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Reproductive: Pregnancy Process Flashcards

1
Q

Enlargement and stiffening of the penis that prepares it for breeding.

A

Erection

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2
Q

Erections are controlled by what?

A

Parasympathetic reflex triggered by sexual stimuli

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3
Q

Insertion of the penis into the vagina

A

Intromission

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4
Q

Process that spermatozoa undergoes in the oviducts to enhance fertility

A

Capacitation

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5
Q

Digestive enzyme-containing caplike structure that covers the head of the spermatozoa

A

Acrosome

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6
Q

Fertilized Ovum

A

Zygote

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7
Q

Rapid division of zygote

A

Cleavage

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8
Q

Stage that zygote is a solid mass of cells that looks like a tiny raspberry

A

Morulas

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9
Q

Hollow ball of cells with a “bump” on one side that eventually forms into the embryo

A

Balstocyst

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10
Q

Means by with the blastocyst makes itself a home by embedding itself in the endometrium (lining) of the uterus

A

Implantation

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11
Q

Developing offspring during the early part of pregnancy

A

Embryo

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12
Q

Growing embryo at a later stage of gestation

A

Fetus

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13
Q

Carry unoxygenated, waste-filled blood from the fetus to the placenta

A

Umbilical arteries

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14
Q

Carries nutrient- and oxygen-rich blood back from the placenta to the fetus

A

Umbilical veins

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15
Q

Large and specialized mammary glands

A

Udder

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16
Q

Infection of the mammary gland

A

Mastitis

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17
Q

Large space located just above (dorsal to) the teat.
Largest mammary gland ducts empty into it

A

Gland sinus

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18
Q

Continuous with the gland sinus; inside the teat

A

Teat sinus

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19
Q

Tip of the teat; passageway from the teat sinus to the outside

A

Streak Canal

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20
Q

Premilk secretion; larger amounts of protein, lipid and amino acids

A

Colostrum

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21
Q

Given from colostrum; provide antibodies while immune system develops

A

Passive immunity

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22
Q

Important part of the body’s defense against infection; immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies

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23
Q

What is the role of the ischiocavernous muscle in the male reproductive system?

A

Acts like a tourniquet and decreases the flow of blood out of the penis

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24
Q

How many stages of ejaculation are there?

A

Two stages (first and second)

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25
Ejaculation Stage: Movement of spermatozoa from epididymis and fluids from the accessory reproductive glands, into the pelvic portion of the urethra. Sphincter muscle around the neck of the urinary bladder closes tightly to prevent semen from entering into bladder
First Stage
26
Ejaculation Stage: Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle around the urethra that pump the semen out into the female reproductive tract
Second Stage
27
How do spermatozoa move so quickly within the female reproductive tract?
Transported by contractions of the uterus and oviducts and the action of the cilia in the oviducts
28
Is there an importance to the timing of the spermatozoa getting to the oviduct?
Timing is everything, must make it to oviducts before the ovum to undergo capacitation
29
What happens to the ovum once a spermatozoon has fertilized it?
Change takes place in the cell membrane that blocks other spermatozoa from entering
30
How does implantation work in multiparous species?
Multiple blastocysts randomly space themselves along the horns and body of the uterus as they implant
31
How does implantation work in uniparous species?
Single blastocyst implants itself in the pit created in the endometrium
32
How are fetal and maternal circulation "connected"?
The area where the chorion attaches to the lining of the uterus.
33
What are the 4 different types of attachments where the chorion attaches to the uterus?
Diffuse Cotyledonary Zonary Discoid
34
What are the 3 layers of the placenta?
Amnion Allantois Chorion
35
What is the placenta?
Multilayered, fluid-filled, membranous sac that develops around the embryo and is connected to it by umbilical cord
36
Layer immediately around fetus; forms sac around the fetus called amniotic sac
Amnion
37
Layer surrounding of amniotic sac, forms fluid-filled allantoic sac
Allantois
38
Covers outside of allantoic sac; attaches to the uterine lining
Chorion
39
What is the umbilical cord?
Link between fetus; nutrient and waste exchange structures of the placenta
40
What is the purpose of the urachus/what fetal structure is it associated with?
Tube that runs from the cranial tip of the fetus' urinary bladder through the umbilical cord to the allantoic sac; drains watery fluid excreted
41
Placental Attachment: Means that the attachment sites are spread diffusely over the whole surface of the placenta and the whole lining of the uterus
Diffuse (Ie. pigs, horses, camelids)
42
Placental Attachment: Most complicated; areas of attachment are small, discrete, and numerous. Many separate attachment sites called placentome
Cotyledonary (ie. ruminants - cattle, sheep, and goats)
43
Attaches to the uterus in a belt-shaped zone that encircles the placenta
Zonary (ie. dogs and cats)
44
Attachment between placenta and uterus is a single, discrete, disc-shaped area
Ie. human/primates, rabbits and many rodents
45
Pregnancy Trimester: Period of the embryo when the newly implanted zygote is getting itself organized and developing its life-supporting placenta
First Trimester
46
Pregnancy Trimester: Fetal development period when all the various parts of the fetus are taking shape and differentiating from each other. All body tissues, organs, and systems develop during its period
Second Trimester
47
Pregnancy Trimester: Fetal growth period where it grows dramatically during the last period of development, preparing it to transition from a parasitic to a free-living existence after birth
Third Trimester
48
What occurs to Relaxin secretions during parturition?
Increases; relaxes ligaments between the bones around the birth canal, to ease the passage of the newborn
49
What occurs to Progesterone secretions during parturition?
Decreases rapidly; causes corpus luteum of ovary to regress quickly
50
What occurs to Estrogen secretions during parturition?
Increases; increases the myometrium sensitivity to oxytocin
51
What occurs to Oxytocin secretions during parturition?
Increases; stimulates contractions and starts labor process
52
How many stages to labor are there?
Three
53
Labor stage: Consists of uterine contractions. (Myometrium - muscle layer of uterus - contracts as cervix relaxes, pressing membrane-covered fetus down against the cervix. Causes cervix to gradually dilate)
First stage
54
Labor stage: Consists of actual delivery of the newborn. Accomplished by combination of strong uterine and abdominal muscle contractions
Second Stage
55
Labor Stage: delivery of placenta (afterbirth). Placenta separates from the wall of the uterus and is expelled by weaker uterine contractions
Third stage
56
What is the involution of the uterus?
Process where the uterus begins contracting down to its nonpregnant size immediately after parturition is completed
57
How does infection spread from one quarter of the mammary gland in a cow to the others?
Has to spread down through the teat and duct system of one quarter and up another, or on the rare occasions, it can spread systemically through the bloodstream
58
True or False: Anterior pituitary hormones are involved directly or indirectly with mammary gland development
True
59
Which 2 hormones stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone during each heat cycle?
FSH LH
60
Which 2 hormones encourage the alveoli and duct systems of the mammary glands to develop
Estrogen Progesterone

Anatomy (17 decks)

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