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Anatomy > Ruminant Stomach and Digestion > Flashcards

Ruminant Stomach and Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

The first 3 chambers of the stomach

A

Forestomachs
Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum

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2
Q

True or False: The forestomachs are nonglandular

A

True

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3
Q

The true stomach

A

Abomasum

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4
Q

True or False: The abomasum is the nonglandular

A

False - it is

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5
Q

What type of epithelium lines the forestomachs?

A

Stratified Squamous

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6
Q
  • Referred to as “the paunch”
  • “Shag rug” appearance
  • Largest section of stomach
  • Has mucosa papillae to increase surface area
  • Microorganisms ferment carbohydrates
A

Rumen

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7
Q
  • “Honeycomb” appearance
  • Cranial to rumen
  • Contents freely flow between rumen
A

Reticulum

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8
Q
  • “Many plies” or “book-like” appearance
  • Connects reticulorumen to abomasum
  • Folds of mucosa
  • Absorption site of water and salts
A

Omasum

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9
Q
  • Structure that links esophagus with omasum in young ruminant
  • Allows milk for nursing ruminant to bypass reticulorumen by closing at right time
A

Esophageal Groove

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10
Q

True or False: Bacteria in reticulorumen cannot ferment milk

A

False - it will if groove does not close

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11
Q

________ ________ is produced from fermented milk and will _______ microbial action

A

Lactic Acid; inhibit

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12
Q
  • elongated “true stomach”
  • Lined with glandular tissue
  • Functions like simple monogastric stomach
  • Is not a storage compartment
A

Abomasum

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13
Q

Released ________ causes milk protein coagulation

A

Renin

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14
Q

True or False: Renin prolongs time for pepsin to break down proteins

A

True

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15
Q

True or False: There is a continuous flow of ingesta into abomasum

A

True

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of reticulorumen contractions?

A

Primary
Rumination
Eructation

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17
Q

What are primary contractions?

A
  • Mixing Contractions
  • Helps move contents between reticulum and rumen
  • Separates particles based on size
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18
Q

What are rumination contractions?

A
  • “Chewing the cud”
  • Ingesta moves from reticulorumen back into oral cavity for additional saliva and continued chewing
19
Q

What are the 4 steps of rumination?

A

Regurgitation
Re-Insalivation
Remastication
Re-Swallowing

20
Q

What are eructation contractions?

A
  • Belching or secondary contractions
  • Responsible for release of gases
  • Can develop bloat without release
21
Q

_______ _______ and _______ gases are produced during fermentation

A

carbon dioxide; methane

22
Q

True or False: Area of brainstem controls reticuloruminal activity

A

True

23
Q

__________ use nutrients consumed for their own growth and development

A

Microorganisms

24
Q

True or False: Ruminants cannot digest microorganisms as source of protein

A

False - They can

25
Q

Enzyme that causes hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars

A

Catalase

26
Q

Cause hydrolysis of starches and soluble sugars into monosaccharides and polysasccharides

A

Amylolytic bacteria

27
Q

Cause saccharides to be further metabolized to pyruvate

A

Microvilli absorption

28
Q

What is the end product from breaking down starches and soluble sugars

A

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

29
Q

Main source of energy for the ruminant

A

VFA’s

30
Q

_________ hydrolyze triglycerides

A

Microorganisms

31
Q

Energy source produced from hydrolyzed triglycerides

A

VFA’s

32
Q

True or False: VFAs can be used to produce energy only

A

False - Can also be stored

33
Q

What are the 3 types of VFA’s produced when digesting lipids

A

Acetic Acid (acetate)
Propionic acid (propionate)
Butyric Acid (Butyrate)

34
Q

What occurs first before enzymatic digestion of protein?

A

Fermentation process

35
Q

Enzyme that breaks down proteins to peptide chains

A

Microbial Peptidase

36
Q

How are Amino Acids synthesized from microbes?

A

From ammonium and by converting non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds

37
Q

Where are proteins further broken down?

A

Small Intestine

38
Q

Where do broken down proteins travel after the intestine?

A

Liver

39
Q

What is metabolized in the liver?

A

Amino Acids

40
Q

What is the byproduct of amino acids being metabolized?

A

Urea

41
Q

Where does urea travel to?

A

Back to rumen and then saliva to be reused in making microbial proteins

42
Q

Where is glucose produced?

A

Liver from non-carbohydrate sources

43
Q

_________ ______ process carbohydrates before they are exposed to intestinal enzymes

A

Ruminal Microbes

44
Q

What are the two methods ruminants use to ensure adequate glucose levels?

A

Producing
Conserving

Anatomy (17 decks)

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