Urinary Drugs Flashcards
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
the nephron
What does the nephron do?
filters the blood and reabsorbs necessary fluid molecules back into the blood
How is urine formed?
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
What is the glomerular?
filters the blood producing filtrate of water and dissolved substances
What are kidney tubules responsible for?
responsible for resorption and secretion of specific substances
If the kidney tubules fail to secrete/resorb, what can happen?
can lead to major derangements in the bodies equilibrium
What is erythropoietin?
hormone secreted by the kidney to regulate RBC production
If the kidneys are diseased, what happens with RBC production?
diseased kidney may not produce adequate levels which results in a non-regenerative anemia
What is azotemia?
increased BUN and CREA
What is uremia?
abnormal levels of BUN, CREA, and other metabolic waste that is normally secreted by the kidney
What is the leading cause of non-accidental death in pets?
renal failure
What are the categories of azotemia?
pre-renal, renal, post-renal
What is pre-renal azotemia?
dehydration
What is renal failure?
kidney failure
What is post-renal azotemia?
urinary obstruction
What are the categories of kidney fairlure?
acute, chronic, end-stage
What are loop diuretics?
highly potent diuretics that inhibit tubular reabsorption of sodium
What are the clinical uses of loop diuretics?
management of congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema
What are some forms of loop diuretics?
furosemide (Lasix)
What are some side effects of loop diuretics?
PU/PD, hypokalemia, dehydration
What are osmotic diuretics?
promote diuresis by increased osmotic pressure
What are osmotic diuretics used to treat?
reduce intraocular pressure, reduce intracranial pressure, oliguric (low urine production renal failure)
What are some forms of osmotic diuretics?
Mannitol 20%
What are some side effects of osmotic diuretics?
can cause fluid and electrolyte disturbance in anuric renal failure, severely dehydrated patients, or pulmonary edema/congestion
What are potassium sparing diuretics?
weaker diuretic and anti-hypertensive properties so they conserve potassium
How do potassium sparing diuretics work?
work in the late distal tubule and collecting duct causing more sodium to pass into collecting duct and be excreted in urine
What are some forms of potassium sparing diuretics?
Spironolactone
What are some side effects of potassium sparing diuretics?
hyperkalemia, uncommon
What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
decreases intraocular pressure
What are some forms of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, methazolamide
What do acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, and methazolamide treat?
glaucoma
What are side effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
hypokalemia
Which diuretic is commonly used to treat intracranial pressure?
Mannitol
What are cholinergic agonists?
stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, mimic acetylcholine
What are the clinical uses of cholinergic agonists?
increase contractility of the urinary bladder
What are some forms of cholinergic agonists?
bethanechol
What are some side effects of cholinergic agonists?
salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation
What are some contraindications of cholinergic agonists?
urinary obstruction
What are anticholinergics?
block parasympathetic nervous system
What are the clinical uses of anticholinergics?
treating urge induced incontinence by promoting urinary retention
What are some forms of anticholinergics?
propantheline, butylhyoscine (buscopan)
What are some side effects of anticholinergics?
decrease gastric motility, delays gastric emptying
What are adrenergic antagonists?
block sympathetic nervous system
What are the clinical uses of alpha adrenergic antagonists?
treatment of urinary retention due to detrusor arelexia
What are some forms of alpha adrenergic antagonists?
Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin
What are some side effects of Prazosin?
rapid decrease in blood pressure after first dose, usually self limiting
What are some clinical uses of beta adrenergic antagonists?
control of mild/moderate hypertension associated with chronic renal failure
What are some forms of beta adrenergic antagonists?
Propanolol
What are some side effects of beta adrenergic antagonists?
decreased cardiac output and promotes bronchospasms
What are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
block conversion of angiotensin I and II, decreased aldosterone secretion, alleviate vasoconstriction
What are some clinical uses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
congestive heart failure, hypertension, protein losing glomerulonphropathies, chronic renal failure
What are some forms of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
Benazepril, Enalapril
What are vasodilators and calcium channel blockers?
second line of defense against non-responding hypertension
What are some clinical uses of vasodilators and calcium channel blockers?
hypertension
What are some forms of vasodilators?
hydralazine, dopamine
What are some forms of calcium channel blockers?
diltiazem, verapamil, amlodipine
What drug is used in the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
diltiazem
What drug is commonly used to treat feline hypertension?
amlodipine
What are some side effects of vasodilators and calcium channel blockers?
hypotension, edema, worsening heart failure
What are some clinical uses of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)?
diabetes insipidus
What are some dosage forms of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)?
vasopressin
What are urinary acidifiers?
lower pH of urine, used to manage urinary stones
What are some forms of urinary acidifiers?
ammonium chloride
What are xanthine oxidase inhibitors?
decrease production of uric acid and used in combination with urate calculolytic diet for dissolution of ammonium acid urate uroliths
What are the clinical uses of xanthine oxidase inhibitors?
manage urate uroliths
What are some forms of xanthine oxidase inhibitors?
allopurinol
What are urinary alkalizers?
used in management of ammonium acid urate, calcium oxalate and crystine uroliths
What are some forms of urinary alkalizers?
potassium citrate
What are some side effects of urinary alkalizers?
possible fluid or electrolyte imbalances
What are epoetin alphas?
stimulates RBC production when kidneys are unable
What are some effects of epoetin alphas?
local and systemic allergic reaction at injection site
What are some forms of urinary incontinence medications?
diethylstilbestrol (DES hormone), phenylpropanolamine (PPA), Estriol (Incurin)
What are amitriptyline?
tricyclic antidepressant - recently used for treatment for idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease
What is Epakitin?
intestinal phosphate binder
What is Azodyl?
helps reduce azotemia
What drugs are commonly, used in dogs with kidney failure?
Epakitin, Azodyl
Which medication is commonly used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs?
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
What medication is used to treat urate uroliths in dogs?
allopurinol
Which medication is a urinary acidifier?
ammonium chloride
Which of the following is a calcium channel blocker?
Diltiazem
What drugs fall under the diuretic group?
furosemide, mannitol, spironolactone, acetazolamide, and methazolamide
What drugs fall under the cholinergic agonist group?
Bethanechol
What drugs fall under the anticholinergic agonist group?
Propantheline, Butylhyoscine (Buscopan)
What drugs fall under the adrenergic antagonist group?
Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin, Propranolol
What drugs fall under the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors groups?
Benazepril, Enalapril
What drugs fall under the vasodilators and calcium channel blockers group?
Hydralazine, Dopamine, Diltiazem, Verapamil, Amlodipine
What drugs fall under the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) group?
Vasopressin
What drugs fall under the urinary acidifiers group?
Ammonium Chloride
What drugs fall under the Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors group?
Allopurinol
What drugs fall under the Urinary Alkalizers group?
Potassium Citrate
