Urinary Drugs Flashcards by Kiana White

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

the nephron

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What does the nephron do?

filters the blood and reabsorbs necessary fluid molecules back into the blood

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How is urine formed?

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

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What is the glomerular?

filters the blood producing filtrate of water and dissolved substances

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What are kidney tubules responsible for?

responsible for resorption and secretion of specific substances

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If the kidney tubules fail to secrete/resorb, what can happen?

can lead to major derangements in the bodies equilibrium

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What is erythropoietin?

hormone secreted by the kidney to regulate RBC production

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If the kidneys are diseased, what happens with RBC production?

diseased kidney may not produce adequate levels which results in a non-regenerative anemia

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What is azotemia?

increased BUN and CREA

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What is uremia?

abnormal levels of BUN, CREA, and other metabolic waste that is normally secreted by the kidney

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What is the leading cause of non-accidental death in pets?

renal failure

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What are the categories of azotemia?

pre-renal, renal, post-renal

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What is pre-renal azotemia?

dehydration

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What is renal failure?

kidney failure

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What is post-renal azotemia?

urinary obstruction

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What are the categories of kidney fairlure?

acute, chronic, end-stage

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What are loop diuretics?

highly potent diuretics that inhibit tubular reabsorption of sodium

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What are the clinical uses of loop diuretics?

management of congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema

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What are some forms of loop diuretics?

furosemide (Lasix)

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What are some side effects of loop diuretics?

PU/PD, hypokalemia, dehydration

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What are osmotic diuretics?

promote diuresis by increased osmotic pressure

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What are osmotic diuretics used to treat?

reduce intraocular pressure, reduce intracranial pressure, oliguric (low urine production renal failure)

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What are some forms of osmotic diuretics?

Mannitol 20%

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What are some side effects of osmotic diuretics?

can cause fluid and electrolyte disturbance in anuric renal failure, severely dehydrated patients, or pulmonary edema/congestion

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What are potassium sparing diuretics?

weaker diuretic and anti-hypertensive properties so they conserve potassium

How do potassium sparing diuretics work?

work in the late distal tubule and collecting duct causing more sodium to pass into collecting duct and be excreted in urine

What are some forms of potassium sparing diuretics?

Spironolactone

What are some side effects of potassium sparing diuretics?

hyperkalemia, uncommon

What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

decreases intraocular pressure

What are some forms of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, methazolamide

What do acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, and methazolamide treat?

glaucoma

What are side effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

hypokalemia

Which diuretic is commonly used to treat intracranial pressure?

Mannitol

What are cholinergic agonists?

stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, mimic acetylcholine

What are the clinical uses of cholinergic agonists?

increase contractility of the urinary bladder

What are some forms of cholinergic agonists?

bethanechol

What are some side effects of cholinergic agonists?

salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation

What are some contraindications of cholinergic agonists?

urinary obstruction

What are anticholinergics?

block parasympathetic nervous system

What are the clinical uses of anticholinergics?

treating urge induced incontinence by promoting urinary retention

What are some forms of anticholinergics?

propantheline, butylhyoscine (buscopan)

What are some side effects of anticholinergics?

decrease gastric motility, delays gastric emptying

What are adrenergic antagonists?

block sympathetic nervous system

What are the clinical uses of alpha adrenergic antagonists?

treatment of urinary retention due to detrusor arelexia

What are some forms of alpha adrenergic antagonists?

Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin

What are some side effects of Prazosin?

rapid decrease in blood pressure after first dose, usually self limiting

What are some clinical uses of beta adrenergic antagonists?

control of mild/moderate hypertension associated with chronic renal failure

What are some forms of beta adrenergic antagonists?

Propanolol

What are some side effects of beta adrenergic antagonists?

decreased cardiac output and promotes bronchospasms

What are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

block conversion of angiotensin I and II, decreased aldosterone secretion, alleviate vasoconstriction

What are some clinical uses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

congestive heart failure, hypertension, protein losing glomerulonphropathies, chronic renal failure

What are some forms of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

Benazepril, Enalapril

What are vasodilators and calcium channel blockers?

second line of defense against non-responding hypertension

What are some clinical uses of vasodilators and calcium channel blockers?

hypertension

What are some forms of vasodilators?

hydralazine, dopamine

What are some forms of calcium channel blockers?

diltiazem, verapamil, amlodipine

What drug is used in the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?

diltiazem

What drug is commonly used to treat feline hypertension?

amlodipine

What are some side effects of vasodilators and calcium channel blockers?

hypotension, edema, worsening heart failure

What are some clinical uses of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)?

diabetes insipidus

What are some dosage forms of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)?

vasopressin

What are urinary acidifiers?

lower pH of urine, used to manage urinary stones

What are some forms of urinary acidifiers?

ammonium chloride

What are xanthine oxidase inhibitors?

decrease production of uric acid and used in combination with urate calculolytic diet for dissolution of ammonium acid urate uroliths

What are the clinical uses of xanthine oxidase inhibitors?

manage urate uroliths

What are some forms of xanthine oxidase inhibitors?

allopurinol

What are urinary alkalizers?

used in management of ammonium acid urate, calcium oxalate and crystine uroliths

What are some forms of urinary alkalizers?

potassium citrate

What are some side effects of urinary alkalizers?

possible fluid or electrolyte imbalances

What are epoetin alphas?

stimulates RBC production when kidneys are unable

What are some effects of epoetin alphas?

local and systemic allergic reaction at injection site

What are some forms of urinary incontinence medications?

diethylstilbestrol (DES hormone), phenylpropanolamine (PPA), Estriol (Incurin)

What are amitriptyline?

tricyclic antidepressant - recently used for treatment for idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease

What is Epakitin?

intestinal phosphate binder

What is Azodyl?

helps reduce azotemia

What drugs are commonly, used in dogs with kidney failure?

Epakitin, Azodyl

Which medication is commonly used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs?

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)

What medication is used to treat urate uroliths in dogs?

allopurinol

Which medication is a urinary acidifier?

ammonium chloride

Which of the following is a calcium channel blocker?

Diltiazem

What drugs fall under the diuretic group?

furosemide, mannitol, spironolactone, acetazolamide, and methazolamide

What drugs fall under the cholinergic agonist group?

Bethanechol

What drugs fall under the anticholinergic agonist group?

Propantheline, Butylhyoscine (Buscopan)

What drugs fall under the adrenergic antagonist group?

Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin, Propranolol

What drugs fall under the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors groups?

Benazepril, Enalapril

What drugs fall under the vasodilators and calcium channel blockers group?

Hydralazine, Dopamine, Diltiazem, Verapamil, Amlodipine

What drugs fall under the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) group?

Vasopressin

What drugs fall under the urinary acidifiers group?

Ammonium Chloride

What drugs fall under the Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors group?

Allopurinol

What drugs fall under the Urinary Alkalizers group?

Potassium Citrate