Urinary powerpoint Flashcards by Darian Dublanko

What are the components of the urinary system?

2 kidneys 
2 ureters 
The urinary bladder 
Two sphincter muscles 
The urethra

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What are some functions of the urinary system?

Regulates aspects of homeostasis like…
Water balance
Blood pressure
Red blood cell production

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How much can the bladder hold without high pressure damage to the renal system occurring?

700-1000mL

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How many major calyces are in the renal pelvis?

two or three

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How many minor calyces are in each major calyces?

four

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What are the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephrons

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How many nephrons does each kidney have?

About 1.3 million

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What are nephrons responsible for?

Forming urine

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What is the filtering unit of the nephron called?

The glomerulus

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How much filtrate is formed by the kidneys?

125mL per minute

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What is the Loop of Henle responsible for?

concentration and dilution of urine

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What is the distal convoluted tubule responsible for?

Absorbing water back into the body.

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The movement of fluid from one compartment to another is regulated by what? (2)

Blood pressure

Osmotic concentration

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How much fluid is excreted by the kidneys a day?

Roughly 1500mL

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What is the function of sodium ions (electrolytes)

Needed to transmit impulses in the nerve and muscle tissue

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What is the function of potassium ions as electrolytes?

Needed for nervous and muscle tissue function
Maintaining fluid volume within cells
Helps regulate pH

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Which electrolyte ion is mainly found in extracellular fluid? What about intracellular?

Sodium ions = Extra

Potassium ions = Intra

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What happens when sodium levels are too high?

You get thirsty

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What happens when potassium levels are too high?

Strength of muscle contraction increases

Can weaken the heart and lead to death

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What happens when potassium levels are too low?

Mental confusion
Fatigue
Cramps

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Where are chloride ions found, and what does it regulate?

Extracellular

Important in pH balance and regulates osmotic pressure

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Where are magnesium ions found, and what are they important for?

Intracellular and in bone.

Important for teeth and bones

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What is Hypekalemia?

When potassium levels are too low

What is Hypontramia?

Low levels of sodium

What is Hypochloremia?

Low levels of chloride

What is Hypocalcemia?

Low levels of calcium

What is Hypomagnesia?

Low levels of magnesium

What is Hypophosphatemia?

Low levels of phosphates

What is hyperkalema?

Potassium levels are too high

What is hypernatremia?

High levels of sodium

What is hyperchloremia?

High levels of chloride

What is Edema?

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue. = SWELLING

What do diuretics do to the body?

Increase elimination of water, sodium, and selected electrolytes

What is a loop diuretic used?

Furosemide

What are 2 thiazide diuretics used?

Hydrochlorothiazide | Indapamide

What is a potassium sparing diuretic?

spironolactone

What three groups of drugs frequently cause excessive loss of potassium?

Loop diuretics Thiazide Diuretics Metolazone

How many stages of renal disease are there?

What is the first stage of renal disease called, and what happens during it?

Loss of Renal Reserve - Patients will not generally experience any symptoms

What is the second stage of renal disease called, and what happens during it?

Renal Insufficiency - BUN and creatinine are slightly elevated, mild anemia may be present

What is the third stage of renal disease, and what happens during it?

Chronic Renal Insufficiency - Patient is easily fatigued, easily cold, nausea, vomiting. Dialysis may be started

What is the forth stage of renal disease, and what happens during it?

ESRD - End Stage Renal Disease - Patients will require chronic dialysis

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

Non cancerous condition where the prostate gland becomes enlarged. This causes the urine flowing through the urethra to be blocked.

What are symptoms of BPH?

Weak urine flow Frequent need to urinate Nighttime urination

What two medication classes re used to treat BPH?

Alpha blockers 5 alpha reductase inhibitors

What are some examples of Alpha blockers used to treat BPH?

Flomax Hytrin Rapaflo

What are some 5 alpha reductase inhibitors used to treat BPH?

Proscar | Avodart

What is gout?

Deposits of urate crystals in the joins

What causes gout?

Hyperuricemia = Build up of urate in the blood

What classes of medications are used to treat Gout?

Anti-inflammatories | Uricosurics

What is the most common type of UTI?

Cystitis

What four classes of drugs are used to treat UTIs?

Sulphonamides Fluoroquinolones Nitrofurantoin Cephalosporins

What drugs are classified as Sulfonamides, and are used to treat UTIs?

Sulfamethoxazole - Gantanol Sulfisoxazole - Gantrisin

What drugs are classified as fluoroquinolones, and are used to treat UTIs?

Ciprofloaxin - Cipro | Norfloxacin - Noroxin

What drugs are classified as cephalosporins, and are used to treat UTIs?

Cephalexin - Keflex | Cefixime - Suprax