prolactin do?
trigger and maintains lactation
50
How long does the effect of prolactin continue?
can continue as long as the teat is stimulated (suckle effect)
51
Once weaning happens, what happens to prolactin
Prolactin production ceases and therefore lactation ceases causing the mammary gland to shrink
52
what does prolactin do in males?
Jack diddly
53
What does the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone or Thyrotropic hormone do?
Stimulates the growth and development of the thyroid gland causes production of thyroid hormone
54
How is the thyroid stimulating hormone regulated
negative feedback from the target organ - thyroid gland
55
What does the Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?
stimulates growth and development
56
how does the ACTH stimulate growth and development
acts on the cortex of the adrenal gland and causes it to release of some of its hormones
57
How is ACTH regulated
feedback from hormones of adrenal cortex and it can be regulated by the sympathetic system as well
58
When ACTH is regulated by the sympathetic system, what happens?
Hypothalamus sends a burst of ACTH releasing factor down to the Anterior pituitary and causes ACTH to be released quickly
59
What does Follicle Stimulating hormone stimulate?
yet another hormone that works in the female stimulates growth and development of follicles in the ovaries
60
What does the follicle act as
as an incubator for a single oocyte this process is known as oogenesis
61
besides stimulating the growth and development of follicles, what else do the FSH stimulate?
Stimulates the lining cells of follicles to makes estrogens - the female sex hormones
62
what is estrogen responsible for
for physical/behavioral activity for breeding and pregnancy
63
What does FSH do in the male
has a similar effect to that of females stimulates spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
64
What does the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) do?
Name once again derived from the effect on female Completes the process of follicular development
65
How does LH complete the process of follicular development
as the oocyte keeps growing, it pumps out more estrogens and feeds back to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary which causes FSH production to drop and LH production to ramp up
66
what happens when the oocyte reaches full maturity
LH peaks and ovulation occurs
67
What does the high levels of LH after ovulation stimulate?
Stimulates cells to develop a corpus luteum in the space left by the ovulated oocyte - CL pumps out progestin hormones (mainly progesterone) aka the pregnancy hormone - keeps female pregnant
68
What does LH do in males
stimulates cells in the testes called interstitial cells which make testosterone - the male sex hormone LH can also be known as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
69
FSH and LH are known as ____________
gonadtropins
70
What do gonadotropins stimulate?
Stimulates growth and development of the gonads - ovaries and testes
71
What is the Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) be from?
might actually be a remnant of something used by the body a long time ago we don't really know if that is the case for MSH or if it still used today
72
What does MSH control
mainly controls color changes in pigment cells - melanocytes Mainly in reptiles, fish, and amphibians - Animals that can rapidly change colors or color patterns
73
What happens when we administer large amounts of MSH to mammals
it stimulates melanocytes and makes skin darken

Animal Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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