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Anatomy > Endocrine: Hypothalamus & Pituitary > Flashcards

Endocrine: Hypothalamus & Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Ventral part of the brain, just caudal to optic chiasma (part of diencephalon of the brain)

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2
Q

What important nervous system functions does the hypothalamus control?

A

Appetite Control
Body Temperature regulation
Control of wake-sleep cycles

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3
Q

True or False: The hypothalamus is the bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system

A

True (accomplished through the control it has over the activities of the pituitary gland)

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4
Q

Where is pituitary gland located?

A

Ventral to the hypothalamus and is attached to it by a slender stalk; securely housed in a small pocket in the sphenoid bone of the skull called the pituitary fossa

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5
Q

What is the portal system?

A

System of tiny blood vessels that link the hypothalamus with anterior pituitary gland

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6
Q

_________ ___________ in the hypothalamus secrete hormones into these portal blood vessels

A

Modified Neurons

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7
Q

What are 2 hypothalamic hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary hormones through the portal system?

A

Releasing factor
Inhibiting factor

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8
Q

True or False: The hypothalamus has the same effect on both the anterior and posterior pituitary gland

A

False - The effect on posterior part of pituitary gland is more direct

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9
Q

Modified neurons in the hypothalamus produce which two hormones that are transported down nerve fibers to the posterior pituitary gland for storage

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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10
Q

What is the pituitary often called?

A

Master endocrine gland because of its hormones direct the activity of other endocrine glands around the body

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11
Q

True or False: The pituitary gland is a large organ

A

False - tiny, size of small pea or bean

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12
Q

What 7 hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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13
Q

What is the main function of GH (growth hormone) in young animals?

A

Body Growth; particularly growth of bone and muscle

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14
Q

What are other known names for Growth Hormone?

A

Somatotropin
Somatotropic hormone

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15
Q

What is the main function of GH in animals of all ages?

A

Metabolism of proteins, carbs, and lipids in all of the body’s cells

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16
Q

What is the affect of GH on protein metabolism?

A

Anabolism (or synthesis of proteins by body cells)

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17
Q

What does anabolism of protein create?

A

Supplies materials for growth as well as for ongoing regeneration and repair of body tissues that have undergone injury or normal wear and tear

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18
Q

What is the affect of GH on carb metabolism?

A

Discourages cells from using carbs, especially glucose

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19
Q

What is the affect of GH on lipid metabolism?

A

Causes release of lipids in storage and their catabolism

20
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Excess of GH results in a form of gigantism; cause is often pituitary gland tumor

21
Q

What does prolactin control?

A

Helps trigger and maintain lactation

22
Q

What stimulates prolactin release once lactation has begun?

A

Stimulated by nursing or milking; once ceases, production ceases as well

23
Q

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulate?

A

Growth and development of the thyroid gland and causes it to produce its hormones

24
Q

What is TSH also known as?

A

Thyrotropic hormone

25
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulate?

A

Stimulates growth and development of adrenal cortex and release of some of its hormones

26
Q

How is ACTH regulated?

A

Regulated by feedback from the hormones of the adrenal cortex

27
Q

True or False: Stress can affect how ACTH is regulated?

A

True - stress causes it to be released quickly as result of hypothalamus stimulation from other parts of the brains

28
Q

What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates?

A

Stimulates growth and development of follicles in the ovaries;
Stimulates spermatogenesis (sperm development) in seminiferous tubules of the testes

29
Q

What hormone does FSH stimulate production of?

A

Stimulates lining of cells of the follicles to produce and secrete estrogens

30
Q

What is luteinizing hormone (LH) used for?

A

Completes the process of follicle development in the ovary that was started by FSH

31
Q

High LH levels stimulate left over cells to divide and multiply to form the _________ _________

A

Corpus Luteum

32
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum produce?

A

Progestin hormones (principally progesterone)

33
Q

In males, LH stimulates cells in the testes called ____________ ________ to develop and produce _______________

A

interstitial cells; testosterone

34
Q

What is LH sometimes called in males?

A

Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

35
Q

What group do FSH and LH fall under?

A

Gonadotropins as they stimulate growth and development of the gonads (ovaries and testes)

36
Q

What is the purpose of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A

Associated with control of color changes in the pigment cells (melanocytes) of reptiles, fish, and amphibians (animals that can rapidly change colors and color patterns)

37
Q

Another term for anterior pituitary (rostral or front portion)

A

Adenohypophysis
(Produces hormones when stimulated)

38
Q

Another term for posterior pituitary (caudal or back portion)

A

Neurohypophysis
(Stores and releases hormones)

39
Q

What 2 hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

40
Q

What does ADH help prevent?

A

diuresis

41
Q

What stimulates ADH to be released?

A

When hypothalamus detects dehydration
Causes more-concentrated urine to be produced

42
Q

What disease does ADH deficiency cause?

A

Diabetes Insipidus
C/S = polydipsia and polyuria

43
Q

What organ does Oxytocin affect?

A

Uterus
Active Mammary Glands

44
Q

What is the effect of oxytocin on the uterus?

A

Induces uterine contractions at breeding and parturition

45
Q

What is the effect of oxytocin on active mammary glands?

A

Milk Letdown
(Stimulation of teat by nursing or milking causes oxytocin to be released and causes movement of milk to lower parts of the mammary gland)

Anatomy (17 decks)

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