Pain and Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Question 1

What is pathological pain?

Answer 1

tissue or nerve damage

Question 2

What is visceral pain?

Answer 2

abdominal organs, peritoneum, heart, liver, or lung pain

Question 3

What is somatic pain?

Answer 3

pain in musculoskeletal system

Question 4

What is neuropathic pain?

Answer 4

pain in peripheral or central nervous system, “burning/shooting pain”

Question 5

What is the best method of pain management?

Answer 5

preemptive and multimodal

Question 6

With spinal lesions, what is the first to go away?

Answer 6

superficial pain

Question 7

With spinal lesions, what is the last to go away?

Answer 7

deep pain

Question 8

How do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs work?

Answer 8

work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) (blocks COX)

Question 9

What do COX 2 do?

Answer 9

promotes prostaglandins from cell membrane arachidonic acid after tissue injury

Question 10

What are Salicylates?

Answer 10

Aspirin, COX inhibitor (blocks COX) results in analgesia, reduced platelet aggregation

Question 11

What are some side effects of Salicylates?

Answer 11

gastric irritation/ulcers

Question 12

What is Phenylbutazone?

Answer 12

very common large animal NSAID

Question 13

What are some clinical uses for Phenylbutazone?

Answer 13

musculoskeletal inflammation in horses

Question 14

What are some side effects of Phenylbutazone?

Answer 14

GI bleeding, bone marrow suppression

Question 15

What are some clinical uses for Flunixin Meglumine?

Answer 15

good for visceral pain in horses

Question 16

What are some forms of Flunixin Meglumine?

Answer 16

Banamine

Question 17

What should be done when applying DMSO?

Answer 17

wear gloves

Question 18

What are the clinical uses for Buscopan?

Answer 18

colic

Question 18

What are the side effects of Acetaminophen (Tylenol)?

Answer 18

severe effects/death in cats, toxicity in dogs

Question 19

What are the clinical use for Ketoprofen?

Answer 19

musculoskeletal pain

Question 20

What are the uses for Ibuprofen?

Answer 20

not recommended in cats and dogs, safety concerns

Question 21

What are the clinical uses for Deracoxib?

Answer 21

post-op pain management, osteoarthritis

Question 22

What are some forms of Deracoxib?

Answer 22

Deramaxx

Question 23

What are some clinical uses for Firocoxib?

Answer 23

osteoarthritis

Question 24

What are some forms of Firocoxib?

Answer 24

Previcox

Question 25

What are some side effects of Meloxicam?

Answer 25

renal failure

Question 26

What is a form of Robenacoxib?

Answer 26

Onsior

Question 27

What is a form of Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan?

Answer 27

Adequan

Question 28

What are some clinical uses for Hyaluronate Sodium?

Answer 28

IV - used to treat synovitis in horses

Question 29

What is Grapiprant?

Answer 29

nonsteroidal, non-COX inhibiting, anti-inflammatory drug

Question 30

Opioid agonist-antagonists bind ________.

Answer 30

kappa

Question 31

Opioid agonist-antagonists block _________.

Answer 31

mu

Question 32

What are some forms of agonist-antagonists?

Answer 32

Butorphanol

Question 33

Opioid partial agonists bind ______ but ____________________.

Answer 33

bind mu but only partially activate them

Question 34

What are some forms of partial agonists?

Answer 34

Buprenorphine

Question 35

Tramadol in unlikely _____________________.

Answer 35

unlikely to have meaningful benefits in dogs

Question 36

What are the clinical uses for Alpha-2 Agonists?

Answer 36

sedation/analgesia for short, noninvasive procedures

Question 37

What are some forms of Alpha-2 Agonists?

Answer 37

Xylazine, Clonidine, Dexmedetomidine, Medetomidine, Romifidine, Detomidine

Question 38

What are some side effects of Alpha-2 Agonists?

Answer 38

bradycardia

Question 39

What are some forms of Dissociative anesthetics?

Answer 39

Ketamine

Question 40

What are some miscellaneous pain control agents?

Answer 40

Lidocaine, Gabapentin, Amantadine

Question 41

What is Gabapentin used for?

Answer 41

control neuropathic, osteoarthritis pain, cancer pain

Question 42

What is Amantadine used for?

Answer 42

used to control neuropathic pain

Question 43

What are histamines?

Answer 43

a chemical release by mast cell when they are stimulated by IgE to allergens

Question 44

What are the clinical uses for Antihistamines?

Answer 44

pruritis, anaphylactic shock, urticaria and angioedema associated with allergic reaction

Question 45

What are some forms of Antihistamines?

Answer 45

Diphenhydramine, Meclizine, Cetirizine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydroxyzine

Question 46

What are some clinical uses for Methocarbamol?

Answer 46

intervertebral disk disease

Question 47

How are corticosteroids categorized?

Answer 47

short acting (<12 hours), intermediate acting (12-36 hours), long acting (>48 hours)

Question 48

What are corticosteroids used for?

Answer 48

used for immunosuppressive effects

Question 49

What are some short acting corticosteroids?

Answer 49

Hydrocortisone, Cortisone

Question 50

What are some intermediate acting corticosteroids?

Answer 50

prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone

Question 51

What are some long acting corticosteroids?

Answer 51

Dexamethasone, Flumethasone, Bethmethasone

Question 52

How do local/regional topical anesthetic agents work?

Answer 52

works by preventing the generation and conduction of nerve impulses in the peripheral nerves

Question 53

What are some clinical uses for local/regional topical anesthetic agents?

Answer 53

antiarrhythmic effect, epidural anesthesia, topical anesthesia, nerve block, infiltration of local area

Question 54

What is the onset of Lidocaine?

Answer 54

short onset (5-10 minutes)

Question 55

What is the duration of Lidocaine?

Answer 55

short duration (1-2 hours)

Question 56

What is the onset of Bupivacaine?

Answer 56

longer/slower onset (20 minutes)

Question 57

What is the duration of Bupivacaine?

Answer 57

longer duration (4-6 hours)