Urinary and Reproductive system Flashcards
How is systema Genitale Femininum divided?
Divived into:
1. Organa genitalia feminina interna in pelvis minor o Ovarium (produce female ova) o Tuba uterine o Uterus o vagina
- Organa genitalia feminina externa s. pudenda feminina s. vulva in perineum, below and in front of symphysis pubica
–> Latin sg. Pudendum pl. Pudenda – ”that where of one ought to feel shame”
o Mons pubis
o Labium majus pudendi
o Labium minus pudendi
o Vestibulum vaginae
o Bulbus vestibule
o Clitoris
o Glandulae vestibulares
majores - Mamma s. glandula mammaria
Ovarium
- Lies in peritoneal cavity, but is NOT covered by peritoneum, pelvis minor. ~ 5-8 g, 3-5 cm.
- Almos vertically positioned ovarium is attached to uterus by lig. latum uteri
- Extremitas tubaria et uterina
- Facies medialis et lateralis
- Margo liber –> free, convex, looking backward
- Margo mesovaricus
- Is attached to the posterior part of lig. latum uteri by mesovarium
- Mesovarium is a fold of peritoneum
- Between 2 layers of mesovarium is blood vessels and nerves, which pass to hilum ovarii
Ovarium is fixed by 3 strucrutes:
- Lig. ovarii proprium
* from ovarium to uterus , lies within lig. latum uteri - Lig . Suspensorum ovarii
* From ovarium to lateral wall of pelvis minor
* Contains blood vessels and nerves - Mesovarium
* Part of lig. latum uteri
- Surface is coverd by tunica albuginea
- Medulla ovarii
- Nerves, BV, lymph vessels
- Cortex ovarii
- 50 000 - 80 000 follicles in each organ
- Folliculi ovarici vesiculosi mature periodically once in 28 days (after puberty to the age of 45)
- Corpus luteum –> corpus albicans
Tuba uterine s. salpinx
~ 10-12 cm long Extends from lateral wall of pelvis minor to uterus Intraperitoneal in the upper part of lig. latum uteri (mesosalpinx, which is a part of lig. latum uteri, surrounds tuba uterine) 2 openings: 1. Ostium abdominale tubae uterinae Communicates with cavitas peritonealis 2. Ostium uterinum tubae uterinae Communicates with cavitas uteri
4 parts:
1. Infundibulum tubae uterinae
Abdominal end. Opens to cavitas peritonealis
Surrounded by 1-1,5 cm long fimbriae tubae uterinae
o One of them is fimbria ovarica reaching extremitas tubaria ovarii
- Ampulla tubae uterinae
Oval shape enlargement, place for fertilization - Isthmus tubae uterinae
Narrow part close to uterus - Pars uterinae
Penetrates wall of uterus and opens to cavitas uteri by ostium uterinum tubae uterinae
Tunica mucosa
o Ciliated epithelium, producing fluid flowing towards uterus . Mucosa has plicae tubariae folds.
Tunica muscularis
o Inner circular muscle layer
o Outer longitudinal muscle layer
o Peristaltic movement for oocyte transport to uterus and antiperistaltic movement for spermatozoa
Tela subserosa
o Loose connective tissue
Tunica serosa
o Intraperitoneal covering, except at mesosalpinx, where perotineum folds to formate passway for blood
and lymph vessels and nerves.
Uterus s. Metra
Hollow pear-shaped muscular organ, 7-8 cm in lenght and 40-50 g in weight
Mesoperitoneal organ
Syntopia
o Anteriorly: vesica urinaria, Excavatio vesicouterina
o Posteriorly: rectum, Excavatio rectouterina
3 parts:
1. Fundus uteri
Above ostium uterinum tubae uterinae dextrae et sinistrae
2. Corpus uteri
2 walls:
i. Facies vesicalis - facing vesica urinaria
ii. Facies intestinalis, separated from rectum by coils of intestinum tenue
Lower part is narrow, isthmus uteri
3. Cervix uteri
Lower portion lies in vagina, divided into:
i. Portio supravaginalis cervicis – upper part above vagina
ii. Portio vaginalis cervicis – lower part inside vagina
Margo uteri dexter et sinister (border of uterus)
o Lig. latum uteri starts from the border and extends to pelvic walls
Cavitas uteri
o Antero-posteriorly flattened, sagittally triangular
o Basis cavi uteri, between ostium uterinum tubae uterinae d. et s.
o Apex cavi uteri, projects down, continues as canalis cervicis uteri
o Canal opens into vagina by ostium uteri externum
bordered by:
labium anterius
labium posterius
Uterus s. Metra wall structure and structures fixing it
Tunica mucosa s. endometrium
Lining of cavitas uteri et canalis cervicis uteri
Glandulae uterinae et plicae palmatae in anterior and posterior walls of canalis cervicis uteri
Endometrium, except lamina basalis endometrii, is desquamated during mestruation
Tunica muscularis s. myometrium
Internal longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal muscle layers
Tunica serosa s. perimetrium
Mesoperitoneal covering by peritoneum
Structures fixing the uterus:
M. levator ani
Lig. teres uteri
o Starts from upper part of uterus lies between layers of lig. latum uteri through canalis
inguinalis reaching mons pubis
Lig. latum uteri
o Dublication of peritoneum in planum frontale
o from margo uteri to walls of cavitas pelvis
o Superior part surrounds tubae uterinae , inferior part fuses with perineum
o Has topographical subdivision into 3 parts:
1. Mesosalpinx – surrounding tubae uterinae
2. Mesovarium – attaching to margo mesovaricus ovarii
3. Mesometrium – lower portion, laterally to uterus
Lig. cardinale uteri s. lig. transversum cervicis
o from cervix uteri to lateral wall of pelvis minor
Lig. pubocervicale
o from cervix uteri to fundus vesicae urinariae and symphysis pubica ossis pubis
Lig. Rectouterinum
o from cervix uteri to rectum and os sacrum
o in plica rectouterina
Normal position is anteflexio 70 – 100 ̊ and anteversio 90 – 100 ̊.
Vagina
~8-12 cm in lenght, bordered by uterus et ositum vaginae
Ostium vaginae
o Partly closed by hymen (mucosal fold)
o After first coitus hymen is broken and becomes caranculae hymenales
Paries anterior vaginae
Paries posterior vaginae
Upper parts of vagina surrounds portio vaginalis cervicis uteri
o Between portio vaginalis cervicis uteri and the inner surface of vagina wall is Fornix vaginae
Posterior part of Fornix vaginae is higher
Mucosa on the inner surface of vagina forms rugae vaginales
o medial part higher to lateral part
In paries anterior et paries posterior these rugae vaginales form two longitudinal colums – columna
rugarum anterior et columna rugarum posterior
Tunica muscularis
Smooth muscles fibers, with inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
Tunica adventitia
Loose connective tissue connecting to surrounding organs
Organa genitalia feminina externa s. vulva s. pudenda feminina
Mons pubis
Round eminence anteriorly to symphysis pubica, superiorly to labia majora
Triangular in shape, adipose tissue, becomes covered by hair after puberty
Labium majus pudendi dextrum et sinistrum
Longitudinal cutaneous folds, sagitally downwards and backwards from mons pubis
Rima pudendi between labia majora
Outer surface is pigmented and has hair covering
Inner surface is smooth non-pigmented with sebaceous glands
Glandula vestibularis major dextra et sinistra
o Located in the base of labia majora between musculi perinei
o Ducts open to lateral part of ostium vaginae
Labium minus pudendi dextrum et sinistrum
Sagittal cutaneous folds between labia majora
Posterior ends join at midline
Each anterior end divides to 2 portions:
1. Preputium clitoridis – fuses above glans clitoridis
2. Frenulum clitoridis – fuses below glans clitoridis
Glandulae vestibulares minores in the inner surface
o Function is to moisten vestibulum vaginae
Vestibulum vaginae
o Cleft between labia minora pudendi, behind glans clitoridis
o 2 openings in vestibulum vaginae:
1. Ostium urethrae externum
2. Ostium vaginae
Bulbus vestibule
Unpaired organ, similar to corpus spongiosum penis with erectile tissue with venous blood
Two lateral portions around ostium vaginae
o Median portion between glans clitoridis and ostium urethrae externum
Clitoris
Similar to corpora cavernosa penis
Erectile tissue with significant amount of nerve endings
It has 3 parts:
1. Crus clitoridis dexter et sinister
Connected to ramus inferior ossis pubis
2. Corpus clitoridis
3. Glans clitoridis
Beneath anterior connection of
labium majus, hidden by preputium clitoridis
Perineum
consists of structures covering apertura pelvis minor and formating exitus pelvis minor
o skin, fasciae, skeletas muscles, CT, fat
Topographical subdivision into 2 triangles
o Trigonum anale
anus
Borders: os coccygis , tuber ischiadicum dexter et sinister
o Trigonum urogenitale
ostium urethrae externum, ostium vaginae
Borders: tuber ischiadicum dexter et sinister, symphysis pubica
Diaphragma pelvis
o separates cavitas pelvis from the underlying structures
Diaphragma pelvis muscles
Diaphragma Has 3 muscles: M. levator ani (3 parts) 1. M. pubococcygeus o. ramus inferior ossis pubis i. os coccygis 2. M. puborectalis fibers laterally from m. pubovaginalis toward rectum o. symphysis pubica i. rectum 3. M. iliococcygeus o. spina ischiadica i. os coccygis f. stabilies pelvic organs
M. coccygeus
o. spina ischiadica
i. os coccygis
F. elevatio diaphragmae pelvis
M. sphincter ani externus
Surrounds anus, constricts analis canalis Subdivided into 3 parts: Pars subcutanea Pars superficialis Pars profunda
Musculi diaphragmae pelvis are covered by:
Superiorly: fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior
Inferiorly: fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior
Perineal muscles
divided into deep and superficial muscles.
o 2 Musculi perinei profundi
M. transversus perinei profundus
o. tuber ischiadicum
i. centrum tendineum (by fusion with
controlateral m. transversus perinei profundus)
f. fixation and stabilisation of perineum
M. sphincter urethrae externus
In females encircles urethra et vagina
o Musculi perinei superficialis
M. transversus perinei superficialis o. tuber ischiadicum i. centrum tendineum (by fusion with controlateral m. transversus perinei superficialis) f. fixation and stabilisation of perineum
M. ischiocavernosus (=common name) in females: m. erector clitoridis in males: m. erector penis o. ramus ossis ischii i. tunica albuginea clitoridis f. erectio clitoridis
M. bulbospongiosus (=common name) in females: m. sphincter vaginae in males: m. ejaculatorius seminis o. centrum tendineum i. fascia clitoridis f. narrowing of vestibulum vaginae
Fascia perinei covers musculi perinei inferiorly.
Perineal space and region
Deep perineal space contain: o M. transversus perinei profundus o m. sphincter urethrae externus for male also o urethra pars membranacea o bulbus penis o glandulae vestibulares majors for female also o urethra o vagina o glandula vestibulares majors Superficial perineal space contain: o M. transversus perinei superficialis o M. external genitalia m. erector clitoridis m. sphincter vaginae Membrana perinei separates deep and superficial perineal spaces
In perineal region on both sides is fossa ischioanalis o Contain fat, loose CT, BV, nerves o Each fossa is borered by: Laterally Tuber ischiadicum M. obturatorius internus Covered by fascia and lig. sacrotuberale Medially M. levator ani M. sphincter ani externus Posteriorly Os coccygis M. levator ani (posterior part) M. gluteus maximus Lig. sacrotuberale Anteriorly M. transversus perinei superficialis et profundus Inferiorly Fascia perinei
Mamma s. Glandula mammaria
Papilla mammaria Areola mammae Glandulae areolares Ligg. mammaria suspensoria fascia pectoralis/clavicula Corpus mammae 15 – 20 x Lobi glandulae mammariae Ductus lactiferi Sinus lactiferi
Systema genitale masculinum
The genital system Comprised of organs located outside and inside of the body around the pelvic region Organa genitalia masculina interna: - Testis (2) - epididymis (2) - ductus deferens (2) - vesicula seminalis (2) / glandula vesiculosa - ductus ejaculatorius (2) - prostate - glandula bulbourethralis (2) o Organa genitalia masculina externa: (below symphysis pubica) - Penis et scrotum
Testis s. Orchis s. Didymis
o Paired glandular organ producing spermatozoa and sex hormones
o Oval shape, 4-4,5 cm long and weighs about 20-30g
o Situated into the scrotum in the saggital plane.
o Poles
o Extremitas superior (17)
o Extemitas inferior (18)
o Surfaces
o Facies lateralis (19)
o Facies medialis
o Margins
o Margo anterior (21)
o Margo posterior (close to the epididymis) (22)
o Tunica albuginea (24)
connective tissue capsule of the testis
o Mediastinum testis (25)
connective tissue mass projecting into the interior of the testis from the posterior margin
of the tunica albuginea
o Septula testis (26)
Connective tissue partitions radiating out from the mediastinum to the tunica albuginea,
divide into lobules
o Parenchyma of testis (27)
specific testicular tissue made up of seminiferous tubules
o Lobuli testis (28)
Compartmentalized lobules of testicular parenchyma formed by the septa, 200-300
o Tubuli seminiferi contorti (29)
convoluted tubules where spermatogenesis take place
o Tubuli seminiferi recti (30)
short straight tubules extending from the convoluted seminiferous tubules to the rete
testis
o Rete testis (31)
Network of canals within the mediastinum testis, they connect the straight seminiferous
tubules with the efferent ductules
o Ductuli efferentes testis (30)
ductulus between the rete testis and the duct of the epididymis
Testis coverings
o Tunica vaginalis testis:
- Lamina visceralis; fuses with tunica albuginea
- Lamina parietale
- between layers is a space with serous fluid, sinus epididymidis
o Fascia spermatica interna (continuation of fascia transversalis)
o Musculus cremasterica
o Fascia cremasterica
o Fascia spermatica externa (continuation of fascia abdominalis superficialis)
o Tunica dartos
o Cutis
There is a space between the layers and a pouch at the lateral surface
- sinus epididymis.