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Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Drugs Powerpoint > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

A

The heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

The loop from the heart to the lungs and back again

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3
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Blood from the heart to all other parts of the body and back again

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4
Q

What is the average BPM of the heart?

A

60-100

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5
Q

Which 3 hormones effect blood pressure?

A

Aldosterone
Vasopressin
Angiotensin

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6
Q

How are the ventricles seperated?

A

By the interventricular septum

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7
Q

How are the atria seperated?

A

interatrial septum

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8
Q

What is the left atrioventricular valve?

A

Mitral valve

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9
Q

What is the right atrioventricular valve?

A

Tricuspid valve

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10
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of the ventricles sends blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulation. - Lub sound

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11
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of the ventricles allows them to fill with blood from the atria - Dub sound

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12
Q

What is the other name for high blood pressure?

A

Hypertension

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13
Q

How is hypertension identified?

A

Systole consistently at 140 or higher and diastole consistently at 90 or higher.

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14
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

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15
Q

Is left untreated, what can high blood pressure effect?

A

The eyes, kidneys, heart and brain.

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16
Q

List some examples of causes and risk factors of Hypertension?

A 
Heredity 
Race
Sex
Age
Obesity 
Alcohol consumption 
Physical inactivity
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17
Q

What is the blood pressure of someone Optimal?

A

Less than 120 and less than 80

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18
Q

What is the blood pressure of someone in pre-hypertension?

A

120-139 / 80-89

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19
Q

What is the blood pressure of someone with Stage 1 high blood pressure?

A

140-159 / 90-99

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20
Q

What is the blood pressure of someone with stage 2 of high blood pressure?

A

160+ / 100 +

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21
Q

What is the blood pressure of someone with emergency high blood pressure?

A

180+ / 110+

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22
Q

What are some non-drug therapies to treat hypertension?

A 
Quit smoking 
weight loss 
Healthy diet 
Reduce alcohol consumption 
Physical activity 
Control stress
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23
Q

What are 6 drug classifications that treat hypertension?

A 
Diuretics 
Beta blockers 
ACE Inhibitors 
CCBs
Vasodilators 
Alpha Blockers
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24
Q

How do diuretics treat hypertension?

A

Increase the elimination of salt and water through urination

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25
Q

Give 3 examples of diuretics used to treat hypertension

A

HCT
furosemide
indapamide

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26
Q

How are beta blockers used to treat hypertension?

A

Reduces the amount of blood pumped through the heart

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27
Q

List 3 beta blockers used to treat hypertension.

A

propanolol
atenolol
metoprolol

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28
Q

How are ACE inhibitors used to treat hypertension?

A

They block the production of angiotension II

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29
Q

List 2 ACE inhibitors used in the treatment of hypertension

A

ramipril

enalapril

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30
Q

How do CCBs treat hypertension?

A

They relax blood vessel walls

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31
Q

List 3 CCBs used to treat hypertension

A

diltiazem
nifedipine
verapamil

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32
Q

How do Vasodilators work to relieve hypertension?

A

Relax the smooth muscle in the arteries.

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33
Q

List 2 vasodilators used to treat hypertension

A

hydralazine

minoxidil

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34
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Gradual process in which plaques of cholesterol are deposited in the walls of the arteries

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35
Q

What are some risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A 
Smoking cigarettes 
High blood pressure 
Diabetes 
Elevated cholesterol 
Family history 
Obesity
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36
Q

What is another name for Angina?

A

angina pectoris

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37
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain due to the imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand.

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38
Q

What are the three common types of angina?

A

Stable
Unstable
Variant

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39
Q

What is Prinzmetal’s Angina?

A

A spasm of a coronary artery.

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40
Q

What are other names (3) for a heart attack?

A

Myocardial Infarction
Coronary thrombosis
Coronary Occlusion

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41
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

Blockage of blood flow to the heart resulting in the heart not receiving oxygen and the nutrients it needs.

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42
Q

What are some symptoms of a heart attack?

A 
Uncomfortable pressure/pain in the chest 
Sweating 
Dizziness 
Fainting 
Nausea 
Feeling of severe indigestion 
Shortness of breath
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43
Q

How can you prevent heart attack?

A

Regular physical exertion
Managing current conditions
Taking Aspirin 81mg daily for at risk patients.

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44
Q

What is heart failure?

A

A condition initiated by impairment of the heart’s function as a pump.

45
Q

What medical treatments are used for heart failure?

A 
ACE Inhibitors 
Beta Blockers 
Diuretics 
Angiotensin II receptor blockers 
Digoxin 
Nitrates 
CCBs
Statins 
Antiarrhythmics
46
Q

How can ACE inhibitors help heart failure?

A

Improve symptoms and reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and death.

47
Q

What is an example of an ACE inhibitor used in the treatment of heart failure?

A

Ramipril

48
Q

What is an example of a beta blocker used to treat heart failure?

A

Bisoprolol

49
Q

What is an example of a diuretic used to treat heart failure?

A

Furosemide

50
Q

What is an example of a Angiotensin II receptor blocker used to treat heart failure?

A

Candesartan

51
Q

What is valvular heart disease?

A

Malfunction of one or more heart valves

52
Q

What are three causes of valvular heart disease?

A

Rheumatic fever
Infective endocarditis
Aging

53
Q

What is another name for hypercholesterolemia?

A

High cholesterol

54
Q

What does LDL stand for?

A

Low density lipoprotein

55
Q

What does HDL stand for?

A

High density lipoprotein

56
Q

What are the three main types of Hypercholesterolemia?

A

LDL
HDL
Triglycerides

57
Q

What are some risk factors of hypercholesterolemia?

A 
Obesity 
Diet 
Low fibre 
Physical inactivity 
Stress
Smoking 
Diabetes
58
Q

What is an example of statins used to treat high cholesterol?

A

Atorvastatin

Pravastatin

59
Q

What is an example of a Fibrate used to treat high cholesterol?

A

Fenofibrate

60
Q

What is an example of a Cholesterol absorption inhibitor?

A

Ezetrol

61
Q

What are the three main kinds of arrhythmias?

A

Atrial flutter
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular Fibrillation

62
Q

What is atrial flutter?

A

Atria beat too fast

63
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

An irregular and sometimes rapid heart rhythm where the atria quiver instead of pumping properly

64
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Independent from atria, disorganized pumping.

65
Q

What are some symptoms of arrhythmias?

A 
Abnormal heartbeat 
Tiredness 
Shortness of breath 
Chest pain 
Nausea
66
Q

What are 2 examples of antiarrhythmics used to treat arrhythmia’s?

A

Amiodarone

Flecainide

67
Q

What are 2 examples of CCBs used to treat arrhythmias?

A

Diltiazem

Verapamil

68
Q

What are two examples of beta blockers used to treat arrhythmias?

A

Propranolol

Atenolol

69
Q

What are two examples of anticoagulants / anti-platelets used to treat arrhythmias?

A

Warfarin

ASA

70
Q

What does TIA stand for?

A

Transient Ischemic Attack

71
Q

What is a Transient Ischemic Attack?

A

Brief interruption in the blood supply to the brain that leads to temporary neurological deficits

72
Q

What are some symptoms of a Transient Ischemic Attack?

A 
Weakness
Vision/Language problems 
Confusion 
Vertigo 
Poor balance
73
Q

What is a stroke?

A

When a blood clot blocks a blood vessel or an artery in the brain.

74
Q

What are some symptoms of a stroke?

A 
Sudden numbness or weakness in face, arm, or leg. 
Sudden confusion
Trouble seeing 
Trouble walking 
Loss of balance 
Severe headache
75
Q

What is the function of beta blockers?

A

Treat heart diseases including HBP, angina, arrhythmia’s, an heart failure.

76
Q

How do Beta blockers work?

A

They block norepinephrine and epinephrine from acting on receptors to low down the various actions.

77
Q

What are some side effects of beta blockers?

A 
Hypotension 
sleep disturbances
dizziness
fatigue
nausea
bronchospasm 
drowsiness
78
Q

What auxiliary labels are required for beta blockers?

A

May cause dizziness
This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate heavy machinery.
Do not discontinue abruptly.

79
Q

What are calcium channel blockers used to treat?

A

High blood pressure, arrhythmia’s, and angina.

80
Q

How do CCBs treat heart conditions?

A

Cause vasodilation and decreases the force of contraction of the heart.

81
Q

What are some side effects of CCBs?

A

Hypotension, flushing, and edema.

82
Q

What auxillary labels are requires for CCBs?

A

May cause dizziness.
avoid taking grapefruit juice.
May impair ability to drive or operate machinery.

83
Q

What do nitrates treat?

A

Angina, congestive heart failure, and hypertensive emergency

84
Q

What are the side effects of nitrates?

A

hypotension, headache and tachycardia.

85
Q

What medication class can not be mixed with nitrates, and why?

A

phosphodiesterase inhibitors cause a fatal drop in blood pressure.

86
Q

What anxillary labels are included in Nitrates?

A

May cause blurred vision
may cause dizziness
do not shake (spray)
Do not take with alcohol.

87
Q

What do ACE inhibitors treat?

A

Hypertension, heart failure, prevent strokes.

88
Q

How do ACE inhibitors work?

A

Prevent the conversion of angiotensin II from angiotensin I. This causes vasodilation and decreased aldosterone secretion.

89
Q

What side effects do ACE inhibitors have?

A

Hypotension
Dry cough
hyperkalemia
Renal impairment

90
Q

What auxillary labels are required on ACE inhibitors?

A

May cause dizziness

May impair the ability to drive or operate machinery.

91
Q

What does ARB treat?

A

Hypertension, heart failure, prevent stroke and kidney failure.

92
Q

What are the side effects of ARBs?

A

hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, diarrhea.

93
Q

What auxillary labels are included on ARBs?

A

May cause dizziness

This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery

94
Q

What do anti-arrhythmic?

A

Restore normal sinus rhythm of the heart.

95
Q

What are some side effects of anti-arrhythmic medication?

A

Bradycardia, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hypotension.

96
Q

What are the auxillary labels for anti-arrhythmic medication?

A

May cause dizziness

This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery.

97
Q

What do diuretics treat?

A

Hypertension and symptoms of congestive heart failure such as edema.

98
Q

What are some side effects of diuretics?

A

Hypotension, dizziness, increased urination, muscle cramps, increased thirst, dehydration, photo-sensitivity, and nausea.

99
Q

What are the three classes of diuretics used to treat heard problems?

A

Thiazide diuretics
Loop diuretics
Potassium sparing diuretics

100
Q

What auxilliary labels are used for diuretics?

A

Avoid prolonged sun exposure
May cause dizziness
May impair the ability to drive or operate machinery.

101
Q

What do alpha blockers / centrally acting drugs treat?

A

Hypertension and prostate conditions

102
Q

What are some alpha blockers / centrally acting drugs side effects?

A

Headache, pounding headache, weight gain, nausea, dry mouth, constipation.

103
Q

What are some side effects of anticoagulants / antiplatelets?

A

Increased risk of bleeding, severe bruising, prolonged nosebleeds, blood in vomit, unusual headaches.

104
Q

What do anticoagulants do?

A

Prevent clots from forming inappropriately.

105
Q

What do antiplatelets do?

A

Interfere with platelet plug formation

106
Q

What do fibrinolytic agents do?

A

Dissolve clots

107
Q

What do cholesterol lowering agents treat?

A

Hyperlipidemia

108
Q

is LDL cholesterol the bad or good cholesterol?

A

Bad

109
Q

Is HDL good or bad?

A

Good cholesterol

Pharmacology (18 decks)

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