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Animal Anatomy and Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

fluid connective tissue that flows throughout the entire body

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2
Q

What is whole blood?

A

the blood that is contained in the cardiovascular system

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3
Q

What is peripheral blood?

A

the blood circulating in blood vessels

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4
Q

What does it carry?

A

oxygen, nutrients, and waste material

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5
Q

Which type of blood do you draw when obtaining blood?

A

peripheral blood

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6
Q

What is plasma?

A

a clear liquid that has many cellular components that are in blood
-primarily water and solutes (electrolytes)

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7
Q

Whole blood breakdown:

A

55% plasma
45% formed elements

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8
Q

Plasma breakdown

A

91% water
7% proteins
—albumins (main carrier protein), globulins, fibrinogen
2% other solutes
—ions, nutrients, wastes, gasses, regulatory subs (hormones)

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9
Q

Formed elements breakdown:

A

platelets, leukocytes (WBC), erythrocytes (RBC)

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10
Q

3 main functions of blood:

A

transportation, regulation, defense

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11
Q

Transportation:

A

—erythrocytes (RBCs) contain hemoglobin, which carries O2 to every cell in body
—nutrients and other essential elements are dissolved in plasma and transported
—hormones

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12
Q

Wastes are taken where for elimination?

A

kidneys and lungs

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13
Q

What are transported to the site of injury?

A

platelets

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14
Q

Regulation:

A

aids in body temp. regulation
keeps the tissue fluid as constant as possible
aids in acid-base balance

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15
Q

When dehydration occurs for any reason, what happens to blood?

A

leaves circulation and enters other tissues to compensate for losses

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16
Q

Defense:

A

carries WBCs to tissues exposed to foreign invaders
platelets to the site of vessel damage to prevent hemorrhage

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17
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

production of all the blood cells that occur as a continuous process throughout an animal’s life

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18
Q

Where does fetal hematopoiesis take place?

A

liver and spleen

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19
Q

When the animal is born, where does hematopoiesis take place?

A

red bone marrow

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20
Q

All blood cell typed are derived from what?

A

a single primitive cell type

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21
Q

Pluripotential or multipotential stem cell will become?

A

committed to one line of cell depending on what the body needs

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22
Q

What are the cells that are committed known as?

A

Unipotential stem cells

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23
Q

The cells will go through either:

A

erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, or thrombopoiesis

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24
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

process of creating RBC

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25
Q

Uni cells are differentiated into ___________

A

proerythroblasts (immature)

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26
Q

They will divide, and reach a stage where they lose their nuclei and begin to make what?

A

hemoglobin

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27
Q

From this point, there are _______ more stages until becoming a mature RBC

A

3

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28
Q

Entire process takes: (off becoming a rbc)

A

1 week in dogs
4-5 days in cattle
36hrs. in birds

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29
Q

The rate is mainly controlled by what?

A

erythropoietin (hormone) and availability of materials

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30
Q

EPO is regulated by what?

A

blood O2 levels in kidney

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31
Q

What is a stimulus for increased EPO?

A

hypoxia

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32
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

production of platelets

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33
Q

(thrombopoiesis) This causes uni cells to differentiate into what?

A

megakaryocytes

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34
Q

What is a megakaryocyte?

A

a large, multi uncleared cell that never leaves the bone marrow

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35
Q

What is released into peripheral blood as platelets?

A

pieces of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes

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36
Q

Take about how long? (production of platelets)

A

7 days

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37
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

formation of leukocytes (WBC)

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38
Q

What is granulopoiesis?

A

process where a pluripotential stem cell differentiates into one of 3 granulocytes

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39
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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40
Q

Why is these hard to tell apart at early stages?

A

due to specific granules in cytoplasm
-will be replaced by specific granules that are unique to each cell

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41
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes that lack granules

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42
Q

lymphopoesis ———>

A

process of creating lymphocytes

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43
Q

monopoiesis ———>

A

process that makes monocytes

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44
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

RBC
-lack a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, but contain water, hemoglobin, and other elements

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45
Q

What do erythrocytes appear as?

A

non-uncleared, biconcave disks

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46
Q

The center (central pallor) is _________________ of an erythrocyte

A

thinner and appears lighter than the rest of the cell

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47
Q

How do they get energy? RBC

A

glucose from the plasma

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48
Q

How does the RBC get its red appearance?

A

dissolved hemoglobin in plasma

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49
Q

What species has the largest RBC and a prominent central pallor?

A

dogs

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50
Q

What species do not have a prominent central pallor?

A

cats and horses

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51
Q

Camelids have _____________

A

oval RBCs

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52
Q

Birds,fish, amphibians, and reptiles have oval RBCs that are ________________

A

uncleared, even when mature

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53
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

transports O2 to tissues

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54
Q

RBC’s Uses hemoglobin, which is?

A

four heme groups with one globin chain

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55
Q

Each unit of hemoglobin has an _________

A

iron ion (fe+)

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56
Q

How many O2 molecules attach to 1 iron?

A

1

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57
Q

How many molecules of O2 can 1 hemoglobin group carry?

A

4

58
Q

Bound oxygen to hemoglobin is known as:

A

oxyhemoglobin

59
Q

Once the hemoglobin/oxygen is given to the tissues it is known as:

A

deoxyhemoglobin

60
Q

Erythrocytes transport CO2 to the ________

A

lungs

61
Q

CO2 doesn’t bind to hemoglobin like O2, it _________________

A

is broken down into ions in the blood and taken to the lungs to be expelled

62
Q

Some CO2 is taken up by RBCs, but ____________

A

not bound to iron

63
Q

Needs to keep biconcave shape, why?

A

-provides more membrane surface area for diffusion of O2 and CO2
-allows for shorter diffusion distance in and out of cell

64
Q

Membrane deformability ——>

A

flexibility of the cell membrane
-allowing it to chance shape and travel to different vessels in the body

65
Q

Lifespan varies between ____________

A

species

66
Q

RBC lifespan of dogs —->

A

species

67
Q

RBC lifespan of cats —?

A

about 68 days

68
Q

Horses and sheep —->

A

150 days

69
Q

Cows —–>

A

160 days

70
Q

What is senescence?

A

the process of aging

71
Q

What happens when senescence occurs?

A

enzyme activity decreases, and cell membrane loses its deformability and becomes rounded

72
Q

Once this happens (senescence), what happens to the cell?

A

cells are destroyed either intravascularly or extravascularly

73
Q

What percent of senescent RBCs are destroyed extravascular hemolysis?

A

90%

74
Q

Extravascular means _________

A

outside the cardiovascular system

75
Q

Dead RBC Removed from circulation by what?

A

macrophages

76
Q

Mainly located in the

A

spleen

77
Q

What happens when the macrophages reach the senescent RBCs?

A

the membranes are phagocytized and cells are ruptured

78
Q

All continents are degraded into ____________

A

amino acids, iron, or heme

79
Q

Where do amino acids go?

A

liver to build proteins

80
Q

Where does iron go?

A

to bone marrow

81
Q

What happens to the heme?

A

broken down again to free or unconjugeted bilirubin
-that attaches to albumin and goes to liver and will eventually be expelled through urine and feces

82
Q

What percent of RBCs are destroyed by intravascular hemolysis?

A

~10%

83
Q

What is intravascular?

A

inside cardiovascular system

84
Q

If severe enough, what happens??

A

unconjugated bilirubin appears in plasma

85
Q

What is hemaglobinemia?

A

When a build-up of unconjugated bilirubin causes blood to turn pink, red, or brown

86
Q

The unconjugated bilirubin has no way to go to what?

A

the liver to get excreted by the kidneys

87
Q

This makes urine ________

A

red
-known as hemoglobinuria

88
Q

What are platelets?

A

thrombocytes
-not complete cells, portions of cytoplasm

89
Q

Appearance of platelets:

A

non-uncleared, round to oval shape with a clear cytoplasm that contains small purple granules

90
Q

What is the most important function?

A

normal hemostasis

91
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

process of blood being prevented from leaking out of damaged blood vessels

92
Q

When there is a break in vessels, what attracts platelets to the site?

A

collagen, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor

93
Q

What is that action called? (attraction of platelets)

A

platelet aggregation

94
Q

What do the platelets form during aggregation?

A

a hemostasis plug

95
Q

Thrombin then converts to fibrinogen to fibrin to what?

A

to cement the platelets in place

96
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBCs, generally larger than mature RBCs

97
Q

What are leukocytes classified into?

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

98
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

defense for the body against invaders, each different cell has its own unique role

99
Q

Granulocytes broken down into 3 groups:

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

100
Q

What percent are neutrophils are circulating leukocytes in the body?

A

40-70%
-most abundant WBC

101
Q

Neutrophils are known as polymorphonuclear-1 nucleus, which is?

A

nuclei are segmented in many different shapes

102
Q

How long do they spend in circulation before enter tissue?

A

about 10 hours

103
Q

What is the circulating pool?

A

-what is found in blood vessels
-this is what we measure

104
Q

What is the marginal pool?

A

what lines the walls of small vessels

105
Q

If there is a high needs for neutrophils, what happens?

A

some will be pumped out of marrow before it is fully mature

106
Q

What are the immature cells called?

A

band cells

107
Q

This is noted in the circulating pool as what?

A

a left shift

108
Q

A left shift is seen with what?

A

high infection levels

109
Q

Neutrophils are the _____ line of defense.

A

1st

110
Q

They are the involved in the early stages of inflammation and _______________

A

mount the first attack on invaders

111
Q

How do the cells leave the vessel?

A

diapedesis
-squeezing between endothelial cells

112
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

when the cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemicals

113
Q

Some microbes try to hide inside what?

A

self-made capsules

114
Q

What does the body coat the microbe with?

A

a plasma protein (usually an antibody called an opsonin
-known as opsonization

115
Q

What does this allow the neutrophil to what?

A

begin phagocytosis

116
Q

Once the microbe is engulfed, what happens?

A

granules release digestive enzymes that destroy bacteria and viruses that have been engulfed

117
Q

During digestion, the neutrophil does what?

A

makes a pouch called a phagosome
-this keeps the neutrophil from dying (most of the time)

118
Q

How do neutrophils break down invaders?

A

with oxidation
-they use hydrogen peroxide to destroy the cell walls of the bacteria

119
Q

What are eosinophils named for?

A

the red granules in cytoplasm

120
Q

What percent of circulating WBCs do eosinophils make up?

A

1-6%

121
Q

Granules vary between

A

species

122
Q

Granules in dogs

A

granules appear dark reddish and irregularly sized

123
Q

Granules in Cats

A

granules are rod shaped

124
Q

Granules in Horses

A

large, round, bright granules

125
Q

Granules in Ruminants and pigs

A

smaller, bright pink granules

126
Q

Eosinophilia:

A

an increased number of eosinophilia in the peripheral circulation

127
Q

Eosinopenia:

A

a decreased number of eosinophilia in the peripheral circulation

128
Q

What is the eosinophil function?

A

phagocytic like neutrophils, but to a lesser extent

129
Q

Inflammatory response:

A

are attracted to and inhibit local allergic and anaphylactic reaction

130
Q

What do the granules contain?

A

anti-inflammatory substances

131
Q

Immunity:

A

ingest substances associated with humoral immune response

132
Q

Phagocytosis:

A

minimal phagocytic and bacterial functions

133
Q

What are the contents especially toxic to?

A

large pathogenic organisms
-protozoa and parasites

134
Q

Basophils:

A

least common leukocyte
-less than 1% of circulation WBCs

135
Q

Very difficult to differentiate what?

A

basophila and basopenia

136
Q

How are basophils recognized?

A

their large intense staining blue cytoplasmic granules
have multilobulated nuclei and are similar in size to neutrophils

137
Q

Basophil function:

A

not much is known

138
Q

What do the granules contain?

A

heparin and histamine

139
Q

Work to promote:

A

anticoagulation during inflammation process

140
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

141
Q

How are lymphocytes recognized?

A

their round or oval nucleus

142
Q

Most actually live where?

A

lymphoid tissue

Animal Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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