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Anatomy > Urinary: Overview & Kidneys > Flashcards

Urinary: Overview & Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

What builds up and can be expelled through the urinary system?

A

Metabolic waste products

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2
Q

True or False: Metabolic waste products can be harmful if allowed to accumulate

A

True

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3
Q

What are some examples of metabolic waste products?

A

Carbon dioxide and water
Nitrogenous wastes, primarily urea
Bile Salts and Pigments
Various Salts

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4
Q

What are the 4 routes of waste product elimination?

A

Respiratory System (carbon dioxide, water vapor)
Sweat Glands (water, salts, urea)
Digestive system (bile salts, pigments)
Urinary System (urea, salts, water, other soluble waste products)

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5
Q

True or False: The Urinary system is not an important route for waste product removal

A

False - Single most important route

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6
Q

Urinary system removes nearly all _______ ________ from the blood

A

Soluble waste

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7
Q

Urinary system _________ soluble waste out of the body

A

transports

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8
Q

What are the main structures of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys (x2)
Ureters (x2)
Urinary Bladder (x1)
Urethra (x1)

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9
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

Production of urine to facilitate elimination of metabolic waste materials

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10
Q

What secondary function do the kidneys perform?

A

Maintaining homeostasis in the body by manipulating the composition of blood plasma

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11
Q

In what ways do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?

A
  • Blood Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
  • Fluid balance regulation (ADH, aldosterone)
  • Acid-base balance regulation
  • Production of hormones (erythropoietin, prostaglandins)
    – Blood pressure regulation
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12
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Dorsal abdominal area; ventral to first few lumbar vertebrae; on either side

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13
Q

True or False: The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity

A

False - Are retroperitoneal to abdominal cavity

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14
Q

Kidneys are surrounded by layer of _________ _________

A

Perirenal Fat

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15
Q

True or False: The right kidney is more cranial to the left one?

A

True

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16
Q

What type of tissue covers the kidney?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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17
Q

Which animal has a lobed kidney?

A

Bovine/Cattle (12 lobes, lumpy appearance)

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18
Q

Indented area on medial side of kidney

A

Hilus

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19
Q

The area of the kidney where blood and lymph vessels, nerves and the ureters enter and leave the kidney

A

Hilus

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20
Q

Funnel-shaped area inside hilus

A

Renal pelvis

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21
Q

True or False: The renal pelvis is a urine collection chamber that forms the beginning of the ureter.

A

True

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22
Q

Which animal doesn’t have a distinct collection chamber that can be called a renal pelvis?

A

Cattle

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23
Q

Outer portion of the kidney

A

Renal Cortex

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24
Q

Inner portion around the renal pelvis

A

Renal Medulla

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25
Where each medullary pyramid fits into; cuplike extension of renal pelvis
Calyx
26
Funnel-shaped; direct urine into renal pelvis?
Calyces
27
The basic functional unit of the kidney; secretes, filters, reabsorbs
The nephron
28
True or False: The nephron is the smallest part of the kidney that can carry out its basic functions
True
29
True or False: Every animal has the same number of nephrons
False - number varies with the size of the animal
30
What are the 4 parts of a nephron?
Renal Corpuscle Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) Loop of Henle Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
31
Where is the renal corpuscle located?
Renal cortex
32
What are the 2 main parts that make up the renal corpuscle?
Bowman's capsule Glomerulus
33
Renal Corpuscle: __________ surrounded by _________ ___________
Glomerulus; bowman's capsule
34
What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
Filters blood in first stage of urine production - Glomerular filtrate
35
What is the glomerulus made up of?
Tuft of glomerular capillaries
36
True or False: The Bowman's capsule is made up of 3 layers
False - 2 layers Inner = visceral Outer = parietal
37
What is the space between visceral and parietal layers?
Capsular Space
38
What lines the visceral layer of bowman's capsule?
Podocytes (foot cells) Footlike extensions that cover the glomerular capillaries
39
What is a continuation of the capsular space of bowman's capsule?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
40
True or False: The PCT is the shortest part of the tubular system of the nephron
False - It is the longest
41
What are the epithelial cells that line the PCT?
Cuboidal; have brush border on lumen side
42
What functions does the PCT have?
Reabsorption and secretion functions
43
What is the glomerular filtrate called when its in the PCT?
Tubular Filtrate (sometimes referred to as primitive urine)
44
Continuation from PCT?
Loop of Henle
45
The loop of Henle descends into the ________ of the kidney, makes a U-turn, and heads back up into the _________
Medulla, Cortex
46
What are the two types of epithelial tissue in the loop of henle?
Descending/Ascending part = cuboidal The U-turn = simple squamous
47
Continuation of ascending loop of henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
48
Where do the DCTs from all nephrons empty into?
Collecting Ducts
49
Where do the collecting ducts carry tubular filtrate to?
Through the medulla into the calyces, lead to renal pelvis
50
The collecting ducts are the primary site of action for which hormone?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
51
What two important functions that take place in the collecting ducts?
Potassium regulation Acid-Base Balance control
52
What is the primary nerve supply to the kidney's?
Sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system
53
True or False: The nerve supply is essential for the kidney to function
False - While it controls blood flow; it is not essential, a transplanted kidney will work well even though its sympathetic nerve supply has been disrupted
54
What does sympathetic stimulation cause in the kidney
Vasoconstriction of renal vessels; temporarily decreases urine function
55
True or False: The Kidney has a very large blood supply
True
56
Up to ______ of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys
25%
57
How often will all the circulating blood in the body pass through the kidney
Every 4 or 5 minutes
58
What are the main blood vessels for the kidney?
Renal Artery Afferent Glomerular Arterioles Glomerular Capillaries Efferent Glomerular Arterioles Peritubular Capillaries Renal Vein
59
Branches off the abdominal portion of the aorta; enters kidney at hilus
Renal Artery
60
Artery divides and subdivides into smaller arteries and arterioles until it becomes a series of?
Afferent Glomerular Arterioles
61
Where do afferent glomerular arterioles carry blood?
Into the glomerular capillaries of the renal corpuscle
62
Continuation of the afferent arterioles
Glomerular capillaries
63
What do glomerular capillaries filter?
Some plasma out of the blood; enters capsular space of Bowman's capsule, where it is known as glomerular filtrate
64
True or False: Glomerular Capillaries are the only place in the body where blood entering and leaving the capillaries is oxygenated blood
True
65
Divide into a network of capillaries that surround the rest of the nephron
Efferent glomerular arterioles
66
What are the network of capillaries that surround the rest of the nephron called?
Peritubular capillaries
67
Oxygen transfer to the cells of the nephron takes place here
Peritubular Capillaries
68
Converged peritubular capillaries that form larger veins; eventually become ________ _______
Renal Vein
69
Leaves the kidney at the hilus and joins the abdominal portion of the caudal vena cava
Renal Vein
70
True or False: The blood in the renal veins is the purest in the body
True
71
What are the 3 main mechanisms that the kidney's carry out waste elimination?
- Filtration of the blood - Reabsorption of useful substances back into the bloodstream - Secretion of waste products from the blood into the tubules of the nephron
72
Where does filtration of blood occur?
Renal corpuscle
73
True or False: Low blood pressure in glomerular capillaries forces some plasma into capsular space
False - High blood pressure
74
How is the transfer of plasma out of the glomerular capillaries is helped by the presence of many __________ or pores in capillary endothelium
Fenestrations
75
Term used to describe how fast plasma is filtered as it passes through the glomerulus
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
76
What does the GFR depend on?
Rate of blood flow to the kidney
77
What are the important substances involved in reabsorption?
Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Glucose Amino Acids Chloride Bicarbonate Water
78
Mechanism of useful substances leaving tubules of nephron and enter into blood of the peritubular capillaries
Reabsorption
79
Process where sodium in tubular filtrate attaches to carrier protein
Sodium Cotransport
80
Where is sodium actively pumped out of cell into?
Interstitial fluid; then moves into peritubular capillaries
81
Where are sodium ions reabsorbed?
In ascending loop of henle and DCT
82
Where are potassium and calcium reabsorbed?
PCT, ascending loop of henle, and DCT
83
Where is magnesium reabsorbed?
PCT, ascending loop of henle, and the collecting duct
84
Where do chloride ions travel?
Diffuse from tubular filtrate into epithelial cells and interstitial space
85
What substance is passively reabsorbed?
Urea
86
Some of the water in the filtrate moves by ________ into interstitial space and _________ _________
osmosis; peritubular capillaries
87
Where does secretion primarily occur?
In DCT
88
What waste products are eliminated by secretion?
Hydrogen, potassium, ammonia
89
How is urine volume determined?
Amount of water contained in tubular filtrate when it reaches renal pelvis
90
What 2 hormones control urine volume?
Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone
91
What system responds to a fall in blood pressure?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
92
__________ is released, and splits enzyme _____________
Renin; angiotensin
93
What hormone helps with sodium and water reabsorption?
Aldosterone (electrolyte balance)
94
True or False: Increased amounts of sodium and water reabsorbed back into bloodsteam, increases blood volume
True
95
As blood volume increase; so does what?
Blood pressure

Anatomy (17 decks)

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