Respiratory Drugs Flashcards
What is sympathetic stimulation?
“fight or flight,” bronchodilation in bronchioles, decrease mucous production
What is parasympathetic stimulation?
“rest and digestion,” bronchoconstriction in bronchioles, increase mucous production
What are globlet cells?
ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucous
What are alveloli?
saclike structures at the end of bronchioles
What are the general treatment goals for respiratory diseases?
control of secretions, control of reflexes, maintain normal airflow to the alveoli
What is aerolization?
nebulization, allows concentrated drug to be delivered directly into lungs
What are the two basic aerosol delivery systems?
nebulizer and metered dose inhalers
What is the clinical use for nebulization?
primarily for respiratory infection
What is the clinical use for metered dose inhalers?
bronchodilators or steroids; asthma in cats, heaves (COPD or recurrent airways obstruction) in horses, bronchitis in dogs
What are expectorants?
drugs that liquify and dilute viscous secretions of respiratory tract and promote evacuation of secretions
What is Guaifenesin?
used to relieve cough symptoms related to upper respiratory tract conditions
What are some forms of Guaifenesin?
Robitussin, Cough tabs
What drug falls under Mucolytics?
Acetylcysteine
What does Acetylcysteine do?
chemically alters mucous to decrease viscosity of secretions by breakdown of chemical (disulfide) bonds
What are the side effects of Acetylcysteine?
nausea and vomiting when administered orally
What are antitussives?
inhibit or suppress coughing
What are the clinical uses for Acetylcysteine?
treat acetaminophen toxicity
What properties does Butorphanol Tartrate have?
agonist/antagonist opioid with patent antitussive properties
Is Butorphanol controlled or uncontrolled?
controlled
What is Butorphanol used for?
chronic nonproductive cough in dogs
What are the side effects of Butorphanol?
sedation and ataxia
Is Hydrocodone Bitartrate controlled or uncontrolled?
controlled (class III)
What is Hydrocodone used for?
harsh, nonproductive cough
What are the side effects of Hydrocodone?
sedation, constipation, GI upset
Is codeine controlled or uncontrolled?
controlled (class II, III, IV)
What are the side effects of codeine?
sedation and constipation
What drug is a non-narcotic drug that is similar to codeine?
Dextromethorphan
What properties does Dextromethorphan not have that differentiates it from codeine?
no analgesia (pain control) or addictive properties
How does Dextromethorphan work?
acts centrally by increasing cough threshold
What are the side effects of Dextromethorphan?
drowsiness and GI upset
What is Temaril-P?
combination drug - antitussive (trimeprazine) and a steroid (prednisolone)
What are the side effects of Temaril-P?
sedation, depression, hypotension
What are the 4 categories of bronchodilators?
cholinergic blockers, antihistamines, beta-2 adrenergic agonist, methylxanthines
How do beta-2 adrenergic agonists work?
bind with receptors on smooth muscle fibers and cause relaxation of fibers
What are some examples of beta-2 adrenergic agonists?
epinephrine, albuterol, clenbuterol (both commonly used), and terbutaline (common)
What are some side effects of beta-2 adrenergic agonists?
tachycardia and hypertension
What are methylxathines?
inhibit an enzyme called phosphodiesterase
What are some clinical uses of methylxanthines?
bronchodilators
What are some forms of methylxanthines?
theophylline and aminophylline
What are some side effects of methylxanthines?
GI upset, central nervous system stimulation, tachycardia, ataxia, arrhythmias
What are antihistamines?
exert effect by reducing histamine release and block H1 receptors on smooth muscle; better at prevention than treatment
What are some forms of antihistamines?
diphenhydramine (benadryl), hydroxyzine, cyprohepatadine, cetirizine (xyrtec)
What are some side effects of antihistamines?
sedation and GI upset
What are corticosteriods?
provide strong anti-inflammatory effects when inhaled with fewer systemic side effects
What are corticosteroids used for?
used primarily with allergic respiratory conditions
What is the most effective drug in the treatment of equine chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
corticosteroids
What are considered the drugs of choice in the treatment of chronic airway inflammation in dogs and cats?
corticosteroids
Which pred can cats not have and why?
cats should NOT have prednisone because they do not absorb or convert prednisone to prednisolone as well as dogs
What are some clinical uses of corticosteroids?
equine heaves, feline asthma, allergic pneumonia
What are some forms of corticosteroids?
prednisolone, prednisone, beclomethasone, fluticasone propionate (FLOVENT), triamcinolone
What is Doxapram hydrochloride?
stimulate respiration during/after anesthesia
Why would you use Doxapram hydrochloride in neonates?
to stimulate respiration after c-section/dystocia
What are some forms of Doxapram hydrochloride?
Dopram
What are the side effects of Doxapram hydrochloride?
hypertension, arrhythmias, hyperventilation, CNS excitation, seizures
What are mast cell stabilizers?
blocks histamines/leukotrienes and may also inhibit bronchospasm
What are mast cell stabilizers used for?
heaves in horses/RAO
What is Naloxone?
stimulates respiration by reversing opioid overdose
What is Yohimbine?
stimulates respiration by reversing xylazine overdose
