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Pharmacology > Antibiotics (Test 4) > Flashcards

Antibiotics (Test 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

A 
GP = more substantial cell wall 
GN = Less substantial cell wall
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2
Q

What are the four ways in which antibiotics work?

A

Block protein formation
Inhibit cell wall formation
Interfere with DNA
Prevent folic acid synthesis

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3
Q

Which antibiotics cover both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms?

A

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

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4
Q

What is a bactericidal?

A

It is an agent that kills invading organisms immediately

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5
Q

What is a bacteriostatic agent?

A

It inhibits the growth and multiplication of bacteria

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6
Q

What are four examples of conditions that sulfonamides treat?

A

UTIs
Otitis media
Ulcerative colitis
Lower respiratory infections

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7
Q

What are some side effects of Sulfonamides?

A 
Nausea
Rash 
Vomiting 
Blood complications 
Photosensitivity
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8
Q

What auxiliary labels should be included on sulfonamides?

A

Take with lots of water
May cause discolouration of urine
Avoid prolonged sun exposure

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9
Q

What are beta lactam antibiotics also referred to as?

A

penicillin type antibiotics

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10
Q

What are the side effects of beta lactam antibiotics?

A

Diarrhea

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11
Q

What auxiliary label is put in beta lactam antibiotics?

A

Take on empty stomach

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12
Q

If a person is allergic to penicillin, what other class could they have a chance of being allergic to?

A

cephalosporins

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13
Q

What are first generation cephalosporins used for?

A

Community acquired infections specifically for gram negative organisms

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14
Q

What are three examples of first generation cephalosporins?

A

cefadroxil - Duricef
cefazolin - Ancef
cephalexin - Keflex

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15
Q

What are second generation cephalosporins used for?

A

Used for otitis media in children as well as respiratory and urinary tract infections

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16
Q

What are four examples of second generation cephalosporins?

A

cefaclor - Ceclor
cefprozil - Cefzil
cefuroxime - Ceftin
cefixime - Suprax

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17
Q

What are third generation cephalosporins used for?

A

Many gram negative organisms, as well as severe infections.

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18
Q

What are three examples of third generation cephalosporins?

A

cefotaxime - Claforan
ceftazidime - Fortaz
ceftriaxone - Rocephin

19
Q

What are forth and fifth generation cephalosporins used for?

A

Treating pneumonia, UTIs and sepsis

20
Q

What kind of antibiotics are tetracyclines?

A

broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics

21
Q

How do tetracyclines work?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to ribosomes

22
Q

What are tetracyclines antibiotics used to treat?

A

Acne
Chronic bronchitis
Lyme disease

23
Q

What are some side effects of tetracycline?

A 
Nausea 
Vomiting 
Photosensitivity 
Diarrhea 
Tooth discolouration
24
Q

What auxiliary labels should be included on tetracycline?

A

Do not take with calcium, magnesium, aluminium or dairy products
Avoid prolonged sun exposure
Take on an empty stomach

25
Q

What are two examples of tetracyclines?

A

doxycycline - Vibramycin

minocycline - Minocin

26
Q

What are macrolides used to treat?

A

Chlamydia
Influenza
Pneumonia

27
Q

What are some side effects of macrolides?

A

GI upset
Discoloured urine
After-taste

28
Q

What auxiliary label is included for macrolides?

A

Take with food

29
Q

What are some examples of macrolides?

A

azithromycin - Zithromax
clarithromycin - Biaxin
erythromycin - ERYC

30
Q

How do quinolones work?

A

They antagonize the enzyme responsible for coiling and replicating DNA

31
Q

What are quinolones used to treat?

A

Bone and joint infections
Infectious diarrhea
Some STIs
UTIs

32
Q

What are some side effects of quinolones?

A 
Nausea and vomiting 
Joint swelling 
Dizziness 
Photosensitivity 
May cause CNS effects like insomnia
33
Q

What auxiliary labels should be included for quinolones?

A

Avoid sun exposure
Do not take with antacids
Take with plenty of water

34
Q

What are some examples of quinolones?

A

ciprofloxacin - Cipro
levofloaxacin - Levaquin
Moxifloxacin - Avelox, Vigamox

35
Q

What are aminoglycosides primarily used to treat?

A

Life-threatening infections like sepsis and peritonitis

36
Q

What are some side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

nephrotoxicity - damage to kidney

ototoxicity - damaging to organs of hearing

37
Q

What are some examples of aminoglycosides?

A

amikacin
neomycin
tobramycin

38
Q

What is vancomycin used to treat?

A

Dialysis patients

Staph infections

39
Q

What are some side effects for clindamycin?

A

Diarrhea
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain

40
Q

What auxiliary labels should be included on clindamycin?

A

Do not lie down for 30 mins after taking this medication

Take with a full glass of water

41
Q

What is metronidazole used to treat?

A

Abscesses
Infections
meningitis

42
Q

What are some side effects of metronidazole?

A 
Metallic taste 
Nausea, dizziness, headache
Diarrhea
Rash 
GI upset 
Urine discolouration
43
Q

What auxiliary label should be included on metronidazole?

A

DO NOT DRINK ALCOHOL

Pharmacology (18 decks)

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