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Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Drugs Powerpoint > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

A

The heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

The loop from the heart to the lungs and back again

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3
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Blood from the heart to all other parts of the body and back again

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4
Q

What is the average BPM of the heart?

A

60-100

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5
Q

Which 3 hormones effect blood pressure?

A

Aldosterone
Vasopressin
Angiotensin

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6
Q

How are the ventricles seperated?

A

By the interventricular septum

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7
Q

How are the atria seperated?

A

interatrial septum

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8
Q

What is the left atrioventricular valve?

A

Mitral valve

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9
Q

What is the right atrioventricular valve?

A

Tricuspid valve

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10
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of the ventricles sends blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulation. - Lub sound

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11
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of the ventricles allows them to fill with blood from the atria - Dub sound

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12
Q

What is the other name for high blood pressure?

A

Hypertension

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13
Q

How is hypertension identified?

A

Systole consistently at 140 or higher and diastole consistently at 90 or higher.

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14
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

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15
Q

Is left untreated, what can high blood pressure effect?

A

The eyes, kidneys, heart and brain.

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16
Q

List some examples of causes and risk factors of Hypertension?

A 
Heredity 
Race
Sex
Age
Obesity 
Alcohol consumption 
Physical inactivity
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17
Q

What is the blood pressure of someone Optimal?

A

Less than 120 and less than 80

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18
Q

What is the blood pressure of someone in pre-hypertension?

A

120-139 / 80-89

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19
Q

What is the blood pressure of someone with Stage 1 high blood pressure?

A

140-159 / 90-99

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20
Q

What is the blood pressure of someone with stage 2 of high blood pressure?

A

160+ / 100 +

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21
Q

What is the blood pressure of someone with emergency high blood pressure?

A

180+ / 110+

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22
Q

What are some non-drug therapies to treat hypertension?

A 
Quit smoking 
weight loss 
Healthy diet 
Reduce alcohol consumption 
Physical activity 
Control stress
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23
Q

What are 6 drug classifications that treat hypertension?

A 
Diuretics 
Beta blockers 
ACE Inhibitors 
CCBs
Vasodilators 
Alpha Blockers
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24
Q

How do diuretics treat hypertension?

A

Increase the elimination of salt and water through urination

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25
Give 3 examples of diuretics used to treat hypertension
HCT furosemide indapamide
26
How are beta blockers used to treat hypertension?
Reduces the amount of blood pumped through the heart
27
List 3 beta blockers used to treat hypertension.
propanolol atenolol metoprolol
28
How are ACE inhibitors used to treat hypertension?
They block the production of angiotension II
29
List 2 ACE inhibitors used in the treatment of hypertension
ramipril | enalapril
30
How do CCBs treat hypertension?
They relax blood vessel walls
31
List 3 CCBs used to treat hypertension
diltiazem nifedipine verapamil
32
How do Vasodilators work to relieve hypertension?
Relax the smooth muscle in the arteries.
33
List 2 vasodilators used to treat hypertension
hydralazine | minoxidil
34
What is atherosclerosis?
Gradual process in which plaques of cholesterol are deposited in the walls of the arteries
35
What are some risk factors of atherosclerosis?
``` Smoking cigarettes High blood pressure Diabetes Elevated cholesterol Family history Obesity ```
36
What is another name for Angina?
angina pectoris
37
What is angina?
Chest pain due to the imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand.
38
What are the three common types of angina?
Stable Unstable Variant
39
What is Prinzmetal's Angina?
A spasm of a coronary artery.
40
What are other names (3) for a heart attack?
Myocardial Infarction Coronary thrombosis Coronary Occlusion
41
What is a heart attack?
Blockage of blood flow to the heart resulting in the heart not receiving oxygen and the nutrients it needs.
42
What are some symptoms of a heart attack?
``` Uncomfortable pressure/pain in the chest Sweating Dizziness Fainting Nausea Feeling of severe indigestion Shortness of breath ```
43
How can you prevent heart attack?
Regular physical exertion Managing current conditions Taking Aspirin 81mg daily for at risk patients.
44
What is heart failure?
A condition initiated by impairment of the heart's function as a pump.
45
What medical treatments are used for heart failure?
``` ACE Inhibitors Beta Blockers Diuretics Angiotensin II receptor blockers Digoxin Nitrates CCBs Statins Antiarrhythmics ```
46
How can ACE inhibitors help heart failure?
Improve symptoms and reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and death.
47
What is an example of an ACE inhibitor used in the treatment of heart failure?
Ramipril
48
What is an example of a beta blocker used to treat heart failure?
Bisoprolol
49
What is an example of a diuretic used to treat heart failure?
Furosemide
50
What is an example of a Angiotensin II receptor blocker used to treat heart failure?
Candesartan
51
What is valvular heart disease?
Malfunction of one or more heart valves
52
What are three causes of valvular heart disease?
Rheumatic fever Infective endocarditis Aging
53
What is another name for hypercholesterolemia?
High cholesterol
54
What does LDL stand for?
Low density lipoprotein
55
What does HDL stand for?
High density lipoprotein
56
What are the three main types of Hypercholesterolemia?
LDL HDL Triglycerides
57
What are some risk factors of hypercholesterolemia?
``` Obesity Diet Low fibre Physical inactivity Stress Smoking Diabetes ```
58
What is an example of statins used to treat high cholesterol?
Atorvastatin | Pravastatin
59
What is an example of a Fibrate used to treat high cholesterol?
Fenofibrate
60
What is an example of a Cholesterol absorption inhibitor?
Ezetrol
61
What are the three main kinds of arrhythmias?
Atrial flutter Atrial fibrillation Ventricular Fibrillation
62
What is atrial flutter?
Atria beat too fast
63
What is atrial fibrillation?
An irregular and sometimes rapid heart rhythm where the atria quiver instead of pumping properly
64
What is ventricular fibrillation?
Independent from atria, disorganized pumping.
65
What are some symptoms of arrhythmias?
``` Abnormal heartbeat Tiredness Shortness of breath Chest pain Nausea ```
66
What are 2 examples of antiarrhythmics used to treat arrhythmia's?
Amiodarone | Flecainide
67
What are 2 examples of CCBs used to treat arrhythmias?
Diltiazem | Verapamil
68
What are two examples of beta blockers used to treat arrhythmias?
Propranolol | Atenolol
69
What are two examples of anticoagulants / anti-platelets used to treat arrhythmias?
Warfarin | ASA
70
What does TIA stand for?
Transient Ischemic Attack
71
What is a Transient Ischemic Attack?
Brief interruption in the blood supply to the brain that leads to temporary neurological deficits
72
What are some symptoms of a Transient Ischemic Attack?
``` Weakness Vision/Language problems Confusion Vertigo Poor balance ```
73
What is a stroke?
When a blood clot blocks a blood vessel or an artery in the brain.
74
What are some symptoms of a stroke?
``` Sudden numbness or weakness in face, arm, or leg. Sudden confusion Trouble seeing Trouble walking Loss of balance Severe headache ```
75
What is the function of beta blockers?
Treat heart diseases including HBP, angina, arrhythmia's, an heart failure.
76
How do Beta blockers work?
They block norepinephrine and epinephrine from acting on receptors to low down the various actions.
77
What are some side effects of beta blockers?
``` Hypotension sleep disturbances dizziness fatigue nausea bronchospasm drowsiness ```
78
What auxiliary labels are required for beta blockers?
May cause dizziness This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate heavy machinery. Do not discontinue abruptly.
79
What are calcium channel blockers used to treat?
High blood pressure, arrhythmia's, and angina.
80
How do CCBs treat heart conditions?
Cause vasodilation and decreases the force of contraction of the heart.
81
What are some side effects of CCBs?
Hypotension, flushing, and edema.
82
What auxillary labels are requires for CCBs?
May cause dizziness. avoid taking grapefruit juice. May impair ability to drive or operate machinery.
83
What do nitrates treat?
Angina, congestive heart failure, and hypertensive emergency
84
What are the side effects of nitrates?
hypotension, headache and tachycardia.
85
What medication class can not be mixed with nitrates, and why?
phosphodiesterase inhibitors cause a fatal drop in blood pressure.
86
What anxillary labels are included in Nitrates?
May cause blurred vision may cause dizziness do not shake (spray) Do not take with alcohol.
87
What do ACE inhibitors treat?
Hypertension, heart failure, prevent strokes.
88
How do ACE inhibitors work?
Prevent the conversion of angiotensin II from angiotensin I. This causes vasodilation and decreased aldosterone secretion.
89
What side effects do ACE inhibitors have?
Hypotension Dry cough hyperkalemia Renal impairment
90
What auxillary labels are required on ACE inhibitors?
May cause dizziness | May impair the ability to drive or operate machinery.
91
What does ARB treat?
Hypertension, heart failure, prevent stroke and kidney failure.
92
What are the side effects of ARBs?
hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, diarrhea.
93
What auxillary labels are included on ARBs?
May cause dizziness | This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery
94
What do anti-arrhythmic?
Restore normal sinus rhythm of the heart.
95
What are some side effects of anti-arrhythmic medication?
Bradycardia, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hypotension.
96
What are the auxillary labels for anti-arrhythmic medication?
May cause dizziness | This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery.
97
What do diuretics treat?
Hypertension and symptoms of congestive heart failure such as edema.
98
What are some side effects of diuretics?
Hypotension, dizziness, increased urination, muscle cramps, increased thirst, dehydration, photo-sensitivity, and nausea.
99
What are the three classes of diuretics used to treat heard problems?
Thiazide diuretics Loop diuretics Potassium sparing diuretics
100
What auxilliary labels are used for diuretics?
Avoid prolonged sun exposure May cause dizziness May impair the ability to drive or operate machinery.
101
What do alpha blockers / centrally acting drugs treat?
Hypertension and prostate conditions
102
What are some alpha blockers / centrally acting drugs side effects?
Headache, pounding headache, weight gain, nausea, dry mouth, constipation.
103
What are some side effects of anticoagulants / antiplatelets?
Increased risk of bleeding, severe bruising, prolonged nosebleeds, blood in vomit, unusual headaches.
104
What do anticoagulants do?
Prevent clots from forming inappropriately.
105
What do antiplatelets do?
Interfere with platelet plug formation
106
What do fibrinolytic agents do?
Dissolve clots
107
What do cholesterol lowering agents treat?
Hyperlipidemia
108
is LDL cholesterol the bad or good cholesterol?
Bad
109
Is HDL good or bad?
Good cholesterol

Pharmacology (18 decks)

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