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Animal Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine System Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus found

A

In the Diencephalon
Btwn the ventral brain, caudal to the optic chiasm

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2
Q

What are some of the many nervous system functions the hypothalamus controls?

A

Appetite control
temp regulation
control of sleep cycles

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3
Q

what does the hypothalamus link together

A

links the conscious mind with the rest of the body

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4
Q

How is the hypothalamus linked to the endocrine cycle?

A

Due to its control of the activities of the pituitary gland

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5
Q

The hypothalamus is the missing link btwn what?

A

nervous and endocrine systems

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6
Q

The pituitary gland is know as what

A

Master endocrine gland

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7
Q

the pituitary is know as the master gland because

A

it makes a bunch of hormones

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland housed

A

in the pituitary fos of the sphenoid bone

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9
Q

The pituitary gland is actually two separate glands with completely diff functions. What are the two separate glands called

A

Anterior pituitary (hypophysis)
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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10
Q

Is the anterior pituitary more rostral or more caudal

A

more rostral

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11
Q

What does the anterior pituitary look like under the microscope

A

looks more glandular

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12
Q

Is the posterior pituitary more rostral or more caudal

A

more caudal

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13
Q

what does the the posterior pituitary look like under the microscope

A

looks like nervous tissue

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14
Q

how many hormones does the anterior pituitary make?

A

7 different hormones

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15
Q

How many hormones does the posterior pituitary make

A

doesn’t make any hormones
stores and releases two hormones made in the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

in the diencephalon
ventral to the hypothalamus

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17
Q

what is the pituitary gland on and why?

A

on a stalk
nerves and vessels in the stalk allow the hypothalamus to control the pituitary

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18
Q

what does the portal system link

A

links the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

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19
Q

Modified Hypothalamus neurons secret what where?

A

hormones into portal blood vessles

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20
Q

The hormones in the portal blood vessels act on what and do what?

A

act on the anterior pituitary and regulates function

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21
Q

What are the two thing hormones released by the hypothalamus are known as?

A

Releasing factor or inhibiting factor

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22
Q

The hypothalamus has a more ___________ route to the posterior pituitary

A

direct

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23
Q

Modified neurons make tow horomones to store in the posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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24
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents what

A

diuresis

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25
Q

How does ADH prevent diuresis

A

makes the body conserve water by acting on the kidneys
concentrates the urine

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26
Q

When is ADH released

A

Hypothalamus detects dehydration
When the osmotic pressure of the blood increases (Hemoconcentration)

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27
Q

Deficiency of ADH causes what specific disease

A

Diabetes insipidus

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28
Q

What does Diabetes insipidus cause

A

make large amounts of very dilute urine (polyuria) and makes them drink large amounts of water (polydipsis)

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29
Q

How would you treat Diabetes insipidus

A

administer ADH

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30
Q

What are the two targets of oxytocin

A

Uterus and mammary glands

31
Q

What does oxytocin act on in the uterus

A

myimetrium

32
Q

what does oxytocin do in the uterus

A

causes uterine contractions during breeding and parturition

33
Q

why would we need uterine contracts during breeding

A

moves sperm up the ducts

34
Q

What kind of contractions do we have during breeding

A

fine contractions

35
Q

Why would we need uterine contractions during parturition

A

aids in fetal movement and placenta delivery

36
Q

what kind of contractions do we have during parturition

A

strong contractions

37
Q

What does oxytocin do the mammary glands

A

cause milk let-down

38
Q

where does the milk move to and accumulate?

A

down to the lower parts of the gland and accumulates in the alveoli and small ducts

39
Q

When nursing occurs (nipple is stimulated) this causes what

A

cause oxytocin release in the bloodstream

40
Q

When oxytocin is released into the blood (from nursing) what does that cause

A

causes myoepithelial cells to contract (cells around the alveoli and small ducts)

41
Q

what kind of hormone is Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Somatotropin and somatotropic hormone

42
Q

What does GH do?

A

promotes body growth in young animals and helps regulate metabolism

43
Q

What does GH affect to help young animals grow

A

mainly muscle and bones

44
Q

What three things does GH affect to help regulate metabolism

A

proteins, carbs, and lipids

45
Q

How does proteins affected by GH help regulate metabolism

A

promotes anabolism

46
Q

what is anabolism and what does it provide

A

synthesis of proteins by cells
provides materials needed for growth and repair

47
Q

When carbs and lipids are linked, it causes

A

causes mobilization of lipids from storage and their breakdown aka catabolism
at the same time it inhibits carb breakdown and utilization

48
Q

What happens to circulating glucose levels (GH)?

A

Increase (hyperglycemic effect)
this is why insulin and GH have to work together

49
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

trigger and maintains lactation

50
Q

How long does the effect of prolactin continue?

A

can continue as long as the teat is stimulated (suckle effect)

51
Q

Once weaning happens, what happens to prolactin

A

Prolactin production ceases and therefore lactation ceases causing the mammary gland to shrink

52
Q

what does prolactin do in males?

A

Jack diddly

53
Q

What does the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone or Thyrotropic hormone do?

A

Stimulates the growth and development of the thyroid gland
causes production of thyroid hormone

54
Q

How is the thyroid stimulating hormone regulated

A

negative feedback from the target organ - thyroid gland

55
Q

What does the Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?

A

stimulates growth and development

56
Q

how does the ACTH stimulate growth and development

A

acts on the cortex of the adrenal gland and causes it to release of some of its hormones

57
Q

How is ACTH regulated

A

feedback from hormones of adrenal cortex and it can be regulated by the sympathetic system as well

58
Q

When ACTH is regulated by the sympathetic system, what happens?

A

Hypothalamus sends a burst of ACTH releasing factor down to the Anterior pituitary and causes ACTH to be released quickly

59
Q

What does Follicle Stimulating hormone stimulate?

A

yet another hormone that works in the female
stimulates growth and development of follicles in the ovaries

60
Q

What does the follicle act as

A

as an incubator for a single oocyte
this process is known as oogenesis

61
Q

besides stimulating the growth and development of follicles, what else do the FSH stimulate?

A

Stimulates the lining cells of follicles to makes estrogens - the female sex hormones

62
Q

what is estrogen responsible for

A

for physical/behavioral activity for breeding and pregnancy

63
Q

What does FSH do in the male

A

has a similar effect to that of females
stimulates spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

64
Q

What does the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) do?

A

Name once again derived from the effect on female
Completes the process of follicular development

65
Q

How does LH complete the process of follicular development

A

as the oocyte keeps growing, it pumps out more estrogens and feeds back to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary which causes FSH production to drop and LH production to ramp up

66
Q

what happens when the oocyte reaches full maturity

A

LH peaks and ovulation occurs

67
Q

What does the high levels of LH after ovulation stimulate?

A

Stimulates cells to develop a corpus luteum in the space left by the ovulated oocyte - CL pumps out progestin hormones (mainly progesterone) aka the pregnancy hormone - keeps female pregnant

68
Q

What does LH do in males

A

stimulates cells in the testes called interstitial cells which make testosterone - the male sex hormone
LH can also be known as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

69
Q

FSH and LH are known as ____________

A

gonadtropins

70
Q

What do gonadotropins stimulate?

A

Stimulates growth and development of the gonads - ovaries and testes

71
Q

What is the Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) be from?

A

might actually be a remnant of something used by the body a long time ago
we don’t really know if that is the case for MSH or if it still used today

72
Q

What does MSH control

A

mainly controls color changes in pigment cells - melanocytes
Mainly in reptiles, fish, and amphibians - Animals that can rapidly change colors or color patterns

73
Q

What happens when we administer large amounts of MSH to mammals

A

it stimulates melanocytes and makes skin darken

Animal Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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