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Accessory Digestive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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2
Q

Part of the small intestine that receives chyme through pyloric sphincter

A

Duodenum

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3
Q

Longest part of the small intestine; most chemical digestion and absorption occur here

A

Jejunum

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4
Q

Has prominent peyer’s patches; empties into large intestine

A

Ileum

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5
Q

Where does the Ileum empty into the large intestine on a horse?

A

Cecum

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6
Q

Where does the ileum empty into the large intestine on a ruminant and pig?

A

Cecum and colon

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7
Q

Where does the ileum empty into the large intestine on dog and cat?

A

Colon

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8
Q

The small intestine is suspended from the body wall by _________

A

Mesentery

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9
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A
  • Aggregates of Lymphoid Tissue
  • help protect animal from disease by controlling local populations of bacteria
  • functioning in antibody production
  • aiding in filtration of fluids
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10
Q

Fingerlike projections on intestinal mucosa

A

Villi

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11
Q

Villi turn into smaller projections called ___________

A

Microvilli

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12
Q

The microvilli form what is called the _______ _______

A

Brush border

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13
Q

What is the brush border?

A

Border that helps move liquid contents into close contact with the mucosa

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14
Q

Adaptations in the intestines that are “folds” in the mucosal lining

A

Plications

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15
Q

Space between adjacent villi where undifferentiated cells are

A

Intestinal Crypts (or crypts of Langerhans)

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16
Q

What is another name for a lymphatic capillary?

A

Lacteal

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17
Q

The function of lacteals is?

A

To carry absorbed lipids and fat-soluble substances to thoracic duct and into vena cava

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18
Q

What is the function of the blood capillaries?

A

Collect some absorbed nutrients and transport them to the liver

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19
Q

What are the two hormones that the duodenal mucosa secretes?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secretin

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20
Q
  • Inhibits gastrin emptying
  • Causes increased secretion of bicarbonate and pancreatic digestive enzymes
  • Stimulates secretion of enteropeptidase
A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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21
Q

What causes the stimulation of CCK?

A

High amino acid or fatty acid concentrations
Low pH of chyme entering duodenum

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22
Q

What is the function of Secretin?

A
  • Decrease HCl production in the stomach
  • Increases pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate secretions
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23
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic Islets;
Beta cells secrete insulin (lower blood glucose);
Alpha cells produce glucagon (raising blood glucose)

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24
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Groups of acini
Excretes bicarbonate and digestive proenzymes

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25
What 2 things increase exocrine secretions of pancreas?
Anticipation of food Neural and Endocrine Stimuli
26
What digestive enzymes are secreted from the pancreas?
Lipase (break down fat) Amylase (Break down starch) Nuclease (break down nucleic acids into nucleotides) Protease (break down proteins into amino acids)
27
True or False: Proteolytic Enzymes (Protease) are secreted in inactive form
True
28
________ starts the activation process for digestive enzymes
CCK
29
True or False: The liver secretes substances that are nonessential for digestion and nutrient absorption
False - Liver secretes essential substances
30
What are 2 surfaces of the liver?
Diaphragmatic Surface (Convex surface in contact with the diaphragm) Visceral Surface (Where right kidney, stomach, duodenum, colon, jejunum touch)
31
True or False: The mammalian liver consists of lobes
True
32
Why does the placement of the liver matter?
Strategically placed to process blood leaving GI tract and prevent toxins from entering general circulation
33
True or False: The liver does not prevent toxic substances from entering general circulation
False
34
Where is the gallbladder located?
Between quadrate (one of the liver lobes) and the right medial lobe
35
What are the two sources the liver receives blood from?
Hepatic portal vein (GI Tract) Hepatic artery (branch of the celiac artery)
36
What are triads?
Areas where the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery enters and bile ducts are found there
37
Place where hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein come together and empty their blood
Sinusoids (large capillaries of the liver)
38
- Adjacent to the sinusoids - Make proteins that enter bloodstream through pores
hepatocytes
39
Macrophages attached to the inner surface of the sinusoids
Kupffer cells
40
________ is excreted by hepatocytes into ductules called ________
Bile; canaliculi
41
Structure that concentrates and stores bile until needed
Gallbladder
42
Bile enters the ___________ of the small intestine to digest high fat and peptide concentrations
duodenum
43
True or False: Gallbladder provides liver with the means to excrete waste products even when animal is not eating
True
44
What is the composition of bile?
Bile Salts Phospholipids Cholesterol Bile Pigments
45
How does enterohepatic circulation (RBC "recycling") start?
Begins with secretion of bile salts into canaliculi
46
Bile salts draw _______ out of hepatocytes and become a ________ bile (2nd step of EC)
water; liquid
47
Bile is released into intestine to ________ ______ (3rd step of EC)
emulsify fat
48
What area of the small intestine are bile salts reabsorbed? (4th step of EC)
ileum
49
Where do bile salts enter in order to return to the liver? (5th step of EC)
hepatic portal vein
50
True or False: Liver reabsorbs bile salt only (6th step of EC)
False - Liver reabsorbs bile salts and recycles them back to bile
51
Does the amount of bile salts that recirculate from intestine to liver influence how much bile is synthesized by hepatocytes?
Yes
52
What occurs when CCK secretion stimuli is gone?
- CCK secretion stops - Sphincter of Oddi closes - Bile diverted into gallbladder - reabsorption of bile salts is diminished - bile acid synthesis is diminished
53
- One of the breakdown products of hemoglobin - Organic compound that is eliminated through the bile
Bilirubin
54
Process of red blood cells being broken down into hemoglobin
Hemolysis
55
Red pigment
Heme
56
Green pigment
biliverdin
57
yellow to orange pigment
free/unconjugated bilirubin
58
Process of glucose being converted to energy in the liver
glycolysis
59
What glucose is stored as in the liver when there is an excess amount
Glycogen
60
True or False: When blood glucose levels are high, excess glucose can be taken up by adipose tissue cells and converted to triglycerides
True
61
Process of glycogen being broken down to glucose monomers
Glycogenolysis
62
What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?
Cecum Colon Rectum Anus
63
Blind ended sac at the beginning of the colon
Cecum
64
The 3 parts of the colon
Ascending Transverse Descending
65
What substances are primarily absorbed within the large intestine?
Water and ions Carbohydrate or protein microbes (after completion of digestion)
66
Spherical structures made up of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and proteins
Chylomicrons
67
How do the microbes in the hind gut fermenters create amino acids and proteins?
Using the urea along with the small amount of protein that has escaped enzymatic digestion

Anatomy (17 decks)

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