Antibiotics (Test 4) Flashcards
What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
GP = more substantial cell wall GN = Less substantial cell wall
What are the four ways in which antibiotics work?
Block protein formation
Inhibit cell wall formation
Interfere with DNA
Prevent folic acid synthesis
Which antibiotics cover both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms?
Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
What is a bactericidal?
It is an agent that kills invading organisms immediately
What is a bacteriostatic agent?
It inhibits the growth and multiplication of bacteria
What are four examples of conditions that sulfonamides treat?
UTIs
Otitis media
Ulcerative colitis
Lower respiratory infections
What are some side effects of Sulfonamides?
Nausea Rash Vomiting Blood complications Photosensitivity
What auxiliary labels should be included on sulfonamides?
Take with lots of water
May cause discolouration of urine
Avoid prolonged sun exposure
What are beta lactam antibiotics also referred to as?
penicillin type antibiotics
What are the side effects of beta lactam antibiotics?
Diarrhea
What auxiliary label is put in beta lactam antibiotics?
Take on empty stomach
If a person is allergic to penicillin, what other class could they have a chance of being allergic to?
cephalosporins
What are first generation cephalosporins used for?
Community acquired infections specifically for gram negative organisms
What are three examples of first generation cephalosporins?
cefadroxil - Duricef
cefazolin - Ancef
cephalexin - Keflex
What are second generation cephalosporins used for?
Used for otitis media in children as well as respiratory and urinary tract infections
What are four examples of second generation cephalosporins?
cefaclor - Ceclor
cefprozil - Cefzil
cefuroxime - Ceftin
cefixime - Suprax
What are third generation cephalosporins used for?
Many gram negative organisms, as well as severe infections.
What are three examples of third generation cephalosporins?
cefotaxime - Claforan
ceftazidime - Fortaz
ceftriaxone - Rocephin
What are forth and fifth generation cephalosporins used for?
Treating pneumonia, UTIs and sepsis
What kind of antibiotics are tetracyclines?
broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics
How do tetracyclines work?
Inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to ribosomes
What are tetracyclines antibiotics used to treat?
Acne
Chronic bronchitis
Lyme disease
What are some side effects of tetracycline?
Nausea Vomiting Photosensitivity Diarrhea Tooth discolouration
What auxiliary labels should be included on tetracycline?
Do not take with calcium, magnesium, aluminium or dairy products
Avoid prolonged sun exposure
Take on an empty stomach
What are two examples of tetracyclines?
doxycycline - Vibramycin
minocycline - Minocin
What are macrolides used to treat?
Chlamydia
Influenza
Pneumonia
What are some side effects of macrolides?
GI upset
Discoloured urine
After-taste
What auxiliary label is included for macrolides?
Take with food
What are some examples of macrolides?
azithromycin - Zithromax
clarithromycin - Biaxin
erythromycin - ERYC
How do quinolones work?
They antagonize the enzyme responsible for coiling and replicating DNA
What are quinolones used to treat?
Bone and joint infections
Infectious diarrhea
Some STIs
UTIs
What are some side effects of quinolones?
Nausea and vomiting Joint swelling Dizziness Photosensitivity May cause CNS effects like insomnia
What auxiliary labels should be included for quinolones?
Avoid sun exposure
Do not take with antacids
Take with plenty of water
What are some examples of quinolones?
ciprofloxacin - Cipro
levofloaxacin - Levaquin
Moxifloxacin - Avelox, Vigamox
What are aminoglycosides primarily used to treat?
Life-threatening infections like sepsis and peritonitis
What are some side effects of aminoglycosides?
nephrotoxicity - damage to kidney
ototoxicity - damaging to organs of hearing
What are some examples of aminoglycosides?
amikacin
neomycin
tobramycin
What is vancomycin used to treat?
Dialysis patients
Staph infections
What are some side effects for clindamycin?
Diarrhea
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain
What auxiliary labels should be included on clindamycin?
Do not lie down for 30 mins after taking this medication
Take with a full glass of water
What is metronidazole used to treat?
Abscesses
Infections
meningitis
What are some side effects of metronidazole?
Metallic taste Nausea, dizziness, headache Diarrhea Rash GI upset Urine discolouration
What auxiliary label should be included on metronidazole?
DO NOT DRINK ALCOHOL
