Pain and Anti-inflammatory Drugs Flashcards
What is pathological pain?
tissue or nerve damage
What is visceral pain?
abdominal organs, peritoneum, heart, liver, or lung pain
What is somatic pain?
pain in musculoskeletal system
What is neuropathic pain?
pain in peripheral or central nervous system, “burning/shooting pain”
What is the best method of pain management?
preemptive and multimodal
With spinal lesions, what is the first to go away?
superficial pain
With spinal lesions, what is the last to go away?
deep pain
How do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs work?
work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) (blocks COX)
What do COX 2 do?
promotes prostaglandins from cell membrane arachidonic acid after tissue injury
What are Salicylates?
Aspirin, COX inhibitor (blocks COX) results in analgesia, reduced platelet aggregation
What are some side effects of Salicylates?
gastric irritation/ulcers
What is Phenylbutazone?
very common large animal NSAID
What are some clinical uses for Phenylbutazone?
musculoskeletal inflammation in horses
What are some side effects of Phenylbutazone?
GI bleeding, bone marrow suppression
What are some clinical uses for Flunixin Meglumine?
good for visceral pain in horses
What are some forms of Flunixin Meglumine?
Banamine
What should be done when applying DMSO?
wear gloves
What are the clinical uses for Buscopan?
colic
What are the side effects of Acetaminophen (Tylenol)?
severe effects/death in cats, toxicity in dogs
What are the clinical use for Ketoprofen?
musculoskeletal pain
What are the uses for Ibuprofen?
not recommended in cats and dogs, safety concerns
What are the clinical uses for Deracoxib?
post-op pain management, osteoarthritis
What are some forms of Deracoxib?
Deramaxx
What are some clinical uses for Firocoxib?
osteoarthritis
What are some forms of Firocoxib?
Previcox
What are some side effects of Meloxicam?
renal failure
What is a form of Robenacoxib?
Onsior
What is a form of Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan?
Adequan
What are some clinical uses for Hyaluronate Sodium?
IV - used to treat synovitis in horses
What is Grapiprant?
nonsteroidal, non-COX inhibiting, anti-inflammatory drug
Opioid agonist-antagonists bind ________.
kappa
Opioid agonist-antagonists block _________.
mu
What are some forms of agonist-antagonists?
Butorphanol
Opioid partial agonists bind ______ but ____________________.
bind mu but only partially activate them
What are some forms of partial agonists?
Buprenorphine
Tramadol in unlikely _____________________.
unlikely to have meaningful benefits in dogs
What are the clinical uses for Alpha-2 Agonists?
sedation/analgesia for short, noninvasive procedures
What are some forms of Alpha-2 Agonists?
Xylazine, Clonidine, Dexmedetomidine, Medetomidine, Romifidine, Detomidine
What are some side effects of Alpha-2 Agonists?
bradycardia
What are some forms of Dissociative anesthetics?
Ketamine
What are some miscellaneous pain control agents?
Lidocaine, Gabapentin, Amantadine
What is Gabapentin used for?
control neuropathic, osteoarthritis pain, cancer pain
What is Amantadine used for?
used to control neuropathic pain
What are histamines?
a chemical release by mast cell when they are stimulated by IgE to allergens
What are the clinical uses for Antihistamines?
pruritis, anaphylactic shock, urticaria and angioedema associated with allergic reaction
What are some forms of Antihistamines?
Diphenhydramine, Meclizine, Cetirizine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydroxyzine
What are some clinical uses for Methocarbamol?
intervertebral disk disease
How are corticosteroids categorized?
short acting (<12 hours), intermediate acting (12-36 hours), long acting (>48 hours)
What are corticosteroids used for?
used for immunosuppressive effects
What are some short acting corticosteroids?
Hydrocortisone, Cortisone
What are some intermediate acting corticosteroids?
prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone
What are some long acting corticosteroids?
Dexamethasone, Flumethasone, Bethmethasone
How do local/regional topical anesthetic agents work?
works by preventing the generation and conduction of nerve impulses in the peripheral nerves
What are some clinical uses for local/regional topical anesthetic agents?
antiarrhythmic effect, epidural anesthesia, topical anesthesia, nerve block, infiltration of local area
What is the onset of Lidocaine?
short onset (5-10 minutes)
What is the duration of Lidocaine?
short duration (1-2 hours)
What is the onset of Bupivacaine?
longer/slower onset (20 minutes)
What is the duration of Bupivacaine?
longer duration (4-6 hours)
