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Animal Anatomy and Physiology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

swapping O2 for CO2

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2
Q

What is respiration?

A

the process of bringing O2 from outside air to all of the body’s cells and carrying CO2 out in the opposite direction

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3
Q

What is external respiration?

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air inhaled into the lungs and the blood flowing through the pulmonary cappilaries

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4
Q

Where does external respiration occur?

A

in the lungs

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5
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the capillaries and all other cells/ tissues of the body

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6
Q

Where does internal respiration take place?

A

all over the body

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7
Q

What are other functions of the respiratory system?

A

voice production, temperature regulation, acid-base balance, olfactory sensation (smell)

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8
Q

How many divisions of respiratory system?

A

2

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9
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract?

A

nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea

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10
Q

What is the lower respiratory tract?

A

bronchi, alveoli

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11
Q

What are the openings in the nose called?

A

Nares

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12
Q

Where do the nares lead to?

A

nasal passages

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13
Q

What divides the nasal passages into right and left?

A

nasal septum

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14
Q

What separates the nasal passage from the mouth?

A

the hard and soft palate

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15
Q

Tubes are convoluted and full of twists due to what?

A

the nasal turbinates (conchae)

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16
Q

What are turbinates?

A

scroll like bones converted with nasal epithelium that occupy moist of the lumen

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17
Q

There are 2 sets per passage, which are?

A

a dorsal and ventral turbinate

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18
Q

When divided the turbinates divide the passage into 3 main passageways known as what?

A

nasal meatus

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19
Q

Ventral nasal meatus is found between

A

ventral turbinate and the floor of the nasal passage

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20
Q

Middle nasal meatus is found between

A

ventral and dorsal turbinates

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21
Q

dorsal nasal meatus is found between

A

dorsal turbinate and roof of nasal meatus

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22
Q

Turbinates are lined with what?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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23
Q

Moves debris toward ___________

A

the pharynx

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24
Q

What do these cells have that produce mucous to bind up debris?

A

goblet cells

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25
Q

Turbinates hold the what?

A

smell receptors

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26
Q

What is the main function of turbinates?

A

to condition, humidify, and filter the air

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27
Q

What are sinuses (paranasal)?

A

outpouches of the nasal passages that are contained within spaces in certain skull bones

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28
Q

Each sinus is named for the ____________

A

bone that houses it

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29
Q

Most animals have ____________

A

2 frontal sinuses and 2 maxillary sinuses

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30
Q

Some animals have extra sinuses, which are?

A

sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses (horses)

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31
Q

They (all sinuses) have the same __________

A

epithelial lining

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32
Q

What do the sinuses move?

A

debris and mucous down into the nasal passages

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33
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

-throat
-nasal passages lead here

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34
Q

The pharynx is the common passageway for what?

A

respiratory and digestive systems

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35
Q

Rostral end ——-> (of the pharynx)

A

soft palate divides the pharynx into the dorsal nasopharynx (respiratory) and the oropharynx (digestive)

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36
Q

Caudal end opens dorsally into the ———> (pharynx)

A

esophagus (digestive)

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37
Q

Caudal end opens ventrally into the ——-> (pharynx)

A

trachea (respiratory)

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38
Q

Pharynx Must allow for both _______________

A

breathing and swollowing

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39
Q

What controls the actions of muscles around the pharynx?

A

delicate reflexes

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40
Q

Breathing ——-> (pharynx)

A

pharynx just stays open

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41
Q

Swallowing ——->

A

larynx and pharynx work together to prevent choking

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42
Q

What is the larynx?

A

-voice box
-a short irregular tube that connects the pharynx with the trachea

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43
Q

What takes place here? (larynx)

A

voice production (phonation)

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44
Q

What is the larynx made up of?

A

segments of cartilage that are connected by muscle

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45
Q

Larynx is supported by what bone?

A

hyoid bone

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46
Q

Major cartilages in common animals:

A

a single epiglottis
paired arytenoid cartilages
single thyroid cartilage
single cricoid cartilage

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47
Q

What 2 cartilages are clinically most important?

A

epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages

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48
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

leaf shaped and is most rostral of laryngeal cartilages

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49
Q

Position of epiglottis:

A

projects forward from the ventral portion of the larynx and its bluntly pointed tip is usually tucked up behind the caudal edge of the soft palate when breathing

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50
Q

What swallowing, what does the epiglottis do?

A

covers the opening of larynx
-like a trap door
-directs ingests to esophagus

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51
Q

What are the vocal cords attached to?

A

the 2 arytenoid cartilages

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52
Q

How does the vocal cord tension get adjusted?

A

muscles move the cartilage

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53
Q

What forms the boundaries of the glottis?

A

Arytenoid cartilages and the vocal cords

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54
Q

What is the glottis?

A

opening to the larynx

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55
Q

Nonruminant animals have a second set of connective tissue bands, which are called?

A

false vocal cords or vestibular folds

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56
Q

These “false vocal cords” are/ are not involved in voice production.

A

are not

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57
Q

What are lateral ventricles?

A

blind pouches that are on each side of the larynx

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58
Q

Where are these lateral ventricles located?

A

project laterally into the space between the vocal cords and the vestibular folds

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59
Q

What are lateral ventricles involved with?

A

treatment of roaring in horses
-laryngeal paralysis

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60
Q

What is the trachea?

A

short, wide tube that extends from the larynx down through the cervical region to the thorax

61
Q

Once in thorax, what happens?

A

The trachea divides into 2 main bronchi that enter the lungs

62
Q

What is the division called?

A

the bifurcation of the trachea
-occurs at level of heart

63
Q

What is the trachea held open by?

A

incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage spaced along the length of the trachea

64
Q

What do these rings help prevent?

A

collapse when air is inhaled

65
Q

When air inhaled, what happens?

A

a C shape with the open part of the C pointed dorsally

66
Q

Lining of the trachea is similar to?

A

the nasal passages
-helps trap debris and project is toward the larynx

67
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

passageways that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli
-divides into smaller and smaller passages like the branches of a tree

68
Q

After it enters the lungs, ________________

A

each main bronchus divides into smaller bronchi, then divide into smaller bronchi and finally divide into tiny bronchioles, then to microscopic alveolar ducts

69
Q

Alveolar ducts end in what?

A

groups of alveoli arranged like bunches of grapes
-called alveolar sacs

70
Q

Diameter of these tubes (alveolar ducts) are ________

A

not static

71
Q

They _____________

A

distal and constrict
-smooth muscle fibers in walls

72
Q

ANS causes these tubes to dilate in intense activity, why?

A

when dilated, able to take in more air

73
Q

ANS causes tubes to constrict when at rest, why?

A

irritants can cause severe branchoconstriction

74
Q

What happens in alveoli?

A

external respiration takes place here
-O2 and CO2 are exchanged between blood and air

75
Q

Structure of alveoli

A

tiny, thin walled sacs that are surrounded by networks of capillaries around an individual alveolus

76
Q

What are alveolar walls and surrounding capillaries composed of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

77
Q

This is the only boundary between the blood and air, why?

A

allows O2 and CO2 to diffuse back and fourth freely

78
Q

What isn each alveolus lined with?

A

a thin layer of fluid that contains surfactant

79
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

helps reduce surface tension of fluid
prevents the alveoli from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration

80
Q

Thorax bounded dorsally by

A

thoracic vertebrae

81
Q

thorax bounded laterally by

A

ribs and intercostal muscles

82
Q

thorax bounded caudally by

A

diaphragm

83
Q

thorax bounded ventrally by

A

the sternum

84
Q

What does the thorax (thoracic cavity) contain?

A

Lungs, heart, large blood vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes

85
Q

What covers organs?

A

pleura

86
Q

Which layer of the pleura touches the organ directly?

A

visceral layer

87
Q

Which layer of the pleura lines the cavity?

A

parietal layer

88
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

portion of the thorax between the lungs

89
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

contains the heart and everything else, except the lungs

90
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

a thin, muscular sheet of skeletal muscles that are important for respiration

91
Q

When the diaphragm is relaxed, what happens?

A

-it’s dome shaped with a convex surface facing in a cranial direction

92
Q

The lung bases lie on the _________ portion of the diaphragm

A

cranial

93
Q

The liver and stomach lie on the ___________ portion of the diaphragm

A

caudal

94
Q

When the diaphragm is contracting, what happens?

A

dome shape somewhat flattens
-this action allows fro the volume of the thorax to enlarge
this makes respiration possible

95
Q

2 lungs together form a __________ shape

A

cone

96
Q

What surfaces do lungs have?

A

base, apex and convex, lateral surface

97
Q

The base of each lung is in the _____________

A

caudal part of the thoracic cavity and lies on the cranial portion of the diaphragm

98
Q

What are the lungs divided into?

A

lobes

99
Q

What are the 2 ways to distinguish the lobes?

A

externally- visible groves and clefts (easiest to see)
internal- major branches of bronchi

100
Q

Lobes in the left lung of dogs, cats, cows:

A

cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe

101
Q

Lobes in the right lung of dogs, cats, cows:

A

cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe, accessory lobe

102
Q

Lobes in left lung of horse:

A

cranial lobe and caudal lobe

103
Q

Lobes in right lung of horse:

A

cranial lobe, caudal lobe, and accessory lobe

104
Q

What is the hilus?

A

a small, well-defined area on the medial aspect of each lung

105
Q

Why is the hilus important?

A

where air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter and leave the lung

106
Q

The hilus is the only area where the lung is ___________

A

“fastened in place”

107
Q

What happens at the capillary bed level in the pulmonary system?

A

gas exchange

108
Q

Blood vessels that supply the lungs follow the _________

A

bronchi

109
Q

What do the lungs need to do to meet the body’s demands?

A

effective movement of air into and out of the lungs at an appropriate rate and in enough volume

110
Q

As new air is breathed in, what happens?

A

O2 has to be moved to the blood stream and CO2 is extracted

111
Q

Old air has to be __________

A

blown out

112
Q

What is intrathoracic pressure?

A

the pressure within the thorax
-is negative compared to the atmospheric pressure

113
Q

What exists within the thorax?

A

A partial vacuum

114
Q

What does this vacuum do?

A

pulls lungs tightly against the thoracic wall making them conform to the shape of the thorax

115
Q

Pleural fluid provides lubrication between what?

A

lungs and thoracic wall

116
Q

As the walls move, ___________

A

so do the lungs
-follow passively

117
Q

What is inspiration?

A

the expansion of lungs and pulling air in

118
Q

What is expiration?

A

the constricting of lungs and blowing air out

119
Q

What does the negative pressure in the heart help with?

A

pulling blood into the large veins in the mediastinum

120
Q

How does air get drawn into the lungs?

A

muscles work on the lungs making them expand and air is pulled in

121
Q

Main muscles that help with inspiration:

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

122
Q

When those muscles contract, what happens?

A

the ribs rotate upward and forward

123
Q

What does this rotation of the the ribs do?

A

increases the size of the thoracic cavity

124
Q

Muscles work on the lungs in the _____________ of inspiration

A

opposite manner

125
Q

Main muscles that help with expiration:

A

abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles

126
Q

When these muscles contract, what happens?

A

push abdominal organs into the diaphragm and intercostal m,uncles then rotate the ribs back into their original position——-> decreasing size of thoracic cavity

127
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

the volume of air inspired and expired during one breath
-this varies according to the body’s needs

128
Q

When animal is at rest= (tidal volume)

A

smaller

129
Q

when animal is excited or active= (tidal volume)`

A

larger

130
Q

What is minute volume?

A

the volume of air inspired and expired during 1 minute

131
Q

How is minute volume calculated?

A

multiply tidal volume by # of breaths per minute

132
Q

What is residual volume?

A

volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration

133
Q

What is the basic force behind exchange?

A

simple diffusion

134
Q

What is diffusion?

A

high area of concentration to a lower area of concentration

135
Q

What does atmospheric air contain?

A

high level of O2 and very little CO2

136
Q

What is all of inspiration and expiratory muscle type?

A

skeletal muscle (all under conscious effort)

137
Q

Breathing does/does not require conscious effort.

A

does not

138
Q

What is the respiratory center?

A

an area in the brain stem where breathing is controlled

139
Q

There are ______________ for the respiratory functions

A

individual controls

140
Q

What do the centers send out?

A

nerve impulses on a subcutaneous level
-tells muscles when and how much to contract

141
Q

Centers can be overridden by what?

A

voluntary control

142
Q

What are the 2 systems of control?

A

mechanical and chemical control

143
Q

What is mechanical control?

A

operates through stretch receptors in the lungs that sets limits on routine, resting, inspiration, and expiration

144
Q

When the lungs inflate to a certain point, what happens?

A

nerve signal is sent to the resp. center saying lungs are full

145
Q

Then what does the center do?

A

sends signal to muscles of inspiration telling them to stop and signal is sent to the muscles of expiration telling them to contract

146
Q

When the lungs deflate to a certain point, what happens?

A

whole system starts again in reverse order

147
Q

What does chemical control monitor?

A

blood and only intervene when something is out of balance

148
Q

Where are chemical receptors located?

A

in brain stem and blood vessels (carotid artery and aorta)

149
Q

What do the receptors monitor in arterial blood closely?

A

oxygen content, CO2 content, and pH

Animal Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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