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Animal Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Endocrine System Pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the thyroid gland consist of?

A

Two lopes that are located one either side of the larynx

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2
Q

What are the two lobes of the thyroid gland connected by

A

a narrow band called the isthmus - depend on the species

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3
Q

What is the appearance of the Thyroid gland

A

has thousands of tiny follicles

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4
Q

Each follicle contains a sphere which is made of what kind of cells

A

simple, cuboidal glandular cells

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5
Q

The sphere of the follicle surrounds what

A

a globule of the thyroid hormone precursor

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6
Q

the precursor in the globule is known as what

A

collide

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7
Q

The thyroid is the only gland that stores large amounts of _________

A

hormone precursor

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8
Q

What are the two products of the thyroid gland

A

thyroid hormone and calcitonin

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9
Q

what does the thyroid hormone regulate

A

regulates body’s metabolic rate

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10
Q

what does calcitonin regulate

A

regulates blood calcium levels

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11
Q

When the Thyroid-stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland, two hormones are produced, what are they

A

T4 (tetraiodothyronine) thyroxine and T3 (triiodothyronine)

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12
Q

What is T4 considered

A

a prohomrone - inactive form

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13
Q

What is T3 considered

A

an active hormone

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14
Q

If T2 is the active form, what does T4 do?

A

Acts as a circulating reservoir
Converted to T3 in liver, kidney, and muscle when needed

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15
Q

What kind of effect does TSH have

A

Calorigenic effect

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16
Q

What does the calorigenic effect to

A

helps heat the body by regulating the metabolic rate of all cells (AKA how quickly they produce energy)

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17
Q

What do you think happens when a body is in a cold environment?

A

The body will increase thyroid production

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18
Q

Do you think there are any other environmental conditions that effect thyroid production?

A

Stress levels can decrease thyroid production

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19
Q

What is another function of TSH

A

Protein, carb, and lipid metabolism

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20
Q

What is the effect of TSH on protein, carb, lipid metabolism

A

Encourages anabolism

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21
Q

what is anabolism

A

protein synthesis

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22
Q

What would happen of a diet is insufficient in energy

A

Thyroid hormone would promote catabolism of energy stores

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23
Q

What does thyroid hormone prevent

A

hypoglycemia

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24
Q

What does the thyroid hormone promote

A

catabolism of lipids

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25
Q

Why do young animals need TH for normal growth and development

A

Influences development and maturation of CNS, Muscles, and Bones

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26
Q

What is calcitonin produced by

A

C cells found btwn thyroid follicles

27
Q

Calcitonin is one of two hormones that regulate what

A

calcium levels

28
Q

What does calcitonin prevent

A

hypercalcemia by promoting excess calcium to be deposited in bones

29
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands found

A

they are several small, pale nodules found on, in, or near the thyroid glands

30
Q

What does PT produce

A

PTH or parathyroid hormone

31
Q

What is PTH’s function

A

Maintains calcium homeostasis - does the exact opposite of calcitonin

32
Q

What happens if blood calcium levels get too low

A

PTH -> is released -> works on kidneys, intestines, bones -> increases circulating blood calcium levels

33
Q

How does PTH wok on kidneys, intestines, and bones

A

Kidneys reabsorb CA
Intestines absorbs CA from food
Bones pulls out of the bank (osteoclasts)

34
Q

Adrenal glands are located where

A

(Named for their location) near the kidneys at the cranial ends

35
Q

The Adrenal glands looks like one single gland, but is actually two, why?

A

One wrapped around each other

36
Q

What is the outer adrenal glland called

A

adrenal cortex

37
Q

What is the inner adrenal gland called

A

Adrenal medulla

38
Q

The adrenal coretx is responsive to what

A

ACTH

39
Q

What 3 main hormone groups does the adrenal cortex make?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex hormones

40
Q

Glucocorticoids are named by effect on BG levels because they have what kind of effect

A

Have a general hyperglycemic effect

41
Q

How do glucocorticoids cause hyperglycemic effect

A

several different mechanisms and catabolism of proteins and lipids -> get glucose from these from gluconeogenesis

42
Q

What do mineralocorticoids regulate?

A

electrolytes in the body

43
Q

The main mineralocorticoids hormone

A

aldosterone

44
Q

what does aldosterone affect?

A

affects levels of sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions

45
Q

What do Mineralocorticoids target

A

kidneys

46
Q

How do mineralocorticoids affect the kidney

A

cause sodium resorption in exchange for potassium

47
Q

What does sodium resorption affect

A

water levels in the body because the water follows the sodium back

48
Q

What sex hormones are produced by the Adrenal crotex

A

In males - androgens - and in females - estrogens - are produced in minute amounts so there is minimal effect

49
Q

The adrenal medulla is derived from

A

nervous tissue - resembles it microscopically

50
Q

The adrenal medulla has modified neurons that makes two similar hormones, wjich are

A

Epinephrine and noreponephrine

51
Q

The adrenal medulla is under the control of

A

Sympathetic system

52
Q

What is the two portions of the pancreae

A

endocrine and exocrine

53
Q

endocrine portion is made of thousands of tiny clumps of cells scattered throughout the organ are called

A

Pancreatic Islets aka Islets of Langerhans

54
Q

What are the three main cells of islets

A

Alpha, Beta, and Delta

55
Q

What do alpha cells make

A

glucagon

56
Q

What do Beta cells make

A

Insulin

57
Q

What do Delta cells make

A

Somatostatin

58
Q

Insulin and glucagon have important roles in what

A

metabolism and use of glucose, has opposite effect

59
Q

Somatostatin inhibits what

A

the secretion of insulin and glucagon

60
Q

Insulin is essential for life. What does it do

A

causes glucose, AA, and fatty acids in the bloodstream, to be absorbed through cell membranes

61
Q

What is the overall effect insulin

A

Moves glucose out of the bloodstream into cells
acts to lower the level of glucose in the blood

62
Q

Glucagon has what effect

A

hyperglycemic effect - opposite effect of insulin

63
Q

What does glucagon stimulate to have the hyperglycemic effect

A

Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose
stimulates gluconeogenesis
Net effect is to raise the level of glucose in the blood ->B/c other hormones (GH and glucocorticoids) have similar effects so a deficiency in glucagon isn’t as severe as one in insulin

Animal Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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