Endocrine: Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Glands

Question 1

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?

Answer 1

2 - on either side of larynx

Question 2

Narrow band that may connect the lobes of the thyroid depending on species?

Answer 2

Isthmus

Question 3

True or False: Thyroid is composed of tens of thousands of tiny follicles

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What two hormones that are secreted in the thyroid?

Answer 4

Thyroid Hormone
Calcitonin

Question 5

What are the two hormones that make up thyroid hormone?

Answer 5

T4 = tetraiodothyronine = thyroxine
T3 = triiodonthyronine

Question 6

Thyroid hormone: Prohormone, a circulating reservoir

Answer 6

T4

Question 7

Thyroid hormone: The active hormone

Answer 7

T3

Question 8

Where do the names of the thyroid hormones come from?

Answer 8

Number of iodine atoms that each molecule of hormone contains
Ie. T4 has 4 iodine atoms per molecule

Question 9

Thyroid Hormone’s ____________ effect helps heat the body

Answer 9

calorigenic

Question 10

What does the calorigenic effect regulate?

Answer 10

Metabolic rate of all the body’s cells
(rate at which they burn nutrients to produce energy)

Question 11

The effect of TH on metabolic rate allows animals to what?

Answer 11

Generate heat and maintain a constant internal body temperature

Question 12

How does TH affect metabolism of proteins?

Answer 12

Encourages anabolism (synthesis) of proteins, depending on if animals diet contains adequate energy sources

Question 13

How does TH affect metabolism of carbs?

Answer 13

Hyperglycemic effect; maintains homeostasis of blood glucose level

Question 14

How does TH affect metabolism of lipids?

Answer 14

Encourages catabolism of lipids

Question 15

How does TH effect young, growing animals?

Answer 15

Necessary for normal growth and development
Influences development and maturation of CNS and muscles/bones

Question 16

Where is calcitonin produced?

Answer 16

By C cells located between thyroid follicles

Question 17

Calcitonin helps maintain _______ _______ levels

Answer 17

blood calcium

Question 18

What are the 2 hormones that maintain homeostasis of blood calcium levels

Answer 18

Calcitonin
Parathyroid Hormone

Question 19

What does calcitonin help prevent?

Answer 19

Hypercalcemia by encouraging excess calcium to be deposited in bones

Question 20

What is another name for Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Answer 20

Parathormone

Question 21

Where is the parathyroid glands located?

Answer 21

In, On, or near the thyroid glands.

Question 22

What does PTH help prevent?

Answer 22

Hypocalcemia

Question 23

Where are adrenal glands located?

Answer 23

Near cranial ends of kidneys, triangular shaped, not actually attached

Question 24

True or False: Adrenal glands are a single structure

Answer 24

False - 2 glands, one wrapped around the other (like chocolate wrapped around a peanut)

Question 25

What are the two glands that make up the adrenal glands?

Answer 25

Adrenal Cortex (outer) Adrenal Medulla (inner)

Question 26

How is the adrenal cortex developed?

Answer 26

From glandular tissue

Question 27

What are the 3 main categories of hormones that the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 27

Glucocorticoids Mineralcorticoids Sex hormones

Question 28

What are the 3 glucocorticoids?

Answer 28

Cortisone Cortisol Corticosterone

Question 29

What is the general effect of glucocorticoids?

Answer 29

Hyperglycemic effect - cause blood glucose to rise

Question 30

What are two other things that glucocorticoids help with?

Answer 30

Maintaining blood pressure Helping the body resist the effects of stress

Question 31

What is the principal mineralcorticoid hormone?

Answer 31

Aldosterone

Question 32

What is the purpose of mineralcorticoids?

Answer 32

Regulate levels of electrolytes

Question 33

What are the 2 sex hormones?

Answer 33

Androgens (male) Estrogens (female)

Question 34

True or False: There is a large amount of sex hormones produced in the adrenal cortex

Answer 34

False - very small amounts and their effects are usually minimal

Question 35

True or False: The adrenal medulla resembles nervous tissue

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What are the two hormones produced by the medulla?

Answer 36

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Question 37

What is the medulla hormone secretion controlled by?

Answer 37

Sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system - threat-control system

Question 38

What response is triggered when animal feels threatened?

Answer 38

Fight or Flight response

Question 39

True or False: High levels of glucocorticoids due to constant stress lead to a weak immune system

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Deficiency of thyroid hormone

Answer 40

Hypothyroidism

Question 41

What are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism?

Answer 41

Alopecia Dry Skin Lethargy Reluctance to exercise Weight gain without appetite increase

Question 42

Excess of Thyroid hormone

Answer 42

Hyperthyroidism

Question 43

True or False: Hyperthyroidism is more common in dogs than cats?

Answer 43

False - more common in cats

Question 44

What are the clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 44

Nervousness Excitability Weight Loss Increased Appetite Tachycardia Vomiting Diarrhea PU/PD

Question 45

What species is hypothyroidism more common in?

Answer 45

Dogs

Question 46

Disease also referred to as hyperadrenocorticism

Answer 46

Cushing's diease

Question 47

What are the clinical signs of cushing's disease?

Answer 47

PU/PD Polyphagia (increased appetite) Hair Loss Muscle Wasting Slow wound healing

Question 48

Disease also referred to as hypoadrenocorticism

Answer 48

Addison's disease

Question 49

What are the clinical signs of addison's disease?

Answer 49

Weakness Lethargy Vomitting Diarrhea Lead to circulatory problems and kidney failure

Question 50

Condition that can occur in cats and dogs from Hypocalcemia?

Answer 50

Eclampsia

Question 51

What is eclampsia?

Answer 51

Causes muscle tremors and spasms that can progress to full-blown seizures if left untreated