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Pharmacology > Urinary powerpoint > Flashcards

Urinary powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A 
2 kidneys 
2 ureters 
The urinary bladder 
Two sphincter muscles 
The urethra
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2
Q

What are some functions of the urinary system?

A

Regulates aspects of homeostasis like…
Water balance
Blood pressure
Red blood cell production

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3
Q

How much can the bladder hold without high pressure damage to the renal system occurring?

A

700-1000mL

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4
Q

How many major calyces are in the renal pelvis?

A

two or three

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5
Q

How many minor calyces are in each major calyces?

A

four

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6
Q

What are the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephrons

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7
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney have?

A

About 1.3 million

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8
Q

What are nephrons responsible for?

A

Forming urine

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9
Q

What is the filtering unit of the nephron called?

A

The glomerulus

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10
Q

How much filtrate is formed by the kidneys?

A

125mL per minute

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11
Q

What is the Loop of Henle responsible for?

A

concentration and dilution of urine

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12
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule responsible for?

A

Absorbing water back into the body.

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13
Q

The movement of fluid from one compartment to another is regulated by what? (2)

A

Blood pressure

Osmotic concentration

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14
Q

How much fluid is excreted by the kidneys a day?

A

Roughly 1500mL

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15
Q

What is the function of sodium ions (electrolytes)

A

Needed to transmit impulses in the nerve and muscle tissue

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16
Q

What is the function of potassium ions as electrolytes?

A

Needed for nervous and muscle tissue function
Maintaining fluid volume within cells
Helps regulate pH

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17
Q

Which electrolyte ion is mainly found in extracellular fluid? What about intracellular?

A

Sodium ions = Extra

Potassium ions = Intra

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18
Q

What happens when sodium levels are too high?

A

You get thirsty

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19
Q

What happens when potassium levels are too high?

A

Strength of muscle contraction increases

Can weaken the heart and lead to death

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20
Q

What happens when potassium levels are too low?

A

Mental confusion
Fatigue
Cramps

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21
Q

Where are chloride ions found, and what does it regulate?

A

Extracellular

Important in pH balance and regulates osmotic pressure

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22
Q

Where are magnesium ions found, and what are they important for?

A

Intracellular and in bone.

Important for teeth and bones

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23
Q

What is Hypekalemia?

A

When potassium levels are too low

24
Q

What is Hypontramia?

A

Low levels of sodium

25
Q

What is Hypochloremia?

A

Low levels of chloride

26
Q

What is Hypocalcemia?

A

Low levels of calcium

27
Q

What is Hypomagnesia?

A

Low levels of magnesium

28
Q

What is Hypophosphatemia?

A

Low levels of phosphates

29
Q

What is hyperkalema?

A

Potassium levels are too high

30
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

High levels of sodium

31
Q

What is hyperchloremia?

A

High levels of chloride

32
Q

What is Edema?

A

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue. = SWELLING

33
Q

What do diuretics do to the body?

A

Increase elimination of water, sodium, and selected electrolytes

34
Q

What is a loop diuretic used?

A

Furosemide

35
Q

What are 2 thiazide diuretics used?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

Indapamide

36
Q

What is a potassium sparing diuretic?

A

spironolactone

37
Q

What three groups of drugs frequently cause excessive loss of potassium?

A

Loop diuretics
Thiazide Diuretics
Metolazone

38
Q

How many stages of renal disease are there?

39
Q

What is the first stage of renal disease called, and what happens during it?

A

Loss of Renal Reserve - Patients will not generally experience any symptoms

40
Q

What is the second stage of renal disease called, and what happens during it?

A

Renal Insufficiency - BUN and creatinine are slightly elevated, mild anemia may be present

41
Q

What is the third stage of renal disease, and what happens during it?

A

Chronic Renal Insufficiency - Patient is easily fatigued, easily cold, nausea, vomiting. Dialysis may be started

42
Q

What is the forth stage of renal disease, and what happens during it?

A

ESRD - End Stage Renal Disease - Patients will require chronic dialysis

43
Q

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A

Non cancerous condition where the prostate gland becomes enlarged. This causes the urine flowing through the urethra to be blocked.

44
Q

What are symptoms of BPH?

A

Weak urine flow
Frequent need to urinate
Nighttime urination

45
Q

What two medication classes re used to treat BPH?

A

Alpha blockers

5 alpha reductase inhibitors

46
Q

What are some examples of Alpha blockers used to treat BPH?

A

Flomax
Hytrin
Rapaflo

47
Q

What are some 5 alpha reductase inhibitors used to treat BPH?

A

Proscar

Avodart

48
Q

What is gout?

A

Deposits of urate crystals in the joins

49
Q

What causes gout?

A

Hyperuricemia = Build up of urate in the blood

50
Q

What classes of medications are used to treat Gout?

A

Anti-inflammatories

Uricosurics

51
Q

What is the most common type of UTI?

52
Q

What four classes of drugs are used to treat UTIs?

A

Sulphonamides
Fluoroquinolones
Nitrofurantoin
Cephalosporins

53
Q

What drugs are classified as Sulfonamides, and are used to treat UTIs?

A

Sulfamethoxazole - Gantanol

Sulfisoxazole - Gantrisin

54
Q

What drugs are classified as fluoroquinolones, and are used to treat UTIs?

A

Ciprofloaxin - Cipro

Norfloxacin - Noroxin

55
Q

What drugs are classified as cephalosporins, and are used to treat UTIs?

A

Cephalexin - Keflex

Cefixime - Suprax

Pharmacology (18 decks)

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