Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
A
swapping O2 for CO2
2
Q
What is respiration?
A
the process of bringing O2 from outside air to all of the body’s cells and carrying CO2 out in the opposite direction
3
Q
What is external respiration?
A
exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air inhaled into the lungs and the blood flowing through the pulmonary cappilaries
4
Q
Where does external respiration occur?
A
in the lungs
5
Q
What is internal respiration?
A
exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the capillaries and all other cells/ tissues of the body
6
Q
Where does internal respiration take place?
A
all over the body
7
Q
What are other functions of the respiratory system?
A
voice production, temperature regulation, acid-base balance, olfactory sensation (smell)
8
Q
How many divisions of respiratory system?
A
2
9
Q
What is the upper respiratory tract?
A
nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea
10
Q
What is the lower respiratory tract?
A
bronchi, alveoli
11
Q
What are the openings in the nose called?
A
Nares
12
Q
Where do the nares lead to?
A
nasal passages
13
Q
What divides the nasal passages into right and left?
A
nasal septum
14
Q
What separates the nasal passage from the mouth?
A
the hard and soft palate
15
Q
Tubes are convoluted and full of twists due to what?
A
the nasal turbinates (conchae)
16
Q
What are turbinates?
A
scroll like bones converted with nasal epithelium that occupy moist of the lumen
17
Q
There are 2 sets per passage, which are?
A
a dorsal and ventral turbinate
18
Q
When divided the turbinates divide the passage into 3 main passageways known as what?
A
nasal meatus
19
Q
Ventral nasal meatus is found between
A
ventral turbinate and the floor of the nasal passage
20
Q
Middle nasal meatus is found between
A
ventral and dorsal turbinates
21
Q
dorsal nasal meatus is found between
A
dorsal turbinate and roof of nasal meatus
22
Q
Turbinates are lined with what?
A
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
23
Q
Moves debris toward ___________
A
the pharynx
24
Q
What do these cells have that produce mucous to bind up debris?
A
goblet cells
25
Turbinates hold the what?
smell receptors
26
What is the main function of turbinates?
to condition, humidify, and filter the air
27
What are sinuses (paranasal)?
outpouches of the nasal passages that are contained within spaces in certain skull bones
28
Each sinus is named for the ____________
bone that houses it
29
Most animals have ____________
2 frontal sinuses and 2 maxillary sinuses
30
Some animals have extra sinuses, which are?
sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses (horses)
31
They (all sinuses) have the same __________
epithelial lining
32
What do the sinuses move?
debris and mucous down into the nasal passages
33
What is the pharynx?
-throat
-nasal passages lead here
34
The pharynx is the common passageway for what?
respiratory and digestive systems
35
Rostral end ——-> (of the pharynx)
soft palate divides the pharynx into the dorsal nasopharynx (respiratory) and the oropharynx (digestive)
36
Caudal end opens dorsally into the ———> (pharynx)
esophagus (digestive)
37
Caudal end opens ventrally into the ——-> (pharynx)
trachea (respiratory)
38
Pharynx Must allow for both _______________
breathing and swollowing
39
What controls the actions of muscles around the pharynx?
delicate reflexes
40
Breathing ——-> (pharynx)
pharynx just stays open
41
Swallowing ——->
larynx and pharynx work together to prevent choking
42
What is the larynx?
-voice box
-a short irregular tube that connects the pharynx with the trachea
43
What takes place here? (larynx)
voice production (phonation)
44
What is the larynx made up of?
segments of cartilage that are connected by muscle
45
Larynx is supported by what bone?
hyoid bone
46
Major cartilages in common animals:
a single epiglottis
paired arytenoid cartilages
single thyroid cartilage
single cricoid cartilage
47
What 2 cartilages are clinically most important?
epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages
48
What is the epiglottis?
leaf shaped and is most rostral of laryngeal cartilages
49
Position of epiglottis:
projects forward from the ventral portion of the larynx and its bluntly pointed tip is usually tucked up behind the caudal edge of the soft palate when breathing
50
What swallowing, what does the epiglottis do?
covers the opening of larynx
-like a trap door
-directs ingests to esophagus
51
What are the vocal cords attached to?
the 2 arytenoid cartilages
52
How does the vocal cord tension get adjusted?
muscles move the cartilage
53
What forms the boundaries of the glottis?
Arytenoid cartilages and the vocal cords
54
What is the glottis?
opening to the larynx
55
Nonruminant animals have a second set of connective tissue bands, which are called?
false vocal cords or vestibular folds
56
These "false vocal cords" are/ are not involved in voice production.
are not
57
What are lateral ventricles?
blind pouches that are on each side of the larynx
58
Where are these lateral ventricles located?
project laterally into the space between the vocal cords and the vestibular folds
59
What are lateral ventricles involved with?
treatment of roaring in horses
-laryngeal paralysis
60
What is the trachea?
short, wide tube that extends from the larynx down through the cervical region to the thorax
61
Once in thorax, what happens?
The trachea divides into 2 main bronchi that enter the lungs
62
What is the division called?
the bifurcation of the trachea
-occurs at level of heart
63
What is the trachea held open by?
incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage spaced along the length of the trachea
64
What do these rings help prevent?
collapse when air is inhaled
65
When air inhaled, what happens?
a C shape with the open part of the C pointed dorsally
66
Lining of the trachea is similar to?
the nasal passages
-helps trap debris and project is toward the larynx
67
What is the bronchial tree?
passageways that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli
-divides into smaller and smaller passages like the branches of a tree
68
After it enters the lungs, ________________
each main bronchus divides into smaller bronchi, then divide into smaller bronchi and finally divide into tiny bronchioles, then to microscopic alveolar ducts
69
Alveolar ducts end in what?
groups of alveoli arranged like bunches of grapes
-called alveolar sacs
70
Diameter of these tubes (alveolar ducts) are ________
not static
71
They _____________
distal and constrict
-smooth muscle fibers in walls
72
ANS causes these tubes to dilate in intense activity, why?
when dilated, able to take in more air
73
ANS causes tubes to constrict when at rest, why?
irritants can cause severe branchoconstriction
74
What happens in alveoli?
external respiration takes place here
-O2 and CO2 are exchanged between blood and air
75
Structure of alveoli
tiny, thin walled sacs that are surrounded by networks of capillaries around an individual alveolus
76
What are alveolar walls and surrounding capillaries composed of?
simple squamous epithelium
77
This is the only boundary between the blood and air, why?
allows O2 and CO2 to diffuse back and fourth freely
78
What isn each alveolus lined with?
a thin layer of fluid that contains surfactant
79
What does surfactant do?
helps reduce surface tension of fluid
prevents the alveoli from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration
80
Thorax bounded dorsally by
thoracic vertebrae
81
thorax bounded laterally by
ribs and intercostal muscles
82
thorax bounded caudally by
diaphragm
83
thorax bounded ventrally by
the sternum
84
What does the thorax (thoracic cavity) contain?
Lungs, heart, large blood vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes
85
What covers organs?
pleura
86
Which layer of the pleura touches the organ directly?
visceral layer
87
Which layer of the pleura lines the cavity?
parietal layer
88
What is the mediastinum?
portion of the thorax between the lungs
89
What does the mediastinum contain?
contains the heart and everything else, except the lungs
90
What is the diaphragm?
a thin, muscular sheet of skeletal muscles that are important for respiration
91
When the diaphragm is relaxed, what happens?
-it's dome shaped with a convex surface facing in a cranial direction
92
The lung bases lie on the _________ portion of the diaphragm
cranial
93
The liver and stomach lie on the ___________ portion of the diaphragm
caudal
94
When the diaphragm is contracting, what happens?
dome shape somewhat flattens
-this action allows fro the volume of the thorax to enlarge
this makes respiration possible
95
2 lungs together form a __________ shape
cone
96
What surfaces do lungs have?
base, apex and convex, lateral surface
97
The base of each lung is in the _____________
caudal part of the thoracic cavity and lies on the cranial portion of the diaphragm
98
What are the lungs divided into?
lobes
99
What are the 2 ways to distinguish the lobes?
externally- visible groves and clefts (easiest to see)
internal- major branches of bronchi
100
Lobes in the left lung of dogs, cats, cows:
cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe
101
Lobes in the right lung of dogs, cats, cows:
cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe, accessory lobe
102
Lobes in left lung of horse:
cranial lobe and caudal lobe
103
Lobes in right lung of horse:
cranial lobe, caudal lobe, and accessory lobe
104
What is the hilus?
a small, well-defined area on the medial aspect of each lung
105
Why is the hilus important?
where air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter and leave the lung
106
The hilus is the only area where the lung is ___________
"fastened in place"
107
What happens at the capillary bed level in the pulmonary system?
gas exchange
108
Blood vessels that supply the lungs follow the _________
bronchi
109
What do the lungs need to do to meet the body's demands?
effective movement of air into and out of the lungs at an appropriate rate and in enough volume
110
As new air is breathed in, what happens?
O2 has to be moved to the blood stream and CO2 is extracted
111
Old air has to be __________
blown out
112
What is intrathoracic pressure?
the pressure within the thorax
-is negative compared to the atmospheric pressure
113
What exists within the thorax?
A partial vacuum
114
What does this vacuum do?
pulls lungs tightly against the thoracic wall making them conform to the shape of the thorax
115
Pleural fluid provides lubrication between what?
lungs and thoracic wall
116
As the walls move, ___________
so do the lungs
-follow passively
117
What is inspiration?
the expansion of lungs and pulling air in
118
What is expiration?
the constricting of lungs and blowing air out
119
What does the negative pressure in the heart help with?
pulling blood into the large veins in the mediastinum
120
How does air get drawn into the lungs?
muscles work on the lungs making them expand and air is pulled in
121
Main muscles that help with inspiration:
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
122
When those muscles contract, what happens?
the ribs rotate upward and forward
123
What does this rotation of the the ribs do?
increases the size of the thoracic cavity
124
Muscles work on the lungs in the _____________ of inspiration
opposite manner
125
Main muscles that help with expiration:
abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles
126
When these muscles contract, what happens?
push abdominal organs into the diaphragm and intercostal m,uncles then rotate the ribs back into their original position——-> decreasing size of thoracic cavity
127
What is tidal volume?
the volume of air inspired and expired during one breath
-this varies according to the body's needs
128
When animal is at rest= (tidal volume)
smaller
129
when animal is excited or active= (tidal volume)`
larger
130
What is minute volume?
the volume of air inspired and expired during 1 minute
131
How is minute volume calculated?
multiply tidal volume by # of breaths per minute
132
What is residual volume?
volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
133
What is the basic force behind exchange?
simple diffusion
134
What is diffusion?
high area of concentration to a lower area of concentration
135
What does atmospheric air contain?
high level of O2 and very little CO2
136
What is all of inspiration and expiratory muscle type?
skeletal muscle (all under conscious effort)
137
Breathing does/does not require conscious effort.
does not
138
What is the respiratory center?
an area in the brain stem where breathing is controlled
139
There are ______________ for the respiratory functions
individual controls
140
What do the centers send out?
nerve impulses on a subcutaneous level
-tells muscles when and how much to contract
141
Centers can be overridden by what?
voluntary control
142
What are the 2 systems of control?
mechanical and chemical control
143
What is mechanical control?
operates through stretch receptors in the lungs that sets limits on routine, resting, inspiration, and expiration
144
When the lungs inflate to a certain point, what happens?
nerve signal is sent to the resp. center saying lungs are full
145
Then what does the center do?
sends signal to muscles of inspiration telling them to stop and signal is sent to the muscles of expiration telling them to contract
146
When the lungs deflate to a certain point, what happens?
whole system starts again in reverse order
147
What does chemical control monitor?
blood and only intervene when something is out of balance
148
Where are chemical receptors located?
in brain stem and blood vessels (carotid artery and aorta)
149
What do the receptors monitor in arterial blood closely?
oxygen content, CO2 content, and pH
