Urinary powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A
2 kidneys 
2 ureters 
The urinary bladder 
Two sphincter muscles 
The urethra
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2
Q

What are some functions of the urinary system?

A

Regulates aspects of homeostasis like…
Water balance
Blood pressure
Red blood cell production

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3
Q

How much can the bladder hold without high pressure damage to the renal system occurring?

A

700-1000mL

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4
Q

How many major calyces are in the renal pelvis?

A

two or three

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5
Q

How many minor calyces are in each major calyces?

A

four

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6
Q

What are the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephrons

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7
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney have?

A

About 1.3 million

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8
Q

What are nephrons responsible for?

A

Forming urine

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9
Q

What is the filtering unit of the nephron called?

A

The glomerulus

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10
Q

How much filtrate is formed by the kidneys?

A

125mL per minute

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11
Q

What is the Loop of Henle responsible for?

A

concentration and dilution of urine

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12
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule responsible for?

A

Absorbing water back into the body.

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13
Q

The movement of fluid from one compartment to another is regulated by what? (2)

A

Blood pressure

Osmotic concentration

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14
Q

How much fluid is excreted by the kidneys a day?

A

Roughly 1500mL

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15
Q

What is the function of sodium ions (electrolytes)

A

Needed to transmit impulses in the nerve and muscle tissue

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16
Q

What is the function of potassium ions as electrolytes?

A

Needed for nervous and muscle tissue function
Maintaining fluid volume within cells
Helps regulate pH

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17
Q

Which electrolyte ion is mainly found in extracellular fluid? What about intracellular?

A

Sodium ions = Extra

Potassium ions = Intra

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18
Q

What happens when sodium levels are too high?

A

You get thirsty

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19
Q

What happens when potassium levels are too high?

A

Strength of muscle contraction increases

Can weaken the heart and lead to death

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20
Q

What happens when potassium levels are too low?

A

Mental confusion
Fatigue
Cramps

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21
Q

Where are chloride ions found, and what does it regulate?

A

Extracellular

Important in pH balance and regulates osmotic pressure

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22
Q

Where are magnesium ions found, and what are they important for?

A

Intracellular and in bone.

Important for teeth and bones

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23
Q

What is Hypekalemia?

A

When potassium levels are too low

24
Q

What is Hypontramia?

A

Low levels of sodium

25
What is Hypochloremia?
Low levels of chloride
26
What is Hypocalcemia?
Low levels of calcium
27
What is Hypomagnesia?
Low levels of magnesium
28
What is Hypophosphatemia?
Low levels of phosphates
29
What is hyperkalema?
Potassium levels are too high
30
What is hypernatremia?
High levels of sodium
31
What is hyperchloremia?
High levels of chloride
32
What is Edema?
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue. = SWELLING
33
What do diuretics do to the body?
Increase elimination of water, sodium, and selected electrolytes
34
What is a loop diuretic used?
Furosemide
35
What are 2 thiazide diuretics used?
Hydrochlorothiazide | Indapamide
36
What is a potassium sparing diuretic?
spironolactone
37
What three groups of drugs frequently cause excessive loss of potassium?
Loop diuretics Thiazide Diuretics Metolazone
38
How many stages of renal disease are there?
4
39
What is the first stage of renal disease called, and what happens during it?
Loss of Renal Reserve - Patients will not generally experience any symptoms
40
What is the second stage of renal disease called, and what happens during it?
Renal Insufficiency - BUN and creatinine are slightly elevated, mild anemia may be present
41
What is the third stage of renal disease, and what happens during it?
Chronic Renal Insufficiency - Patient is easily fatigued, easily cold, nausea, vomiting. Dialysis may be started
42
What is the forth stage of renal disease, and what happens during it?
ESRD - End Stage Renal Disease - Patients will require chronic dialysis
43
What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
Non cancerous condition where the prostate gland becomes enlarged. This causes the urine flowing through the urethra to be blocked.
44
What are symptoms of BPH?
Weak urine flow Frequent need to urinate Nighttime urination
45
What two medication classes re used to treat BPH?
Alpha blockers 5 alpha reductase inhibitors
46
What are some examples of Alpha blockers used to treat BPH?
Flomax Hytrin Rapaflo
47
What are some 5 alpha reductase inhibitors used to treat BPH?
Proscar | Avodart
48
What is gout?
Deposits of urate crystals in the joins
49
What causes gout?
Hyperuricemia = Build up of urate in the blood
50
What classes of medications are used to treat Gout?
Anti-inflammatories | Uricosurics
51
What is the most common type of UTI?
Cystitis
52
What four classes of drugs are used to treat UTIs?
Sulphonamides Fluoroquinolones Nitrofurantoin Cephalosporins
53
What drugs are classified as Sulfonamides, and are used to treat UTIs?
Sulfamethoxazole - Gantanol Sulfisoxazole - Gantrisin
54
What drugs are classified as fluoroquinolones, and are used to treat UTIs?
Ciprofloaxin - Cipro | Norfloxacin - Noroxin
55
What drugs are classified as cephalosporins, and are used to treat UTIs?
Cephalexin - Keflex | Cefixime - Suprax