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Anatomy > Accessory Digestive Organs > Flashcards

Accessory Digestive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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2
Q

Part of the small intestine that receives chyme through pyloric sphincter

A

Duodenum

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3
Q

Longest part of the small intestine; most chemical digestion and absorption occur here

A

Jejunum

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4
Q

Has prominent peyer’s patches; empties into large intestine

A

Ileum

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5
Q

Where does the Ileum empty into the large intestine on a horse?

A

Cecum

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6
Q

Where does the ileum empty into the large intestine on a ruminant and pig?

A

Cecum and colon

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7
Q

Where does the ileum empty into the large intestine on dog and cat?

A

Colon

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8
Q

The small intestine is suspended from the body wall by _________

A

Mesentery

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9
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A
  • Aggregates of Lymphoid Tissue
  • help protect animal from disease by controlling local populations of bacteria
  • functioning in antibody production
  • aiding in filtration of fluids
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10
Q

Fingerlike projections on intestinal mucosa

A

Villi

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11
Q

Villi turn into smaller projections called ___________

A

Microvilli

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12
Q

The microvilli form what is called the _______ _______

A

Brush border

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13
Q

What is the brush border?

A

Border that helps move liquid contents into close contact with the mucosa

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14
Q

Adaptations in the intestines that are “folds” in the mucosal lining

A

Plications

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15
Q

Space between adjacent villi where undifferentiated cells are

A

Intestinal Crypts (or crypts of Langerhans)

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16
Q

What is another name for a lymphatic capillary?

A

Lacteal

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17
Q

The function of lacteals is?

A

To carry absorbed lipids and fat-soluble substances to thoracic duct and into vena cava

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18
Q

What is the function of the blood capillaries?

A

Collect some absorbed nutrients and transport them to the liver

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19
Q

What are the two hormones that the duodenal mucosa secretes?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secretin

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20
Q
  • Inhibits gastrin emptying
  • Causes increased secretion of bicarbonate and pancreatic digestive enzymes
  • Stimulates secretion of enteropeptidase
A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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21
Q

What causes the stimulation of CCK?

A

High amino acid or fatty acid concentrations
Low pH of chyme entering duodenum

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22
Q

What is the function of Secretin?

A
  • Decrease HCl production in the stomach
  • Increases pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate secretions
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23
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic Islets;
Beta cells secrete insulin (lower blood glucose);
Alpha cells produce glucagon (raising blood glucose)

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24
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Groups of acini
Excretes bicarbonate and digestive proenzymes

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25
Q

What 2 things increase exocrine secretions of pancreas?

A

Anticipation of food
Neural and Endocrine Stimuli

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26
Q

What digestive enzymes are secreted from the pancreas?

A

Lipase (break down fat)
Amylase (Break down starch)
Nuclease (break down nucleic acids into nucleotides)
Protease (break down proteins into amino acids)

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27
Q

True or False: Proteolytic Enzymes (Protease) are secreted in inactive form

A

True

28
Q

________ starts the activation process for digestive enzymes

A

CCK

29
Q

True or False: The liver secretes substances that are nonessential for digestion and nutrient absorption

A

False - Liver secretes essential substances

30
Q

What are 2 surfaces of the liver?

A

Diaphragmatic Surface (Convex surface in contact with the diaphragm)
Visceral Surface (Where right kidney, stomach, duodenum, colon, jejunum touch)

31
Q

True or False: The mammalian liver consists of lobes

A

True

32
Q

Why does the placement of the liver matter?

A

Strategically placed to process blood leaving GI tract and prevent toxins from entering general circulation

33
Q

True or False: The liver does not prevent toxic substances from entering general circulation

A

False

34
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

Between quadrate (one of the liver lobes) and the right medial lobe

35
Q

What are the two sources the liver receives blood from?

A

Hepatic portal vein (GI Tract)
Hepatic artery (branch of the celiac artery)

36
Q

What are triads?

A

Areas where the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery enters and bile ducts are found there

37
Q

Place where hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein come together and empty their blood

A

Sinusoids (large capillaries of the liver)

38
Q
  • Adjacent to the sinusoids
  • Make proteins that enter bloodstream through pores
A

hepatocytes

39
Q

Macrophages attached to the inner surface of the sinusoids

A

Kupffer cells

40
Q

________ is excreted by hepatocytes into ductules called ________

A

Bile; canaliculi

41
Q

Structure that concentrates and stores bile until needed

A

Gallbladder

42
Q

Bile enters the ___________ of the small intestine to digest high fat and peptide concentrations

A

duodenum

43
Q

True or False: Gallbladder provides liver with the means to excrete waste products even when animal is not eating

A

True

44
Q

What is the composition of bile?

A

Bile Salts
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Bile Pigments

45
Q

How does enterohepatic circulation (RBC “recycling”) start?

A

Begins with secretion of bile salts into canaliculi

46
Q

Bile salts draw _______ out of hepatocytes and become a ________ bile (2nd step of EC)

A

water; liquid

47
Q

Bile is released into intestine to ________ ______ (3rd step of EC)

A

emulsify fat

48
Q

What area of the small intestine are bile salts reabsorbed? (4th step of EC)

A

ileum

49
Q

Where do bile salts enter in order to return to the liver? (5th step of EC)

A

hepatic portal vein

50
Q

True or False: Liver reabsorbs bile salt only (6th step of EC)

A

False - Liver reabsorbs bile salts and recycles them back to bile

51
Q

Does the amount of bile salts that recirculate from intestine to liver influence how much bile is synthesized by hepatocytes?

A

Yes

52
Q

What occurs when CCK secretion stimuli is gone?

A
  • CCK secretion stops
  • Sphincter of Oddi closes
  • Bile diverted into gallbladder
  • reabsorption of bile salts is diminished
  • bile acid synthesis is diminished
53
Q
  • One of the breakdown products of hemoglobin
  • Organic compound that is eliminated through the bile
A

Bilirubin

54
Q

Process of red blood cells being broken down into hemoglobin

A

Hemolysis

55
Q

Red pigment

A

Heme

56
Q

Green pigment

A

biliverdin

57
Q

yellow to orange pigment

A

free/unconjugated bilirubin

58
Q

Process of glucose being converted to energy in the liver

A

glycolysis

59
Q

What glucose is stored as in the liver when there is an excess amount

A

Glycogen

60
Q

True or False: When blood glucose levels are high, excess glucose can be taken up by adipose tissue cells and converted to triglycerides

A

True

61
Q

Process of glycogen being broken down to glucose monomers

A

Glycogenolysis

62
Q

What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus

63
Q

Blind ended sac at the beginning of the colon

A

Cecum

64
Q

The 3 parts of the colon

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending

65
Q

What substances are primarily absorbed within the large intestine?

A

Water and ions
Carbohydrate or protein microbes (after completion of digestion)

66
Q

Spherical structures made up of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and proteins

A

Chylomicrons

67
Q

How do the microbes in the hind gut fermenters create amino acids and proteins?

A

Using the urea along with the small amount of protein that has escaped enzymatic digestion

Anatomy (17 decks)

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