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Anatomy > Endocrine: Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine: Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?

A

2 - on either side of larynx

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2
Q

Narrow band that may connect the lobes of the thyroid depending on species?

A

Isthmus

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3
Q

True or False: Thyroid is composed of tens of thousands of tiny follicles

A

True

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4
Q

What two hormones that are secreted in the thyroid?

A

Thyroid Hormone
Calcitonin

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5
Q

What are the two hormones that make up thyroid hormone?

A

T4 = tetraiodothyronine = thyroxine
T3 = triiodonthyronine

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6
Q

Thyroid hormone: Prohormone, a circulating reservoir

A

T4

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7
Q

Thyroid hormone: The active hormone

A

T3

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8
Q

Where do the names of the thyroid hormones come from?

A

Number of iodine atoms that each molecule of hormone contains
Ie. T4 has 4 iodine atoms per molecule

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9
Q

Thyroid Hormone’s ____________ effect helps heat the body

A

calorigenic

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10
Q

What does the calorigenic effect regulate?

A

Metabolic rate of all the body’s cells
(rate at which they burn nutrients to produce energy)

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11
Q

The effect of TH on metabolic rate allows animals to what?

A

Generate heat and maintain a constant internal body temperature

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12
Q

How does TH affect metabolism of proteins?

A

Encourages anabolism (synthesis) of proteins, depending on if animals diet contains adequate energy sources

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13
Q

How does TH affect metabolism of carbs?

A

Hyperglycemic effect; maintains homeostasis of blood glucose level

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14
Q

How does TH affect metabolism of lipids?

A

Encourages catabolism of lipids

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15
Q

How does TH effect young, growing animals?

A

Necessary for normal growth and development
Influences development and maturation of CNS and muscles/bones

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16
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

By C cells located between thyroid follicles

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17
Q

Calcitonin helps maintain _______ _______ levels

A

blood calcium

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18
Q

What are the 2 hormones that maintain homeostasis of blood calcium levels

A

Calcitonin
Parathyroid Hormone

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19
Q

What does calcitonin help prevent?

A

Hypercalcemia by encouraging excess calcium to be deposited in bones

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20
Q

What is another name for Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

Parathormone

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21
Q

Where is the parathyroid glands located?

A

In, On, or near the thyroid glands.

22
Q

What does PTH help prevent?

A

Hypocalcemia

23
Q

Where are adrenal glands located?

A

Near cranial ends of kidneys, triangular shaped, not actually attached

24
Q

True or False: Adrenal glands are a single structure

A

False - 2 glands, one wrapped around the other (like chocolate wrapped around a peanut)

25
Q

What are the two glands that make up the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal Cortex (outer)
Adrenal Medulla (inner)

26
Q

How is the adrenal cortex developed?

A

From glandular tissue

27
Q

What are the 3 main categories of hormones that the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralcorticoids
Sex hormones

28
Q

What are the 3 glucocorticoids?

A

Cortisone
Cortisol
Corticosterone

29
Q

What is the general effect of glucocorticoids?

A

Hyperglycemic effect - cause blood glucose to rise

30
Q

What are two other things that glucocorticoids help with?

A

Maintaining blood pressure
Helping the body resist the effects of stress

31
Q

What is the principal mineralcorticoid hormone?

A

Aldosterone

32
Q

What is the purpose of mineralcorticoids?

A

Regulate levels of electrolytes

33
Q

What are the 2 sex hormones?

A

Androgens (male)
Estrogens (female)

34
Q

True or False: There is a large amount of sex hormones produced in the adrenal cortex

A

False - very small amounts and their effects are usually minimal

35
Q

True or False: The adrenal medulla resembles nervous tissue

A

True

36
Q

What are the two hormones produced by the medulla?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

37
Q

What is the medulla hormone secretion controlled by?

A

Sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system - threat-control system

38
Q

What response is triggered when animal feels threatened?

A

Fight or Flight response

39
Q

True or False: High levels of glucocorticoids due to constant stress lead to a weak immune system

A

True

40
Q

Deficiency of thyroid hormone

A

Hypothyroidism

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism?

A

Alopecia
Dry Skin
Lethargy
Reluctance to exercise
Weight gain without appetite increase

42
Q

Excess of Thyroid hormone

A

Hyperthyroidism

43
Q

True or False: Hyperthyroidism is more common in dogs than cats?

A

False - more common in cats

44
Q

What are the clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?

A

Nervousness
Excitability
Weight Loss
Increased Appetite
Tachycardia
Vomiting
Diarrhea
PU/PD

45
Q

What species is hypothyroidism more common in?

A

Dogs

46
Q

Disease also referred to as hyperadrenocorticism

A

Cushing’s diease

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of cushing’s disease?

A

PU/PD
Polyphagia (increased appetite)
Hair Loss
Muscle Wasting
Slow wound healing

48
Q

Disease also referred to as hypoadrenocorticism

A

Addison’s disease

49
Q

What are the clinical signs of addison’s disease?

A

Weakness
Lethargy
Vomitting
Diarrhea
Lead to circulatory problems and kidney failure

50
Q

Condition that can occur in cats and dogs from Hypocalcemia?

A

Eclampsia

51
Q

What is eclampsia?

A

Causes muscle tremors and spasms that can progress to full-blown seizures if left untreated

Anatomy (17 decks)

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