Blood Flashcards
What is blood?
fluid connective tissue that flows throughout the entire body
What is whole blood?
the blood that is contained in the cardiovascular system
What is peripheral blood?
the blood circulating in blood vessels
What does it carry?
oxygen, nutrients, and waste material
Which type of blood do you draw when obtaining blood?
peripheral blood
What is plasma?
a clear liquid that has many cellular components that are in blood
-primarily water and solutes (electrolytes)
Whole blood breakdown:
55% plasma
45% formed elements
Plasma breakdown
91% water
7% proteins
—albumins (main carrier protein), globulins, fibrinogen
2% other solutes
—ions, nutrients, wastes, gasses, regulatory subs (hormones)
Formed elements breakdown:
platelets, leukocytes (WBC), erythrocytes (RBC)
3 main functions of blood:
transportation, regulation, defense
Transportation:
—erythrocytes (RBCs) contain hemoglobin, which carries O2 to every cell in body
—nutrients and other essential elements are dissolved in plasma and transported
—hormones
Wastes are taken where for elimination?
kidneys and lungs
What are transported to the site of injury?
platelets
Regulation:
aids in body temp. regulation
keeps the tissue fluid as constant as possible
aids in acid-base balance
When dehydration occurs for any reason, what happens to blood?
leaves circulation and enters other tissues to compensate for losses
Defense:
carries WBCs to tissues exposed to foreign invaders
platelets to the site of vessel damage to prevent hemorrhage
What is hematopoiesis?
production of all the blood cells that occur as a continuous process throughout an animal’s life
Where does fetal hematopoiesis take place?
liver and spleen
When the animal is born, where does hematopoiesis take place?
red bone marrow
All blood cell typed are derived from what?
a single primitive cell type
Pluripotential or multipotential stem cell will become?
committed to one line of cell depending on what the body needs
What are the cells that are committed known as?
Unipotential stem cells
The cells will go through either:
erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, or thrombopoiesis
What is erythropoiesis?
process of creating RBC
Uni cells are differentiated into ___________
proerythroblasts (immature)
They will divide, and reach a stage where they lose their nuclei and begin to make what?
hemoglobin
From this point, there are _______ more stages until becoming a mature RBC
3
Entire process takes: (off becoming a rbc)
1 week in dogs
4-5 days in cattle
36hrs. in birds
The rate is mainly controlled by what?
erythropoietin (hormone) and availability of materials
EPO is regulated by what?
blood O2 levels in kidney
What is a stimulus for increased EPO?
hypoxia
What is thrombopoiesis?
production of platelets
(thrombopoiesis) This causes uni cells to differentiate into what?
megakaryocytes
What is a megakaryocyte?
a large, multi uncleared cell that never leaves the bone marrow
What is released into peripheral blood as platelets?
pieces of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes
Take about how long? (production of platelets)
7 days
What is leukopoiesis?
formation of leukocytes (WBC)
What is granulopoiesis?
process where a pluripotential stem cell differentiates into one of 3 granulocytes
What are the 3 granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Why is these hard to tell apart at early stages?
due to specific granules in cytoplasm
-will be replaced by specific granules that are unique to each cell
What are agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes that lack granules
lymphopoesis ———>
process of creating lymphocytes
monopoiesis ———>
process that makes monocytes
What is an erythrocyte?
RBC
-lack a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, but contain water, hemoglobin, and other elements
What do erythrocytes appear as?
non-uncleared, biconcave disks
The center (central pallor) is _________________ of an erythrocyte
thinner and appears lighter than the rest of the cell
How do they get energy? RBC
glucose from the plasma
How does the RBC get its red appearance?
dissolved hemoglobin in plasma
What species has the largest RBC and a prominent central pallor?
dogs
What species do not have a prominent central pallor?
cats and horses
Camelids have _____________
oval RBCs
Birds,fish, amphibians, and reptiles have oval RBCs that are ________________
uncleared, even when mature
What is the function of erythrocytes?
transports O2 to tissues
RBC’s Uses hemoglobin, which is?
four heme groups with one globin chain
Each unit of hemoglobin has an _________
iron ion (fe+)
How many O2 molecules attach to 1 iron?
1
How many molecules of O2 can 1 hemoglobin group carry?
4
Bound oxygen to hemoglobin is known as:
oxyhemoglobin
Once the hemoglobin/oxygen is given to the tissues it is known as:
deoxyhemoglobin
Erythrocytes transport CO2 to the ________
lungs
CO2 doesn’t bind to hemoglobin like O2, it _________________
is broken down into ions in the blood and taken to the lungs to be expelled
Some CO2 is taken up by RBCs, but ____________
not bound to iron
Needs to keep biconcave shape, why?
-provides more membrane surface area for diffusion of O2 and CO2
-allows for shorter diffusion distance in and out of cell
Membrane deformability ——>
flexibility of the cell membrane
-allowing it to chance shape and travel to different vessels in the body
Lifespan varies between ____________
species
RBC lifespan of dogs —->
species
RBC lifespan of cats —?
about 68 days
Horses and sheep —->
150 days
Cows —–>
160 days
What is senescence?
the process of aging
What happens when senescence occurs?
enzyme activity decreases, and cell membrane loses its deformability and becomes rounded
Once this happens (senescence), what happens to the cell?
cells are destroyed either intravascularly or extravascularly
What percent of senescent RBCs are destroyed extravascular hemolysis?
90%
Extravascular means _________
outside the cardiovascular system
Dead RBC Removed from circulation by what?
macrophages
Mainly located in the
spleen
What happens when the macrophages reach the senescent RBCs?
the membranes are phagocytized and cells are ruptured
All continents are degraded into ____________
amino acids, iron, or heme
Where do amino acids go?
liver to build proteins
Where does iron go?
to bone marrow
What happens to the heme?
broken down again to free or unconjugeted bilirubin
-that attaches to albumin and goes to liver and will eventually be expelled through urine and feces
What percent of RBCs are destroyed by intravascular hemolysis?
~10%
What is intravascular?
inside cardiovascular system
If severe enough, what happens??
unconjugated bilirubin appears in plasma
What is hemaglobinemia?
When a build-up of unconjugated bilirubin causes blood to turn pink, red, or brown
The unconjugated bilirubin has no way to go to what?
the liver to get excreted by the kidneys
This makes urine ________
red
-known as hemoglobinuria
What are platelets?
thrombocytes
-not complete cells, portions of cytoplasm
Appearance of platelets:
non-uncleared, round to oval shape with a clear cytoplasm that contains small purple granules
What is the most important function?
normal hemostasis
What is hemostasis?
process of blood being prevented from leaking out of damaged blood vessels
When there is a break in vessels, what attracts platelets to the site?
collagen, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor
What is that action called? (attraction of platelets)
platelet aggregation
What do the platelets form during aggregation?
a hemostasis plug
Thrombin then converts to fibrinogen to fibrin to what?
to cement the platelets in place
What are leukocytes?
WBCs, generally larger than mature RBCs
What are leukocytes classified into?
granulocytes and agranulocytes
What is the function of leukocytes?
defense for the body against invaders, each different cell has its own unique role
Granulocytes broken down into 3 groups:
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
What percent are neutrophils are circulating leukocytes in the body?
40-70%
-most abundant WBC
Neutrophils are known as polymorphonuclear-1 nucleus, which is?
nuclei are segmented in many different shapes
How long do they spend in circulation before enter tissue?
about 10 hours
What is the circulating pool?
-what is found in blood vessels
-this is what we measure
What is the marginal pool?
what lines the walls of small vessels
If there is a high needs for neutrophils, what happens?
some will be pumped out of marrow before it is fully mature
What are the immature cells called?
band cells
This is noted in the circulating pool as what?
a left shift
A left shift is seen with what?
high infection levels
Neutrophils are the _____ line of defense.
1st
They are the involved in the early stages of inflammation and _______________
mount the first attack on invaders
How do the cells leave the vessel?
diapedesis
-squeezing between endothelial cells
What is chemotaxis?
when the cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemicals
Some microbes try to hide inside what?
self-made capsules
What does the body coat the microbe with?
a plasma protein (usually an antibody called an opsonin
-known as opsonization
What does this allow the neutrophil to what?
begin phagocytosis
Once the microbe is engulfed, what happens?
granules release digestive enzymes that destroy bacteria and viruses that have been engulfed
During digestion, the neutrophil does what?
makes a pouch called a phagosome
-this keeps the neutrophil from dying (most of the time)
How do neutrophils break down invaders?
with oxidation
-they use hydrogen peroxide to destroy the cell walls of the bacteria
What are eosinophils named for?
the red granules in cytoplasm
What percent of circulating WBCs do eosinophils make up?
1-6%
Granules vary between
species
Granules in dogs
granules appear dark reddish and irregularly sized
Granules in Cats
granules are rod shaped
Granules in Horses
large, round, bright granules
Granules in Ruminants and pigs
smaller, bright pink granules
Eosinophilia:
an increased number of eosinophilia in the peripheral circulation
Eosinopenia:
a decreased number of eosinophilia in the peripheral circulation
What is the eosinophil function?
phagocytic like neutrophils, but to a lesser extent
Inflammatory response:
are attracted to and inhibit local allergic and anaphylactic reaction
What do the granules contain?
anti-inflammatory substances
Immunity:
ingest substances associated with humoral immune response
Phagocytosis:
minimal phagocytic and bacterial functions
What are the contents especially toxic to?
large pathogenic organisms
-protozoa and parasites
Basophils:
least common leukocyte
-less than 1% of circulation WBCs
Very difficult to differentiate what?
basophila and basopenia
How are basophils recognized?
their large intense staining blue cytoplasmic granules
have multilobulated nuclei and are similar in size to neutrophils
Basophil function:
not much is known
What do the granules contain?
heparin and histamine
Work to promote:
anticoagulation during inflammation process
types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes, monocytes
How are lymphocytes recognized?
their round or oval nucleus
Most actually live where?
lymphoid tissue
