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Anatomy > Urinary: Overview & Kidneys > Flashcards

Urinary: Overview & Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

What builds up and can be expelled through the urinary system?

A

Metabolic waste products

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2
Q

True or False: Metabolic waste products can be harmful if allowed to accumulate

A

True

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3
Q

What are some examples of metabolic waste products?

A

Carbon dioxide and water
Nitrogenous wastes, primarily urea
Bile Salts and Pigments
Various Salts

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4
Q

What are the 4 routes of waste product elimination?

A

Respiratory System (carbon dioxide, water vapor)
Sweat Glands (water, salts, urea)
Digestive system (bile salts, pigments)
Urinary System (urea, salts, water, other soluble waste products)

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5
Q

True or False: The Urinary system is not an important route for waste product removal

A

False - Single most important route

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6
Q

Urinary system removes nearly all _______ ________ from the blood

A

Soluble waste

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7
Q

Urinary system _________ soluble waste out of the body

A

transports

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8
Q

What are the main structures of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys (x2)
Ureters (x2)
Urinary Bladder (x1)
Urethra (x1)

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9
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

Production of urine to facilitate elimination of metabolic waste materials

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10
Q

What secondary function do the kidneys perform?

A

Maintaining homeostasis in the body by manipulating the composition of blood plasma

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11
Q

In what ways do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?

A
  • Blood Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
  • Fluid balance regulation (ADH, aldosterone)
  • Acid-base balance regulation
  • Production of hormones (erythropoietin, prostaglandins)
    – Blood pressure regulation
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12
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Dorsal abdominal area; ventral to first few lumbar vertebrae; on either side

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13
Q

True or False: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity

A

False - Are retroperitoneal to abdominal cavity

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14
Q

Kidneys are surrounded by layer of _________ _________

A

Perirenal Fat

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15
Q

True or False: The right kidney is more cranial to the left one?

A

True

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16
Q

What type of tissue covers the kidney?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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17
Q

Which animal has a lobed kidney?

A

Bovine/Cattle (12 lobes, lumpy appearance)

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18
Q

Indented area on medial side of kidney

A

Hilus

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19
Q

The area of the kidney where blood and lymph vessels, nerves and the ureters enter and leave the kidney

A

Hilus

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20
Q

Funnel-shaped area inside hilus

A

Renal pelvis

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21
Q

True or False: The renal pelvis is a urine collection chamber that forms the beginning of the ureter.

A

True

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22
Q

Which animal doesn’t have a distinct collection chamber that can be called a renal pelvis?

A

Cattle

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23
Q

Outer portion of the kidney

A

Renal Cortex

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24
Q

Inner portion around the renal pelvis

A

Renal Medulla

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25
Q

Where each medullary pyramid fits into; cuplike extension of renal pelvis

A

Calyx

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26
Q

Funnel-shaped; direct urine into renal pelvis?

A

Calyces

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27
Q

The basic functional unit of the kidney; secretes, filters, reabsorbs

A

The nephron

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28
Q

True or False: The nephron is the smallest part of the kidney that can carry out its basic functions

A

True

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29
Q

True or False: Every animal has the same number of nephrons

A

False - number varies with the size of the animal

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30
Q

What are the 4 parts of a nephron?

A

Renal Corpuscle
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

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31
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle located?

A

Renal cortex

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32
Q

What are the 2 main parts that make up the renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus

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33
Q

Renal Corpuscle: __________ surrounded by _________ ___________

A

Glomerulus; bowman’s capsule

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34
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

Filters blood in first stage of urine production - Glomerular filtrate

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35
Q

What is the glomerulus made up of?

A

Tuft of glomerular capillaries

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36
Q

True or False: The Bowman’s capsule is made up of 3 layers

A

False - 2 layers
Inner = visceral
Outer = parietal

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37
Q

What is the space between visceral and parietal layers?

A

Capsular Space

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38
Q

What lines the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule?

A

Podocytes (foot cells)
Footlike extensions that cover the glomerular capillaries

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39
Q

What is a continuation of the capsular space of bowman’s capsule?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

40
Q

True or False: The PCT is the shortest part of the tubular system of the nephron

A

False - It is the longest

41
Q

What are the epithelial cells that line the PCT?

A

Cuboidal; have brush border on lumen side

42
Q

What functions does the PCT have?

A

Reabsorption and secretion functions

43
Q

What is the glomerular filtrate called when its in the PCT?

A

Tubular Filtrate (sometimes referred to as primitive urine)

44
Q

Continuation from PCT?

A

Loop of Henle

45
Q

The loop of Henle descends into the ________ of the kidney, makes a U-turn, and heads back up into the _________

A

Medulla, Cortex

46
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue in the loop of henle?

A

Descending/Ascending part = cuboidal
The U-turn = simple squamous

47
Q

Continuation of ascending loop of henle

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

48
Q

Where do the DCTs from all nephrons empty into?

A

Collecting Ducts

49
Q

Where do the collecting ducts carry tubular filtrate to?

A

Through the medulla into the calyces, lead to renal pelvis

50
Q

The collecting ducts are the primary site of action for which hormone?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

51
Q

What two important functions that take place in the collecting ducts?

A

Potassium regulation
Acid-Base Balance control

52
Q

What is the primary nerve supply to the kidney’s?

A

Sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system

53
Q

True or False: The nerve supply is essential for the kidney to function

A

False - While it controls blood flow; it is not essential, a transplanted kidney will work well even though its sympathetic nerve supply has been disrupted

54
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation cause in the kidney

A

Vasoconstriction of renal vessels; temporarily decreases urine function

55
Q

True or False: The Kidney has a very large blood supply

A

True

56
Q

Up to ______ of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys

A

25%

57
Q

How often will all the circulating blood in the body pass through the kidney

A

Every 4 or 5 minutes

58
Q

What are the main blood vessels for the kidney?

A

Renal Artery
Afferent Glomerular Arterioles
Glomerular Capillaries
Efferent Glomerular Arterioles
Peritubular Capillaries
Renal Vein

59
Q

Branches off the abdominal portion of the aorta; enters kidney at hilus

A

Renal Artery

60
Q

Artery divides and subdivides into smaller arteries and arterioles until it becomes a series of?

A

Afferent Glomerular Arterioles

61
Q

Where do afferent glomerular arterioles carry blood?

A

Into the glomerular capillaries of the renal corpuscle

62
Q

Continuation of the afferent arterioles

A

Glomerular capillaries

63
Q

What do glomerular capillaries filter?

A

Some plasma out of the blood; enters capsular space of Bowman’s capsule, where it is known as glomerular filtrate

64
Q

True or False: Glomerular Capillaries are the only place in the body where blood entering and leaving the capillaries is oxygenated blood

A

True

65
Q

Divide into a network of capillaries that surround the rest of the nephron

A

Efferent glomerular arterioles

66
Q

What are the network of capillaries that surround the rest of the nephron called?

A

Peritubular capillaries

67
Q

Oxygen transfer to the cells of the nephron takes place here

A

Peritubular Capillaries

68
Q

Converged peritubular capillaries that form larger veins; eventually become ________ _______

A

Renal Vein

69
Q

Leaves the kidney at the hilus and joins the abdominal portion of the caudal vena cava

A

Renal Vein

70
Q

True or False: The blood in the renal veins is the purest in the body

A

True

71
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms that the kidney’s carry out waste elimination?

A
  • Filtration of the blood
  • Reabsorption of useful substances back into the bloodstream
  • Secretion of waste products from the blood into the tubules of the nephron
72
Q

Where does filtration of blood occur?

A

Renal corpuscle

73
Q

True or False: Low blood pressure in glomerular capillaries forces some plasma into capsular space

A

False - High blood pressure

74
Q

How is the transfer of plasma out of the glomerular capillaries is helped by the presence of many __________ or pores in capillary endothelium

A

Fenestrations

75
Q

Term used to describe how fast plasma is filtered as it passes through the glomerulus

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

76
Q

What does the GFR depend on?

A

Rate of blood flow to the kidney

77
Q

What are the important substances involved in reabsorption?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Glucose
Amino Acids
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Water

78
Q

Mechanism of useful substances leaving tubules of nephron and enter into blood of the peritubular capillaries

A

Reabsorption

79
Q

Process where sodium in tubular filtrate attaches to carrier protein

A

Sodium Cotransport

80
Q

Where is sodium actively pumped out of cell into?

A

Interstitial fluid; then moves into peritubular capillaries

81
Q

Where are sodium ions reabsorbed?

A

In ascending loop of henle and DCT

82
Q

Where are potassium and calcium reabsorbed?

A

PCT, ascending loop of henle, and DCT

83
Q

Where is magnesium reabsorbed?

A

PCT, ascending loop of henle, and the collecting duct

84
Q

Where do chloride ions travel?

A

Diffuse from tubular filtrate into epithelial cells and interstitial space

85
Q

What substance is passively reabsorbed?

A

Urea

86
Q

Some of the water in the filtrate moves by ________ into interstitial space and _________ _________

A

osmosis; peritubular capillaries

87
Q

Where does secretion primarily occur?

A

In DCT

88
Q

What waste products are eliminated by secretion?

A

Hydrogen, potassium, ammonia

89
Q

How is urine volume determined?

A

Amount of water contained in tubular filtrate when it reaches renal pelvis

90
Q

What 2 hormones control urine volume?

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone

91
Q

What system responds to a fall in blood pressure?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

92
Q

__________ is released, and splits enzyme _____________

A

Renin; angiotensin

93
Q

What hormone helps with sodium and water reabsorption?

A

Aldosterone (electrolyte balance)

94
Q

True or False: Increased amounts of sodium and water reabsorbed back into bloodsteam, increases blood volume

A

True

95
Q

As blood volume increase; so does what?

A

Blood pressure

Anatomy (17 decks)

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