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Pharmacology > Urinary Drugs > Flashcards

Urinary Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

the nephron

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2
Q

What does the nephron do?

A

filters the blood and reabsorbs necessary fluid molecules back into the blood

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3
Q

How is urine formed?

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

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4
Q

What is the glomerular?

A

filters the blood producing filtrate of water and dissolved substances

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5
Q

What are kidney tubules responsible for?

A

responsible for resorption and secretion of specific substances

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6
Q

If the kidney tubules fail to secrete/resorb, what can happen?

A

can lead to major derangements in the bodies equilibrium

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7
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

hormone secreted by the kidney to regulate RBC production

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8
Q

If the kidneys are diseased, what happens with RBC production?

A

diseased kidney may not produce adequate levels which results in a non-regenerative anemia

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9
Q

What is azotemia?

A

increased BUN and CREA

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10
Q

What is uremia?

A

abnormal levels of BUN, CREA, and other metabolic waste that is normally secreted by the kidney

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11
Q

What is the leading cause of non-accidental death in pets?

A

renal failure

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12
Q

What are the categories of azotemia?

A

pre-renal, renal, post-renal

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13
Q

What is pre-renal azotemia?

A

dehydration

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14
Q

What is renal failure?

A

kidney failure

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15
Q

What is post-renal azotemia?

A

urinary obstruction

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16
Q

What are the categories of kidney fairlure?

A

acute, chronic, end-stage

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17
Q

What are loop diuretics?

A

highly potent diuretics that inhibit tubular reabsorption of sodium

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18
Q

What are the clinical uses of loop diuretics?

A

management of congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema

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19
Q

What are some forms of loop diuretics?

A

furosemide (Lasix)

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20
Q

What are some side effects of loop diuretics?

A

PU/PD, hypokalemia, dehydration

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21
Q

What are osmotic diuretics?

A

promote diuresis by increased osmotic pressure

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22
Q

What are osmotic diuretics used to treat?

A

reduce intraocular pressure, reduce intracranial pressure, oliguric (low urine production renal failure)

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23
Q

What are some forms of osmotic diuretics?

A

Mannitol 20%

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24
Q

What are some side effects of osmotic diuretics?

A

can cause fluid and electrolyte disturbance in anuric renal failure, severely dehydrated patients, or pulmonary edema/congestion

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25
Q

What are potassium sparing diuretics?

A

weaker diuretic and anti-hypertensive properties so they conserve potassium

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26
Q

How do potassium sparing diuretics work?

A

work in the late distal tubule and collecting duct causing more sodium to pass into collecting duct and be excreted in urine

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27
Q

What are some forms of potassium sparing diuretics?

A

Spironolactone

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28
Q

What are some side effects of potassium sparing diuretics?

A

hyperkalemia, uncommon

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29
Q

What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

decreases intraocular pressure

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30
Q

What are some forms of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, methazolamide

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31
Q

What do acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, and methazolamide treat?

A

glaucoma

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32
Q

What are side effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

hypokalemia

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33
Q

Which diuretic is commonly used to treat intracranial pressure?

A

Mannitol

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34
Q

What are cholinergic agonists?

A

stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, mimic acetylcholine

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35
Q

What are the clinical uses of cholinergic agonists?

A

increase contractility of the urinary bladder

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36
Q

What are some forms of cholinergic agonists?

A

bethanechol

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37
Q

What are some side effects of cholinergic agonists?

A

salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation

38
Q

What are some contraindications of cholinergic agonists?

A

urinary obstruction

39
Q

What are anticholinergics?

A

block parasympathetic nervous system

40
Q

What are the clinical uses of anticholinergics?

A

treating urge induced incontinence by promoting urinary retention

41
Q

What are some forms of anticholinergics?

A

propantheline, butylhyoscine (buscopan)

42
Q

What are some side effects of anticholinergics?

A

decrease gastric motility, delays gastric emptying

43
Q

What are adrenergic antagonists?

A

block sympathetic nervous system

44
Q

What are the clinical uses of alpha adrenergic antagonists?

A

treatment of urinary retention due to detrusor arelexia

45
Q

What are some forms of alpha adrenergic antagonists?

A

Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin

46
Q

What are some side effects of Prazosin?

A

rapid decrease in blood pressure after first dose, usually self limiting

47
Q

What are some clinical uses of beta adrenergic antagonists?

A

control of mild/moderate hypertension associated with chronic renal failure

48
Q

What are some forms of beta adrenergic antagonists?

A

Propanolol

49
Q

What are some side effects of beta adrenergic antagonists?

A

decreased cardiac output and promotes bronchospasms

50
Q

What are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

A

block conversion of angiotensin I and II, decreased aldosterone secretion, alleviate vasoconstriction

51
Q

What are some clinical uses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

A

congestive heart failure, hypertension, protein losing glomerulonphropathies, chronic renal failure

52
Q

What are some forms of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

A

Benazepril, Enalapril

53
Q

What are vasodilators and calcium channel blockers?

A

second line of defense against non-responding hypertension

54
Q

What are some clinical uses of vasodilators and calcium channel blockers?

A

hypertension

55
Q

What are some forms of vasodilators?

A

hydralazine, dopamine

56
Q

What are some forms of calcium channel blockers?

A

diltiazem, verapamil, amlodipine

57
Q

What drug is used in the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?

A

diltiazem

58
Q

What drug is commonly used to treat feline hypertension?

A

amlodipine

59
Q

What are some side effects of vasodilators and calcium channel blockers?

A

hypotension, edema, worsening heart failure

60
Q

What are some clinical uses of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)?

A

diabetes insipidus

61
Q

What are some dosage forms of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)?

A

vasopressin

62
Q

What are urinary acidifiers?

A

lower pH of urine, used to manage urinary stones

63
Q

What are some forms of urinary acidifiers?

A

ammonium chloride

64
Q

What are xanthine oxidase inhibitors?

A

decrease production of uric acid and used in combination with urate calculolytic diet for dissolution of ammonium acid urate uroliths

65
Q

What are the clinical uses of xanthine oxidase inhibitors?

A

manage urate uroliths

66
Q

What are some forms of xanthine oxidase inhibitors?

A

allopurinol

67
Q

What are urinary alkalizers?

A

used in management of ammonium acid urate, calcium oxalate and crystine uroliths

68
Q

What are some forms of urinary alkalizers?

A

potassium citrate

69
Q

What are some side effects of urinary alkalizers?

A

possible fluid or electrolyte imbalances

70
Q

What are epoetin alphas?

A

stimulates RBC production when kidneys are unable

71
Q

What are some effects of epoetin alphas?

A

local and systemic allergic reaction at injection site

72
Q

What are some forms of urinary incontinence medications?

A

diethylstilbestrol (DES hormone), phenylpropanolamine (PPA), Estriol (Incurin)

73
Q

What are amitriptyline?

A

tricyclic antidepressant - recently used for treatment for idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease

74
Q

What is Epakitin?

A

intestinal phosphate binder

75
Q

What is Azodyl?

A

helps reduce azotemia

76
Q

What drugs are commonly, used in dogs with kidney failure?

A

Epakitin, Azodyl

77
Q

Which medication is commonly used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs?

A

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)

78
Q

What medication is used to treat urate uroliths in dogs?

A

allopurinol

79
Q

Which medication is a urinary acidifier?

A

ammonium chloride

80
Q

Which of the following is a calcium channel blocker?

A

Diltiazem

81
Q

What drugs fall under the diuretic group?

A

furosemide, mannitol, spironolactone, acetazolamide, and methazolamide

82
Q

What drugs fall under the cholinergic agonist group?

A

Bethanechol

83
Q

What drugs fall under the anticholinergic agonist group?

A

Propantheline, Butylhyoscine (Buscopan)

84
Q

What drugs fall under the adrenergic antagonist group?

A

Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin, Propranolol

85
Q

What drugs fall under the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors groups?

A

Benazepril, Enalapril

86
Q

What drugs fall under the vasodilators and calcium channel blockers group?

A

Hydralazine, Dopamine, Diltiazem, Verapamil, Amlodipine

87
Q

What drugs fall under the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) group?

A

Vasopressin

88
Q

What drugs fall under the urinary acidifiers group?

A

Ammonium Chloride

89
Q

What drugs fall under the Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors group?

A

Allopurinol

90
Q

What drugs fall under the Urinary Alkalizers group?

A

Potassium Citrate

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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