Antibiotics (Test 4)

Question 1

What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 1

GP = more substantial cell wall 
GN = Less substantial cell wall

Question 2

What are the four ways in which antibiotics work?

Answer 2

Block protein formation
Inhibit cell wall formation
Interfere with DNA
Prevent folic acid synthesis

Question 3

Which antibiotics cover both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms?

Answer 3

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Question 4

What is a bactericidal?

Answer 4

It is an agent that kills invading organisms immediately

Question 5

What is a bacteriostatic agent?

Answer 5

It inhibits the growth and multiplication of bacteria

Question 6

What are four examples of conditions that sulfonamides treat?

Answer 6

UTIs
Otitis media
Ulcerative colitis
Lower respiratory infections

Question 7

What are some side effects of Sulfonamides?

Answer 7

Nausea
Rash 
Vomiting 
Blood complications 
Photosensitivity

Question 8

What auxiliary labels should be included on sulfonamides?

Answer 8

Take with lots of water
May cause discolouration of urine
Avoid prolonged sun exposure

Question 9

What are beta lactam antibiotics also referred to as?

Answer 9

penicillin type antibiotics

Question 10

What are the side effects of beta lactam antibiotics?

Answer 10

Diarrhea

Question 11

What auxiliary label is put in beta lactam antibiotics?

Answer 11

Take on empty stomach

Question 12

If a person is allergic to penicillin, what other class could they have a chance of being allergic to?

Answer 12

cephalosporins

Question 13

What are first generation cephalosporins used for?

Answer 13

Community acquired infections specifically for gram negative organisms

Question 14

What are three examples of first generation cephalosporins?

Answer 14

cefadroxil - Duricef
cefazolin - Ancef
cephalexin - Keflex

Question 15

What are second generation cephalosporins used for?

Answer 15

Used for otitis media in children as well as respiratory and urinary tract infections

Question 16

What are four examples of second generation cephalosporins?

Answer 16

cefaclor - Ceclor
cefprozil - Cefzil
cefuroxime - Ceftin
cefixime - Suprax

Question 17

What are third generation cephalosporins used for?

Answer 17

Many gram negative organisms, as well as severe infections.

Question 18

What are three examples of third generation cephalosporins?

Answer 18

cefotaxime - Claforan
ceftazidime - Fortaz
ceftriaxone - Rocephin

Question 19

What are forth and fifth generation cephalosporins used for?

Answer 19

Treating pneumonia, UTIs and sepsis

Question 20

What kind of antibiotics are tetracyclines?

Answer 20

broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics

Question 21

How do tetracyclines work?

Answer 21

Inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to ribosomes

Question 22

What are tetracyclines antibiotics used to treat?

Answer 22

Acne
Chronic bronchitis
Lyme disease

Question 23

What are some side effects of tetracycline?

Answer 23

Nausea 
Vomiting 
Photosensitivity 
Diarrhea 
Tooth discolouration

Question 24

What auxiliary labels should be included on tetracycline?

Answer 24

Do not take with calcium, magnesium, aluminium or dairy products
Avoid prolonged sun exposure
Take on an empty stomach

Question 25

What are two examples of tetracyclines?

Answer 25

doxycycline - Vibramycin | minocycline - Minocin

Question 26

What are macrolides used to treat?

Answer 26

Chlamydia Influenza Pneumonia

Question 27

What are some side effects of macrolides?

Answer 27

GI upset Discoloured urine After-taste

Question 28

What auxiliary label is included for macrolides?

Answer 28

Take with food

Question 29

What are some examples of macrolides?

Answer 29

azithromycin - Zithromax clarithromycin - Biaxin erythromycin - ERYC

Question 30

How do quinolones work?

Answer 30

They antagonize the enzyme responsible for coiling and replicating DNA

Question 31

What are quinolones used to treat?

Answer 31

Bone and joint infections Infectious diarrhea Some STIs UTIs

Question 32

What are some side effects of quinolones?

Answer 32

``` Nausea and vomiting Joint swelling Dizziness Photosensitivity May cause CNS effects like insomnia ```

Question 33

What auxiliary labels should be included for quinolones?

Answer 33

Avoid sun exposure Do not take with antacids Take with plenty of water

Question 34

What are some examples of quinolones?

Answer 34

ciprofloxacin - Cipro levofloaxacin - Levaquin Moxifloxacin - Avelox, Vigamox

Question 35

What are aminoglycosides primarily used to treat?

Answer 35

Life-threatening infections like sepsis and peritonitis

Question 36

What are some side effects of aminoglycosides?

Answer 36

nephrotoxicity - damage to kidney | ototoxicity - damaging to organs of hearing

Question 37

What are some examples of aminoglycosides?

Answer 37

amikacin neomycin tobramycin

Question 38

What is vancomycin used to treat?

Answer 38

Dialysis patients | Staph infections

Question 39

What are some side effects for clindamycin?

Answer 39

Diarrhea Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain

Question 40

What auxiliary labels should be included on clindamycin?

Answer 40

Do not lie down for 30 mins after taking this medication | Take with a full glass of water

Question 41

What is metronidazole used to treat?

Answer 41

Abscesses Infections meningitis

Question 42

What are some side effects of metronidazole?

Answer 42

``` Metallic taste Nausea, dizziness, headache Diarrhea Rash GI upset Urine discolouration ```

Question 43

What auxiliary label should be included on metronidazole?

Answer 43

DO NOT DRINK ALCOHOL