Urinary powerpoint Flashcards
What are the components of the urinary system?
2 kidneys 2 ureters The urinary bladder Two sphincter muscles The urethra
What are some functions of the urinary system?
Regulates aspects of homeostasis like…
Water balance
Blood pressure
Red blood cell production
How much can the bladder hold without high pressure damage to the renal system occurring?
700-1000mL
How many major calyces are in the renal pelvis?
two or three
How many minor calyces are in each major calyces?
four
What are the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephrons
How many nephrons does each kidney have?
About 1.3 million
What are nephrons responsible for?
Forming urine
What is the filtering unit of the nephron called?
The glomerulus
How much filtrate is formed by the kidneys?
125mL per minute
What is the Loop of Henle responsible for?
concentration and dilution of urine
What is the distal convoluted tubule responsible for?
Absorbing water back into the body.
The movement of fluid from one compartment to another is regulated by what? (2)
Blood pressure
Osmotic concentration
How much fluid is excreted by the kidneys a day?
Roughly 1500mL
What is the function of sodium ions (electrolytes)
Needed to transmit impulses in the nerve and muscle tissue
What is the function of potassium ions as electrolytes?
Needed for nervous and muscle tissue function
Maintaining fluid volume within cells
Helps regulate pH
Which electrolyte ion is mainly found in extracellular fluid? What about intracellular?
Sodium ions = Extra
Potassium ions = Intra
What happens when sodium levels are too high?
You get thirsty
What happens when potassium levels are too high?
Strength of muscle contraction increases
Can weaken the heart and lead to death
What happens when potassium levels are too low?
Mental confusion
Fatigue
Cramps
Where are chloride ions found, and what does it regulate?
Extracellular
Important in pH balance and regulates osmotic pressure
Where are magnesium ions found, and what are they important for?
Intracellular and in bone.
Important for teeth and bones
What is Hypekalemia?
When potassium levels are too low
What is Hypontramia?
Low levels of sodium
What is Hypochloremia?
Low levels of chloride
What is Hypocalcemia?
Low levels of calcium
What is Hypomagnesia?
Low levels of magnesium
What is Hypophosphatemia?
Low levels of phosphates
What is hyperkalema?
Potassium levels are too high
What is hypernatremia?
High levels of sodium
What is hyperchloremia?
High levels of chloride
What is Edema?
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue. = SWELLING
What do diuretics do to the body?
Increase elimination of water, sodium, and selected electrolytes
What is a loop diuretic used?
Furosemide
What are 2 thiazide diuretics used?
Hydrochlorothiazide
Indapamide
What is a potassium sparing diuretic?
spironolactone
What three groups of drugs frequently cause excessive loss of potassium?
Loop diuretics
Thiazide Diuretics
Metolazone
How many stages of renal disease are there?
4
What is the first stage of renal disease called, and what happens during it?
Loss of Renal Reserve - Patients will not generally experience any symptoms
What is the second stage of renal disease called, and what happens during it?
Renal Insufficiency - BUN and creatinine are slightly elevated, mild anemia may be present
What is the third stage of renal disease, and what happens during it?
Chronic Renal Insufficiency - Patient is easily fatigued, easily cold, nausea, vomiting. Dialysis may be started
What is the forth stage of renal disease, and what happens during it?
ESRD - End Stage Renal Disease - Patients will require chronic dialysis
What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
Non cancerous condition where the prostate gland becomes enlarged. This causes the urine flowing through the urethra to be blocked.
What are symptoms of BPH?
Weak urine flow
Frequent need to urinate
Nighttime urination
What two medication classes re used to treat BPH?
Alpha blockers
5 alpha reductase inhibitors
What are some examples of Alpha blockers used to treat BPH?
Flomax
Hytrin
Rapaflo
What are some 5 alpha reductase inhibitors used to treat BPH?
Proscar
Avodart
What is gout?
Deposits of urate crystals in the joins
What causes gout?
Hyperuricemia = Build up of urate in the blood
What classes of medications are used to treat Gout?
Anti-inflammatories
Uricosurics
What is the most common type of UTI?
Cystitis
What four classes of drugs are used to treat UTIs?
Sulphonamides
Fluoroquinolones
Nitrofurantoin
Cephalosporins
What drugs are classified as Sulfonamides, and are used to treat UTIs?
Sulfamethoxazole - Gantanol
Sulfisoxazole - Gantrisin
What drugs are classified as fluoroquinolones, and are used to treat UTIs?
Ciprofloaxin - Cipro
Norfloxacin - Noroxin
What drugs are classified as cephalosporins, and are used to treat UTIs?
Cephalexin - Keflex
Cefixime - Suprax
