Exam questions - muscles / joints Flashcards
- Axes and planes in anatomy.
Axis frontalis
flexio, extensio
Axis sagittalis
abductio, adductio
Axis verticalis
rotatio interna, rotatio externa
Planum horisontale
superior s. cranialis
inferior s. caudalis
Planum frontale
anterior s. ventralis
posterior s. dorsalis
Planum sagittale
dexter
sinister
- Continuous bone connections
= Synarthrosis
SYNDESMOSIS S. JUNCTURA FIBROSA
→ membranes, ligaments and suturae (serrata, squamosa, plana)
for ex. lig. coracoacromiale, lig. transversum scapulae superius, membrana obturatoria (closes foramen obturatum), lig. sacrospinale/-tuberale
SYNCHONDROSIS S. JUNCTURA CARTILAGINEA
→ Disci intervertebrales: anulus fibrosus & nucleus pulposus
→ Synchondrosis manubriosternalis and xiphosternalis
- also f. ex. b. corpus ossis ilii/ischii and pubis in acetabulum. also b. ramus ossis ischii and ramus inferior ossis pubis
SYNOSTOSIS S. JUNCTURA OSSEA
→ fusion of two bones: os sacrum/coccyges
→ develop after the ossification of synchondroses
- Discontinuous bone connections
= Diarthrosis s. junctura synovialis
- Articulatio cylindrical (Ginglymus) – uniaxial joint. Flexion and extension (door hinge). B. Humerus & ulna
- Articulatio conoidea – uniaxial joint. Rotational movement. B. radius & ulna
- Articulatio trochoidea – uniaxial joint. Rotational movement (pivot). B. Radius & ulna: Art. Radioulnaris proximalis
- Articulatio ellipsoidea – biaxial joint. Flexio, extensio, adductio, abductio (oval shaped). art. atlantooccipitalis
- Articulatio sellaris – biaxial joint. Flexio, extensio, adductio, abductio (saddle). b. os trapezium and proximal metacarpal bone of thumb (Art. carpometacarpalis pollicis)
- Articulatio spheroidea – multiaxial joint. Biaxial joint. Flexio, extensio, adductio, abductio, rotatio (ball-and-socket). B. art. humeri, art. sternoclavicularis (also art. humeroradialis), Artt. metacarpophalangeae (b. caput ossis metacarpalis & basis phalangis proximalis)
- Articulatione plana – allows only gliding movement. (plate). B. vertebrates
- Structure of synovial joint: components and additional structures
→ parts: ligaments - fibrous joint capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
→ bigger consept parts are facies articularis, capsula articularis, cavitas articularis
- Formed by connective tissue (plicae synoviales,villi synoviales, bursae synoviales, bursae mucosae, ligamernta)
- Formed by cartilage (discus/meniscus articularis, labrum articulare)
- Formed by bone (ossa sesamoidea) for. ex. Patella
Classification:
- articulatio simplex (art.coxae)
- articulatio composita (art. cubiti)
- combined joint
- multiaxial: art.spheroidea (art.humeri), art. cotylica s. enarthrosis (art.coxae) /plana
- biaxial: art. ellipsoidea/sellaris
- monoaxial joints: art. trochoidea/ginglymus/conoidea
- Hemiarthrosis
SYMPHYSIS (JUNCTURA) SACROCCYGEA
In articulatio sacrococcygea there are:
1. Ligamentum sacrococcygeum anterius: From os sacrum to os coccygis. Extension of ligamentum longitudinale anterius.
2. Ligamentum sacrococcygeum posterius: From os sacrum to os coccyges
→ Profundum: corresponds to ligamentum longitudinale posterius
→ Superficiale: corresponds to ligamenta flava
Symphysis pubica where both facies symphysialis ossis pubis are joined by fibrous cartilage or discus interpubicus.
→ Lig. pubicum superius
→ Lig. pubicum inferius
- There is eminentia retropubica on the posterior surface of symphysis pubica.
- Artt. sternocostales
- Incisura costalis I – VII
- Cartilago costalis: I – VII directrly connected
→ Ligg. Sternocostalia radiata
→ Lig. sternocostale intraarticulare
- Artt. costoverterbrales
Art. costotransversaria
* Facies articularis tuberculi costae
* Fovea costalis processus transversalis
→ Lig. costotransversarium laterale et superius
Art. capitis costae
* Facies articularis capitis costae
* Fovea costalis superior
* Fovea costalis inferior
→ Lig. capitis costae radiatum
Capsula articularis strength facies articularis superior and inferior
- Canalis vertebralis; walls and openings
posterior:
- ligaments flava
- arcus vertebrae (arcus posterius atlantis)
anterior:
- corpus vertebrae (arcus anterior atlantis)
- ligamenta longitudinale posterius
- discus intervertebrales
lateral:
- foramen intervertebral
- pediculus arcus vertebrae
–> spinal cord goes through
–> continues as canalis sacralis which opening is hiatus sacralis
- Art. atlantooccipitalis
art. ellipsoidea
b. Facies articularis superior atlas & Condylus occipitalis
→ Capsula articularis
→ Membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior (beween os occipitale and arcus anterior atlantis)
→ Membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior (between os occipitale and atlas at the posterior aspect of canalis vertebralis)
Lig. cruciform atlantis; composed of two ligaments
1. Lig. transversum atlantis (sideways behind dens axis)
2. Fasciculi longitudinales (two of these; above and below lig. transversum atlantis)
Ligg. alaria (winged ligaments from apex dentis, beneath Lig. cruciform atlantis)
Lig. apicis dentis (between apex dentis and os occipitale, beneath Lig. cruciform atlantis)
Membrana tectoria (over all the ligaments of art. atlantoaxialis mediana, extension of the lig. lonitudinale
posterius
- Art. atlantoaxialis mediana et lateralis
Art. atlantoaxialis lateralis
b. Processus articularis superior axis &Massa lateralis atlantis, facies articularis inferior atlas
→ Capsula articularis
Art. atlantoaxialis mediana anterior
b. Facies articularis anterior in dens axis & Fovea dentis in atlas
→ Capsula articularis
Art. atlantoaxialis mediana posterior (art. trochoidea = pivot)
b. Facies articularis posterior in dens axis &Lig. transversum atlantis (sideways behind dens axis)
- Cavitas thoracis; walls and openings
Paries posterior:
- columna vertebralis
- membrana intercostales internae
Paries laterales:
- costae
- spatia intercostalis
Paries anterior:
- cartilago costalis,
- membrana intercostales externa
- sternum
Apertura thoracis superior
- Posterior: Corpus vertebrae thoracic T1
- Lateral: Margo internus costae prima
- Anterior: Cartilago costae prima, incisura jugularis manubrium sterni
Apertura thoracis inferior
- Posterior: Corpus vertebrae thoracic T12
- Lateral: Margo internus costae 11 and 12
- Anterior: Cartilago costales 7-10, symphysis
xiphosternalis (art. between proc. xiphoideus
and corpus sterni)
- Art. sternoclavicularis
art. spheroidea = ball-and-socket
b. Incisura clavicularis manubrii sterni n’ Facies articularis sternalis claviculae
- Discus articularis (divides the joint into 2 parts)
- Capsula articularis
→ lig. sternoclaviculare anterius from manubrium sterni to clavicle on the anterior aspect
→ lig. sternoclaviculare posterius from manubrium sterni to clavicle on the posterior aspect
→ lig. costoclaviculare from facies superior costae prima to facies inferior claviculae
→ lig. interclaviculare between extremitas sternalis on both claviculae
Movements:
elevation and depression (sagittal axis)
forward and backwards (vertical axis)
slight rotatio (frontal axis)
- Art. acromioclavicularis
b. Facies articularis clavicularis acromialis & Facies articularis acromialis claviculae
- capsula articularis
- discus articularis
→ lig. acromioclaviculare from acromion to extremitas acromialis
→ lig. coracoclaviculare from processus coracoideus to clavicula
- Art. humeri
B. Caput humeri & Cavitas glenoidalis
- Cavitas glenoidalis is enlarged by Labrum glenoidalis
→ capsula articularis attach to labrum glenoidalis and collum anatomicum
→ lig. coracohumerale from processus coracoideus
to tuberculum majus humeri
→ lig. coracoacromiale forms upper vault of the
articulatio.
Movements:
Flexio et extensio brachii (frontal axis)
abductio et adductio brachii (sagittal axis)
rotatio interna et externa brachii (vertical axis)
circumduction brachii
- Art. cubiti
Art. humeroulnaris (art. cochlearis = screw
type)
B. Trochlea humeri and Incisura
throchlearis ulnae.
Art. humeroradialis (art. spheroidea = ball-
and-socket)
B. capitulum humeri and fovea
articularis radii.
Art. radioulnaris proximalis (art. trochoidea =
pivot)
B. circumferentia articularis
radii and incisura radialis ulnae.
All of these have common capsula articularis that is attached
to the humerus:
- Anteriorly: above fossa radialis and fossa coronoidea
- Posteriorly: above fossa olecrani
- On ulna: incisura throchlearis
- On radius: collum radii
→ lig. collaterale ulnare from epicondylus medialis humeri to incisura throchlearis ulnae
→ lig. collaterale radiale from epicondylus lateralis humeri
and downwards it divides into two bundles, embraces
caput radii (anterior side) and incisura radialis ulnae
(posterior side)
→ lig. anulare radii encircles caput radii and attaches to incisura radialis ulnae on both sides (anterior and posterior)
Movements:
Flexio et extensio antebrachii (frontal axis)
Supinatio et pronatio antebrachii (vertical axis)
Circumductio antebrachii
- Art. radiocarpalis
b. Facies articularis carpalis radii and Facies articularis ossis scaphoidei, ossis lunati et ossis triquetri
- discus articularis attaches to incisura ulnaris radii and processus styloideus ulnae. It separates art. radioulnaris distalis and art. radiocarpalis.
- Capsula articularis
→ Lig. collaterale carpi radiale from processus styloideus radii to os scaphoideum
→ Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare from processus styloideus ulnae to os triquetrum
→ Lig. radiocarpale palmare from processus styloideus radii and epiphysis distalis radii (anterior
surface) to proximal row of ossa carpi and os capitatum
→ Lig. radiocarpale dorsale from epiphysis distalis radii (posterior surface) to proximal row of ossa carpi
Movements:
Flexio et extensio manus (frontal axis)
Abductio et adductio manus (sagittal axis)
Circumductio manus
- Artt. manus
Art. radiocarpalis (art. ellipsoidea = ellipsoid) (lig.collaterale carpi radiale/ulnare, lig. radiocarpale palmare/dorsale)
Art. mediocarpalis (art. plana = plane, amphiarthrosis, S-shaped) (ligg. intercarpalia dorsalia/palmaria/interossea)
Art. ossis pisiformis (art. plana, amphiarthrosis)
Artt. carpometacarpales (artt. planae = plane, amphiarthroses) (lig. carpometacarpalia palmaria/dorsalia)
Art. carpometacarpalis pollicis (art. sellaris = saddle)
Artt. intermetacarpales (artt. planae = plane, amphiarthroses) (ligg. metacarpalia palmaria/dorsalia/interossea)
Artt. metacarpophalangeae (artt. spheroidea = ball-and-socket) (ligg. collateralia/palmaria, lig. metacarpale transversum profundum)
Art. metacarpophalangea pollicis (ginglymus = wheel)
Artt. interphalangeae manus proximalis et distalis (ginglymus = wheel) (ligg. collateralia, palmaria)
- Pelvis major: walls and measurements
Walls:
- Paries posterior: vertebra lumbales IV and V and junctions between them
- Paries laterales: ala ossis ilii dextra at sinistra
Measurements:
- Distantia intercristalis is a distance between crista iliaca dextra et
sinistra, 28-29cm
- Distantia interspinosum is a distance between spina iliaca
anterior superior dextra et sinistra, 25-27cm
- Distantia intertrochanterica is a distance between trochanter
major dextra is sinistra, 30-32cm
- Pelvis minor: walls and measurements
Walls:
- Paries posterior: os sacrum, os coccygis and juncture sacrococcygea
- Paries laterales (2kpl) : foramen ischiadicum majus et minus
- Paries anterior: ramus superior et inferior ossis pubis, ramus ossis ischii, membrana obturatoria, symphysis pubica
Measurements:
- Diameter transversa between the furthest points of linea arcuata, 13,5cm
- Diameter oblique between art. sacroiliaca and
the opposite eminentia iliopubica, 12,5cm
- Diameter recta :
–> Conjugata anatomica between promontorium and upper margins of symphysis pubica, 11,5cm
–> Conjugata vera between promontorium and eminentia retropubica, 10,5cm – 11cm
–> Conjugata diagonalis between promontorium and lower margins of symphysis pubica, 12,5cm – 13cm
- Apertura pelvis superior et inferior
Superior/major:
1. Promontorium
2. Art. sacroiliaca
3. Linea arcuata
4. Eminentia iliopubica
5. Pecten ossis pubis
6. Tuberculum pubicum
7. Lig. pubicum superius
Inferior/minor:
1. Os coccygis
2. Lig. sacrotuberale
3. Tuber ischiadicum
4. Ramus ossis ischii
5. Ramus inferior ossis pubis
6. Lig. pubicum inferius
- Art. sacroiliaca; symphysis pubica
(art. plana = plane, amphiarthrosis) which articular surfaces are:
- Facies auricularis ossis sacri and Facies auricularis ossis ilii
* Capsula articularis
–> Lig. sacroiliacum anterius
–> Lig. sacroiliacum posterius
–> Lig. sacroiliacum interosseum
symphysis pubica
- both facies symphysialis ossis pubis are joined by
fibrous cartilage or discus interpubicus.
Lig. pubicum superius
Lig. pubicum inferius
There is eminentia retropubica on
the posterior surface of symphysis
pubica.
- Art. coxae
(art. cotylica s. enarthrosis)
b. Facies articularis capitis femoris and Facies lunata acetabuli
→ Acetabulum is completed by labrum acetabuli
* Capsula articularis attached to linea intertrochanterica and crista intertrochanterica
2 Ligg. Intracapsularia in cavitas articularis:
→ Lig. transversum acetabuli connects the ends of facies lunata acetabuli and crosses incisura
acetabuli
→ Lig. capitis femoris extends from fossa acetabuli where it attaches
to lig. transversum acetabuli to fovea capitis femoris
4 Ligg. extracapsularia
→ lig. iliofemorale between spina iliaca anterior inferior and linea intertrochanterica
→ lig. pubofemorale between ramus superior ossis pubis and linea
intertrochanterica
→ lig. ischiofemorale between corpus ossis ischii and fossa trochanterica
→ zona orbicularis around collum femoris and attaches to spina iliaca anterior inferior
Movements:
flexio et extensio femoris (frontal axis)
abductio et adductio femoris (sagittal
axis)
rotatio interna et externa femoris
(vertical axis)
circumductio femoris
- Art. genus
b. Facies articularis condyli medialis femoris andFacies articularis superior condyli medialis tibiae
b. Facies articularis condyli lateralis femoris and Facies articularis superior condyli lateralis tibiae
b. Facies articularis patellae and Facies patelaris femoris
There is:
- meniscus medialis (semi-circular)
- meniscus lateralis (almost circular)
- capsula articularis
3 ligg. intracapsularia
→ lig. transversum genus joins two menisci in front
→ lig. cruciatum anterius from condyli lateralis femoris to area intercondylaris anterior tibia
→ lig. cruciatum posterius from condyli medialis femoris to area intercondylaris posterior tibia
7 ligg. extracapsularia
→ Lig. collaterale tibiale from epicondylus medialis femoris to condyli medialis tibia and facies medialis tibia
→ Lig. collaterale fibulare from epicondylus lateralis femoris to lateral side of caput fibula
→ Lig. patellae continuation of tendon of m. quadriceps femoris (attach to tuberositas tibiae)
→ Retinaculum patellae mediale is fibers of m. vastus medialis
→ Retinaculum patellae laterale is fibers of m. vastus lateralis and m. rectus femoris
→ Lig. popliteum obliquum at the dorsal surface, attaches from condyli lateralis femoris to condyle medialis tibia
→ Lig. popliteum arcuatum at the dorsal surface, attaches from caput fibulae to lig. popliteum obliquum
On both sides of the patella there are 2 plicae alares, but below patella there is plica synovialis infrapatellaris.
The synovial membrane forms 9 bursas:
1. Bursa suprapatellaris between femur and tendon of m. quadriceps femoris
2. Bursa musculi poplitei between tendon of m. popliteus and condyli lateralis tibiae
3. Bursa anserina between tendons of m. sartorius, m. gracilis, m. semitendinosus and tibia
4. Bursa subtendinea musculi gastrocnemii medialis lies in front of the proximal attachment of tendon of
m. gastrocnemius cauput medialis
5. Bursa subcutanea prepatellaris between the skin and facies anterior patella
6. Bursa subfascialis prepatellaris lies deep to fascia
7. Bursa subtendinea prepatellaris lies deep to the tendon
8. Bursa subcutanea infrapatellaris between the skin and tuberositas tibiae
9. Bursa infrapatellaris profunda between lig. patella and facies anterior tibiae
Movements:
Flexio et extensio (frontal axis)
Rotatio interna et externa (vertical axis)
Circumductio cruris
- Art. talocruralis
(ginglymus)
b. Facies superior tali and Facies articularis inferior tibiae
b. Facies malleolaris medialis tali and Facies articularis malleoli medialis tibiae
b. Facies malleolaris lateralis tali and Facies articularis malleoli lateralis fibulae
- Capsula articularis
→ Lig. collaterale mediale s. deltoideum from malleolus
medialis and divides into 4 parts: - Pars tibiotalaris anterior to caput tali
- Pars tibiotalaris posterior to corpus tali
- Pars tibionavicularis to os naviculare
- Pars tibiocalcanea to sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus
→ Lig. collaterale laterale which consists 3 ligaments
- Lig. talofibulare anterius from malleolus lateralis to caput tali
- Lig. talofibulare posterius from malleolus lateralis to posterior end of talus
- Lig. calcaneofibulare from malleolus lateralis to lateral surface of calcaneus
Flexio et extensio pedis (frontal axis)
- Artt. pedis
Art. subtalaris (art. plana = flat, amphiarthrosis) (Lig. talocalcaneum mediale, Lig. talocalcaneum laterale)
Art. talo(calcaneo)navicularis (art. spheroidea) (Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare, Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum)
Art. calcaneocuboidea (Lig. bifurcatum _attaches to calcaneus and divides in front in a Y-shaped manner into lig.calcaneonaviculare, lig. calcaneocuboideum, Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare, Lig. plantare longum)
Art. tarsi transversa s. Choparti (Lig. calcaneonaviculare, Lig. calcaneocuboideum)
Art. cuneonavicularis (art. plana = flat) (Ligg. tarsi dorsalia, Ligg. tarsi plantaria, Ligg. tarsi interossea)
Artt. tarsometatarsales s. art. Lisfranci (Ligg. tarsometatarsalia dorsalia, Ligg. tarsometatarsalia plantaria, Ligg. cuneometatarsalia interossea)
Art. intermetatarsales (Ligg. metatarsalia dorsalia, Ligg. metatarsalia plantaria, Ligg. metatarsalia interossea)
Artt. metatarsophalangeae (Ligg. Collateralia, Ligg. plantaria, Ligg. metatarsale transversum profundum)
Artt. interphalangeae pedis (Ligg. Collateralia, Ligg. plantaria)
- Art. tarsi transversa
b. Art. talonavicularis
b. Os naviculare, Talus, and Calcaneus
- Capsula articularis
→ Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare connects sustentaculum tali with ossa naviculare
→ Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum from talus to calcaneus in the tarsal sinus
supinatio cum adductio pedis
pronatio cum abductio pedis
and Art. calcaneocuboidea:
b. calcaneus and os cuboideum
- Capsula articularis
→ Lig. bifurcatum attaches to calcaneus and divides in front in a Y-shaped manner into
lig.calcaneonaviculare (to os naviculare) and lig. calcaneocuboideum (to os cuboideum)
→ Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare extends from the forepart of calcaneus to plantar surface of os
cuboideum
→ Lig. plantare longum from in front of the tuber calcanei to plantar surface of ossa metatarsi II - V
- Art. Lisfranci and art. Choparti
Artt. tarsometatarsales s. art. Lisfranci
b. Os cuboideum and Ossa cuneiformia (laterale, intermedium and mediale) and Basis ossis metatarsales
–> Ligg. tarsometatarsalia dorsalia
–> Ligg. tarsometatarsalia plantaria
–> Ligg. cuneometatarsalia interossea
2. Art. tarsi transversa s. Choparti
b. Art. talonavicularis
( b. Os naviculare, Talus, and Calcaneus
- Capsula articularis
–> Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare connects sustentaculum tali with ossa naviculare
–> Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum from talus to calcaneus in the tarsal sinus
supinatio cum adductio pedis
pronatio cum abductio pedis)
and Art. calcaneocuboidea:
(b. calcaneus and os cuboideum
- Capsula articularis
–> Lig. bifurcatum attaches to calcaneus and divides in front in a Y-shaped manner into
lig.calcaneonaviculare (to os naviculare) and lig. calcaneocuboideum (to os cuboideum)
–> Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare extends from the forepart of calcaneus to plantar surface of os
cuboideum
–> Lig. plantare longum from in front of the tuber calcanei to plantar surface of ossa metatarsi II - V)
–> Lig. calcaneonaviculare
–> Lig. calcaneocuboideum
- Mm. superficiales dorsi
Musculus trapezius
O. Protuberantia occipitalis externa
Linea nuchae superior
Ligmentum nuchae
Processus spinosi (vertebrae thoracici)
I. Spina scapulae
Acromion
Extremitas acromialis claviculae
F. The upper part (pars descendes): elevates the scapula
The middle part (pars transversa): move scapula and
clavicle backwards medially towards the vertebral
column
The lower part (pars ascendens): depresses the scapula
Musculus latisiimus dorsi
O. Crista iliaca
Fascia thoracolumbalis
Processus spinosi (vertebrae thoracicae 7-12)
Facies externae costarum 9-12
I. Crista tuberculi minoris humeri
F. Adduction brachii
Extension brachii
Rotation interna brachii
Musculus rhomboideus minor
O. Processus spinosi (vertebrae cervicales 6-7)
I. Margo medialis scapulae
F. Fix the scapula to the thorax and pull it towards
the spine
Musculus rhomboideus major
O. Processus spinosi (vertebrae thoracicae 1-4)
I. Margo medialis scapulae
F. Fix the scapula to the thorax and pull it towards
the spine
Musculus levator scapulae
O. Tuberculum posterius of processus transverus (vertebrae
cervicales 1-4)
I. Angulus superior scapulae
F. Elevatio of scapula
Musculus serratus posterior superior
O. Processus spinosi (vertebrae cervicales 5-7, vertebrae
thoracicae 1-2)
I. Facies externae costarum (2-5)
F. Elevatio costarum
Musculus serratus posterior inferior
O. Processus spinosus (vertebrae thoracicae 11-12 un vertebrae
lumbales 1-2)
I. Facies externae costarum (9-12)
F. Depressio costarum
- Mm. profundi dorsi (mm. breves)
1) Systema intertransversale
Musculi intertransversarii
* Between two processus transversus
F. Unilaterally: lateroflexion
Bilaterally: extension
2) Systema interspinale
Musculi interspinales (cervicis, thoracis, lumborum)
* Between two processus spinosus
F. Segmental extension
3) Systema transversospinale
Musculi rotatores breves (cervicis, thoracis,
lumborum)
* Between processus spinosus and processus
transversus
→ Course to the adjacent upper vertebra
F. Unilaterally: segmental lateroflexion, rotation
Bilaterally: segmental extension
- Mm. profundi dorsi (mm. longi: systema interspinalis et
systema intertransversalis)
1) Systema intertransversale
Musculus iliocostalis (cervicis, thoracis, lumborum)
Pars lumbalis
O. Crista iliaca
I. Angulus costae (6th lower costae)
Pars thoracica
O. Angulus costae (6th lower costae)
I. Angulus costae (6th upper costae)
Pars cervicalis
O. Angulus costae (6th upper costae)
I. Processus transversus (6th – 3rd cervical vertebrae)
Musculi longissumus (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
Pars thoracis
O. Os sacrum
crista iliaca
vertebra lumbales (proc. Spinosi)
I. costa 2-12
vertebra toracis (proc. Transversi)
Pars cervicis
O. Proc. Transversi (thor. Vert. 6th – 1st)
I. Proc. Transversi (cerv. Vert. 5th – 2nd)
Pars capitis
O. proc. Transversi (thor. Vert. 3rd – cerv. Vert. 3rd)
I. Proc. Mastoideus
F. (for all) lateroflexio et extensio
2) Systema interspinale
Musculi spinalis (capitis, cervicis, thoracis, ALSO LUMBALIS)
Pars capitis
O. Processus spinosus of 3rd – 1st thoracic and 7th – 6th cervical vertebrae
I. Squama ossis occipitalis
Pars cervicis
O. Processus spinosus of 3rd – 1st thoracic and 7th to 6th cervical vertebrae
I. Processus spinosus of 5th – 2nd cervical vertebrae
Pars thoracis
O. Processus spinosus 2nd, 1st lumbar and 12th – 10th thoracic vertebrae
I. Processus spinosus of 9th – 2nd thoracic vertebrae
F. unilaterally: lateroflexion
Bilaterally: extension
→ Systema intertransversale (1) + systema interspinale (2) from musculi longi = Musculi erector spinae
F. extension trunci
- Mm. profundi dorsi (systema transversospinalis et systema
spinotransversalis)
3) Systema transversospinale
* From processus transversus to processus spinosus
Musculi rotatores longi
- Jump over one vertebra
Musculi multifidi breves
- Jump over two vertebra
Musculi multifidi longi
- Jump over three vertebra
Musculi semispinales
- Jump over four – five vertebra
F. Unilaterally: segmental lateroflexion
Bilaterlly: segmental extension
4) Systema spinotransversale
Musculus splenius cervicis
O. Processus spinosus of the T6-T3
I. Processus transversus of C1 and C2
Musculus splenius capitis
O. Processus spinosus T3-C3
I. Processus mastoideus (Linea nuchalis superior)
F. Unilaterally: lateroflexion, rotation of the cervical
part of the vertebral column
Bilaterally: Extension of the cervical part of the vertebral column
- Mm. occipitovertebrales
Musculus rectus capitis posterior minor
O. Atlas
I. Linea nuchae inferior
Musculus rectus capitis posterior major
O. Processus spinosus axis
I. Linea nuchae inferior
Musculus obliquus capitis inferior
O. Processus spinosus axis
I. Processus transversus atlantis
Musculus obliquus capitis superior
O. Processus transversus atlantis
I. Linea nuchae inferior
F (for all the 4 muscles): Extensio capitis and lateroflexio capitis
- Mm. superficiales thoracis
Musculus pectoralis major
Pars clavicularis
O. Extremitas sternalis claviculae
Pars sternocostalis
O. Facies anterior sterni, cartilagines costarum 2-7
Pars abdominalis
O. Lamina anterior vaginae musculi recti abdominis
I. crista tuberculi majoris
F. Adductio brachii
Rotatio interna brachii
Flexio brachii – pars clavicularis
Musculus pectoralis minor
O. Facies externa costarum 3-5
I. Processus coracoideus scapulae
F. Moves scapula downwards and medially
In case of hyperventilation breathing elevates ribs
Musculus subclavius
O. Facies superior costae prima
I. Facies inferior claviculae
F. Elevatio costae prima and depression clavicula
Musculus serratus anterior (goes under the scapulae)
O. Facies externae costarum 1-9
I. Margo medialis et angulus inferior scapulae
F. Rotatio scapulae et elevation brachii
Fix scapula to thoracic wall
- Mm. profundi thoracis
Musculi intercostales externi (fulfill from
vertebra column and cartilagines costarum,
fibers forward and medially = fingers when
you put hands in your pocket)
O. Margo inferior of upper costae
I. Margo superior of lower costae
F. Elevatio costarum, inspiration
Musculi intercostales interni (intercostal
space from sternum till angulus costarum,
fibers upwards and medially)
O. Margo superior of lower costae
I. Margo inferior of upper costae
F. Move ribs laterally and downwards,
expiration
Musculi subcostales (similar to intercostales interni but jump over one
rib)
O. margo superior of lover costae
I. Margo inferior of upper costae, jump over one rib
F. Move ribs laterally and downwards, expiration
Musculi levatores costarum
O. Processus transversus vertebrae cervicalis VII et vertebrae
thoracicae I – XI
I. Facies externa costarum
F. Elevatio costales, inspiration
Musculus transversus thoracis
O. Facies posterior processus xiphoidei et corporis sterni
I. Internal surface of costarum III – VI
F. Move arcus costalis together, expiration muscule
- Mm. abdominis
Posterior wall:
Musculus quadratus lumborum
O. Crista iliaca
I. Costa duodecima (12)
F. Extensio trunci
Lateroflexio trunci
Lateral wall:
Musculus obliquus externus abdominis
O. External costarum 5-12
I. Labium externum of crista iliaca
Ligamentum inguinale
Linea alba
Vagina m. recti abdominis
F. Bilaterally: flexio trunci
Unilaterally: lateroflexio, torsio trunci
Musculus obliquus internus abdominis (fibers goes opposite than m.
obliquus externus abdominis)
O. Fascia thoracolumbalis
Crista iliaca
Ligamentum inguinale
I. Margo inferior costarum 10-12
Linea alba
Vagina m. recti abdominis
F. Bilaterally: flexio trunci
Unilaterally: lateroflexio trunci
Musculus transversus abdominis (fibers horizontally)
O. Ligamentum inguinale
Crista iliaca
Fascia thoracolumbalis
Costarum 7-12
I. abowe linea arcuata; posterior lamina (layer)
Below linea arcuata; anterior lamina
F. abdominal press, expiration
Anterior wall:
Musculus rectus abdominis
O. Processus xiphoideus
cartilagines costarum 5-7
I. Ramus superior os pubis
F. Flexio trunci
Musculus pyramidalis
O. Ramus superior os pubis
I. Linea alba
F. Stretches linea alba
- Vagina m. recti abdominis
LAMINA ANTERIOR:
above umibilicus
→ Aponeurosis m. oblique externi abdominis
→ Aponeurosis m. oblique interni abdominis
below umbilicus
→ Aponeurosis m. oblique externi abdominis
→ Aponeurosis m. oblique interni abdominis
→ Aponeurosis m. transversi abdominis
LAMINA POSTERIOR:
above umbilicus
→ Aponeurosis m. oblique interni abdominis
→ Aponeurosis m. transversi abdominis
below umbilicus
→ Fascia transversalis
→ Peritoneum
- Canalis inguinalis (hernia inguinalis recta et hernia inguinalis
obliqua)
Above ligamentum inguinale.
Length: 4 – 5cm
Diameter: female 0,5cm, male 1,0cm
* In male funiculus spermaticus runs through canalis inguinalis. In female ligamentum teres uteri extends
through canalis inguinalis.
WALLS OF CANALIS INQUINALIS
Paries anterior
- Aponeurosis musculus oblique externi abdominis
Paries posterior
- Fascia transversalis
- Peritoneum
Paries superior
- Musculus obliquus internus
abdominis
- Musculus transversus abdominis
(lower margins)
Paries inferior
- Ligamentum inguinale
Canalis inguinalis openings:
Anulus inguinalis superficialis (has projections in Fossa inguinalis medialis)
Margo superior – curs mediale
Margo inferior – curs laterale
Margo medialis – ligamentum reflexum
Margo lateralis – fibrae intercrurales
Anulus inguinalis profundus (hernia canal for indirect inguinal hernia)
Localise in Fossa ingunalis lateralis
- Canalis femoralis (lacuna vasorum, lacuna musculorum)
FIXAA TÄÄ
- Below ligamentum inguinale in the medial corner of lacuna vasorum. (hernia canal for femoral hernia)
- forms an anulus femoralis in case of herniation
→ covered by: - nodus lymph. inguin. profundus
- septum femorale
- peritoneum
- occurs 3 times more often in women than in man
- Superficial opening – hiatus saphenus is 2-3 cm below lig. inguinale, it is covered by fascia cribrosa, what is bordered by cornu superius, cornu inferius et margo falciformis
Canalis femoralis walls:
Paries medialis
- Musculi pectineus
- Fascia pectinea
Paries lateralis
- Vena femoralis
Paries anterior
- Cornu superius fasciae latae
- Anulus umbilicalis, linea alba, trigonum lumbale
- During embryonal period is anulus umbilicalis containing funiculus umbilicalis.
Umbilicus s. umbo:
- fascia transversalis
- peritoneum
- fascia abdominalis propria
- subcutis
- cutis
- Linea alba:
* Possible site for hernication
m. obliquus ext. abdominis
m. obliquus int. abdominis
m. transversus abdominis
Male:
above the umbilicus – 2,8 cm
below the umbilicus – 2,5 cm
Female:
above the umbilicus – 5 cm
blelow the umbilicus – 1 cm
- Trigonum lumbale:
- Margo inferior – crista iliaca
- Margo anterior – musculus obliquus abdominis externus
- Margo posterior – musculus latissimus dorsi
- Paries anterior abdominis (facies interna: plicae et fossae)
= prelum abdominale
Musculus rectus abdominis
O. Processus xiphoideus
cartilagines costarum V – VII
I. Ramus superior os pubis
F. Flexio trunci
Musculus pyramidalis
O. Ramus superior os pubis
I. Linea alba
F. Stretches linea alba
(Fasciae abdominis
Fascia superficialis abdominis
Fascia propria abdominis
Lamina superficialis, -media, -profunda
Fascia transversalis)
Plica umbilicalis mediana
→ Ligamentum umbilicale medianum
Plica umbilicalis medialis
→ Ligamntum umbilicale mediale
Plica umbilicalis lateralis
→ Arteries et veins epigastrica inferior
Fossa supravesicalis dextra et sinistra
- Margo medialis – plica umbilicalis mediana
- Margo lateralis – plica umbilicalis medialis
- Margo inferior – vesica urinaria
Fossa inguinalis medialis dextra et sinistra (hernia canal for direct inguinal hernias)
- Margo medialis – plica umbilicalis medialis
- Margo lateralis – plica umbilicalis lateralis
- Margo inferior – ligamentum inguinale
Fossa inguinalis lateralis dextra et sinistra
- Margo medialis – plica umbilicalis lateralis
- Margo inferior – ligamentum inguinale
- Diaphragma
- Dome shaped muscle between thoracic and abdominal cavity.
- most important muscle for inspiration
- contraction: diaphragm moves downwards (thorax becomes bigger, abdomen becomes smaller )
Places of projections:
Dexter – costa IV
Sinister – costa V
i. Centrum tendineum – central
O. Pars muscularis – peripherical
- Pars sternalis (O. facies posterior processus xiphoideus)
- Pars costalis (O. Facies interna costarum 7-12)
- Pars lumbalis
- 3.1. Crus mediale dextrum – from vertebrae Lumbales 1-4
- 3.2. Crus mediale sinistrum – from vertebrae Lumbales 1-3
- 3.3. Crus intermedium dextrum et sinistrum – from vertebrae Lumbales 2
- 3.4. Crus laterale dextrum et sinistrum – from ligamentum arcuatum mediale et ligamentum arcuatum laterale
Openings in the diaphragm:
- Hiatus aorticus
- Hiatus oesophageus
- Foramen venae cavae
Coverings of diaphragm
Superiorly:
- Fascia endothoracica
- Pleura diaphragmatica
Inferiorly:
- Fascia diaphragmatica (part of fascia subperitonealis)
- Peritoneum
Sites of weakness of diaphragm:
- Trigonum sternocostale dextrum & sinistrum
- Trigonum lumbocostale dextrum & sinistrum
S. Phren
- Mm. cinguli membri superioris
Musculus deltoideus
* Divided into three parts: Pars clavicularis, Pars acromialis, Pars spinalis
O. Extremitas acromialis claviculae
Acromion
Spina scapulae
I. Tuberositas deltoidea
F. Pars acromialis – abduction brachii
Pars clavicularis et Pars spinalis – adduction brachii
Pars clavicularis et Pars acromialis – flexio brachii
Pars acromialis et Pars spinalis – extension brachii
Pars clavicularis – rotation interna brachii
Pars spinalis – Rotatio externa brachii
Musculus supraspinatus
* Fills fossa supraspinata on scapula.
O. Fossa supraspinata
I. Tuberculum majus humeri
F. Abductio brachii
Musculus infraspinatus
* Fills fossa infraspinata on scapula.
O. Fossa infraspinata
I. Tuberculum majus humeri
F. Rotatio externa brachii
Musculus teres minor
O. Margo lateralis scapulae
I. Tuberculum majus humeri
F. Rotatio externae et extension brachii
Musculus teres major
O. Angulus inferior scapulae
I. Crista tuberculi minoris humeri
F. Adductio brachii
Extensio brachii
Rotatio interna brachii
Musculus subscapularis
Fills fossa subscapularis on scapula.
O. Fossa subscapularis
I. Tuberculum minus humeri
F. Adductio brachii
Rotatio interna brachii
- Mm. brachii (anterior and posterior group)
- Divided into anterior compartimentum (flexors) and posterior compartimentum (extensors)
The anterior muscle compartimentum
Musculus coracobrachialis
O. Processus coracoideus scapulae
I. Diaphysis humeri
F. Flexio brachii
Adductio brachii
Rotatio interna brachii
Musculus biceps brachii
* Two heads: Caput longum et Caput breve
O. Caput longum: Tuberculum supraglenoidale scapulae
Caput breve: Processus coracoideus scapulae
I. Tuberositas radii
F. Flexio antebrachii
Supinatio antebrachii
Caput longum – abduction brachii
Caput breve – flexio brachii
Musculus brachialis
O. Diaphysis humeri
I. Tuberositas ulnae
F. Flexio antebrachii
The posterior muscle compartimentum
Musculus triceps brachii
* Three heads: Caput longum, Caput laterale, Caput mediale
O. Caput longum: Tuberculum infraglenoidale scapulae
Caput laterale: Above sulcus nervi radialis in humerus
Caput mediale: Beneath sulcus nervi radialis in humerus
I. Olecranon ulnae
F. Extensio antebrachii
Caput longum - Extensio et Adductio brachii
Musculus anconeus
* Continuation of caput mediale of musculus triceps brachii
O. Epicondylus lateralis humeri
I. Epiphysis proximalis ulnae
F. Extensio antebrachii
- Mm. antebrachii (anterior group)
1st layer
Musculus pronator teres
O. Epicondylus medialis humeri
Processus coronoideus ulnae
I. Facies posterior et lateralis radii
F. Flexio antebrachii
Pronatio antebrachii
Musculus flexor carpi radialis
O. Epicondylus medialis humeri
I. Basis ossis metacarpi II et III
F. Flexio manus
Abductio manus
Musculus palmaris longus
O. Epicondylus medialis humeri
I. Aponeurosis palmaris
F. Flexio manus
Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris
O. Epicondylus medialis humeri
Olecranon
I. Os pisiforme
F. Flexio manus
Adductio manus
2nd layer
Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
O. Epicondylus medialis humeri
I. Basis phalangis mediae II – V fingers
F. Flexio phalangis mediae
Flexio phalangis proximalis
Flexio manus
3rd layer
Musculus flexor digitorum profundus
O. Facies anterior ulnae
Membrana interossea antebrachii
I. Basis phalangis distalis II – V fingers
F. Flexio phalangis distalis
Flexio phalangis mediae
Flexio phalangis proximalis
Flexio manus
Musculus flexor pollicis longus
O. Facies anterior radii
Membrana interossea antebrachii
I. Basis phalangis distalis pollicis
F. Flexio phalangis proximalis pollicis
Flexio phalangis distalis pollicis
Flexio pollicis
Flexio manus
4th layer
Musculus pronator quadratus
O. Facies anterior ulnae
I. Fascies anterior radii
F. Pronatio antebrachii
Pronatio manus
- Mm. antebrachii (posterior and lateral group)
The lateral
Musculus brachioradialis
O. Margo lateralis humeri
Septum intermusculare laterale
I. Above processus styloideus radii
F. Flexio antebrachii
Keeps antebrachii in the intermediate position between pronatio and supinatio
Musculus extensor carpi radialis longus
O. Epicondylus lateralis humeri
Septum intermusculare laterale
I. Basis ossis metacarpi II
F. Extensio manus
Abductio manus
Musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
O. Epicondylus lateralis humeri
I. Basis ossis metacarpi III
F. Extensio manus
Abductio manus
The posterior
1st layer
Musculus extensor digitorum
O. Epicondylus lateralis humeri
I. Basis phalangis mediae II – V fingers
Basis phalangis distalis II – V fingers
F. Extensio digitorum
Extensio manus
Musculus extensor digiti minimi
O. Epicondylus lateralis humeri
I. Basis phalangis medie V finger
Basis phalangis distalis V finger
F. Extensio digiti minimi
Musculus extensor carpi ulnaris
O. Epicondylus lateralis humeri
Olecranon
Facies posterior ulnae
I. Basis ossis metacarpi V
F. Extensio manus
Adduction manus
2nd layer
Musculus abductor pollicis longus
O. Facies posterior ulnae
facies posterior radii
Membrana interossea antebrachii
I. Basis ossis metacarpi I
F. Abductio pollicis
Musculus extensor pollicis brevis
O. Facies posterior radii
Membrana interossea antebrachii
I. Basis phalangis proximalis
F. Extensio phalangis proximalis pollicis
Musculus extensor pollicis longus
O. Facies posterior ulnae
Membrana interossea antebrachii
I. Basis phalangis distalis
F. Extensio pollicis
Musculus extensor indicis
O. Facies posterior ulnae
Membrana interossea antebrachii
I. Basis phalangis mediae II finger
Basis phalangis distalis II finger
F. Extensio indicis
Musculus supinator
O. Epicondylus lateralis humeri
Ulna
I. Embraces radius proximal third from all sides
F. Supinatio antebrachii
- Mm. thenaris et mm. hypothenaris
Musculi eminentiae thenaris
Musculus abductor pollicis brevis
O. Retinaculum musculorum flexorum
Os scaphoideum
I. Basis phalangis proximalis pollicis
F. Abductio pollicis
Musculus flexor pollicis brevis
O. Caput superficiale (from retinaculum musculorum flexorum)
Caput profundum (from os trapezium and os trapezoideum)
I. Basis phalangis proximalis pollicis
F. Flexio pollicis
Musculus opponens pollicis
O. Retinaculum musculorum flexorum
Os trapezium
I. Basis ossis metacarpi I
F. Oppositio pollicis
Musculus adductor pollicis
O. Caput obliquum (from os capitatum)
Caput transversum (from os metacarpale III)
I. Basis phalangis proximalis pollicis
F. Adductio pollicis
Musculi eminentiae hypothenaris
Musculus abductor digiti minimi
O. Retinaculum musculorum flexorum
Os pisiforme
I. Basis phalangis proximalis digiti minimi
F. Abductio digiti minimi
Musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis
O. Retinaculum musculorum flexorum
Hamulus ossis hamati
I. Basis phalangis proximalis digiti minimi
F. Flexio digiti minimi
Musculus opponens digiti minimi
O. Retinaculum musculorum flexorum
Hamulus ossis hamati
I. Os metacarpale V
F. Oppositio digiti minimi
Musculus palmaris brevis
O. Retinaculum flexorum
Aponeurosis palmaris ulnar border
I. The skin on the medial side of the wrist
F. Forms the skin folds on the ulnar side of the wrist
- Mm. manus (middle group)
Musculi lumbricales (4 lumbrical muscles)
O. Tendons of musculi flexor digitorum profundus
I. Tendons of musculi extensor digitorum
Phalanx proximalis II – V fingers
F. Flexio phalangis proximalis
Extensio phalangis mediae
Extensio phalangis distalis
Musculi interossei palmares (3 palmar interosseous muscles)
O. Os metacarpale II, IV, V
I. Phalanx proximalis (II, IV, V fingers)
F. Adductio digitorum (adduct II, IV, V fingers to axis that passes through the
middle finger)
Musculi interossei dorsalis
O. I – V ossa metacarpalia
I. Phalanx proximalis (II, III, IV fingers)
F. Abductio digitorum (abduction of the 2nd and 4th fingers to the axis of the middle finger)
- Fascia brachii
- Continuation of fascia deltoidea. Circulary surrounds the upper
arm. - Septum intermusculare brachii mediale et laterale seperates
ventral and dorsal muscle groups of upper arm. They fasten to
margo medialis et lateralis humeri. - Forms lamina profunda fasciae brachii between m. biceps brachii
and m. brachialis.
Vagina osteofibrosa flexorum
m. brachialis
m. coracobrachialis
Vagina osteofibrosa extensorum
m. triceps brachii
m. anconeus
Vagina fibrosa musculi bicipitis brachii
m. biceps brachii
- Fascia antebrachii
- Continuation of fascia brachii.
- Aponeurosis m. bicipitis brachii reinforces the upper part of fascia antebrachii.
- Retinaculum musculorum flexorum and retinaculum musculorum extensorum are thickening sites in the lower part of the forearm.
- Forms septum intermusculare anterius (between ventral and lateral muscle group) and septum intermusculare posterius (between dorsal and lateral muscle group).
- Lamina profunda seperates the superficial muscles (1st and 2nd layer) from deep muscles (3rd and 4th layer) of
the ventral muscle group.
Fascia antebrachii fuses to margo posterior ulnae.
3 osteofibrous sheats:
Vagina osteofibrosa anterior
- around the 3rd and 4th layer (m. flexor digitorum profundus, m. flexor pollicis longus, m. pronator quadratus)
Vagina osteofibrosa posterior
- around the posterior muscle group (m. extensor digitorum / digiti minimi / carpi ulnaris / polices longus and breves / indicis, m. supinator, m. abductor pollicis longus)
Vagina osteofibrosa lateralis
- around the lateral muscle compartimentum (m. brachioradialis, m. extensor carpi radialis longus, m. extensor carpi radialis brevis)
Vagina fibrosae antebrachii is formed around the superficial muscles of the ventral muscle group
- around the 1st and 2nd layer of anterior compartimentum (m. pronator teres, m. flexor carpi radialis, m. palmaris longus, m. flexor carpi ulnaris, m. flexor digitorum superficialis)
3 canals beneath retinaculum musculorum flexorum:
Canalis carpi (m. flexor digitorum superficialis/profundus/pollicis longus, nervus medianus)
Canalis carpi radialis (m.flexor carpi radialis)
Canalis cari ulnaris (nervus, arteria, venae ulnaris)
6 canals beneath retinaculum musculorum extensorum. Tendons of following muscles runs through them:
m. abductor pollicis longus and m. extensor pollicis brevis
m. extensor carpi radialis longus and m. extensor carpi radialis brevis
m. extensor pollicis longus
m. extensor digitorum and m. extensor indicis
m. extensor digiti minimi
m. extensor carpi ulnaris
- Fascia manus
- Continuation of fascia antebrachii.
- Divided into fascia dorsalis manus and fascia palmaris manus. Both form laminae profundae that fuse with the dorsal and palmar surface of the metacarpal bones.
- Fascia palmaris manus is reinforced by aponeurosis palmaris. Forms septum intermusculare mediale (between hypothenar and medial muscle group) and laterale (between thenar and the medial muscle group).
4 fibrous sheats and 4 osteofibrous sheats:
Vagina fibrosa dorsalis
- around tendines musculorum extensorum
Vagina fibrosa thenaris
- around mm. thenaris
Vagina fibrosa media
- around mm. lumbricales tendines m. flexoris digitorum superficialis
- tendines m. flexoris digitorum profundi
Vagina fibrosa hypothenaris
- around mm. hypothenaris
4 vaginae osteofibrosae manus are placed in the intermetcarpal spaces between the metacarpal bones
- mm. interossei palmares
- mm. interossei dorsalis
- Cavitas axillaris ; walls and openings
Paries anterior:
- m. pectoralis major
- m. Pectoralis minor
Paries posterior:
- m. Latissimus dorsi
- m. Teres major
- m. Teres minor
- m. Subscapularis
- m. Triceps brachii (caput longum)
Paries medialis:
- m. Serratus anterior
Paries lateralis:
- m. Coracobrachialis
- humerus
Apertura superior cavi axillaris is limited by:
- clavicula
- Margo superior scapula
- costae prima
Apertura inferior:
- m. Pectoralis major
- m. Latissimus dorsi
- m. Serratus anterior
- m. Coracobrachialis
2 orifices on the dorsal wall of the axilla
Foramen trilaterum, which is limited by
m. teres major
m. teres minor
m. triceps brachii (caput longum)
foramen quadrilaterum (placed laterally from foramen trilaterum), and is limited by
m. teres major
m. teres minor
m. triceps brachii (caput longum)
humerus
3 triangles on the ventral wall of the axilla
- Trigonum clavipectorale, which is limited by
- Clavicula
- m. pectoralis minor (upper boarder)
- sternum (lateral boarder) - trigonum pectorale corresponds to the borders of
- m. pectoralis minor - trigonum subpectorale is limited by
- m. pectoralis minor (lower border)
- m. pectoralis major (upper border)
- m. deltoideus (anterior border)
- Brachium: topography
SULCUS DELTOIDEOPECTORALIS
* Between m. deltoideus and m. pectoralis major
* Downwards sulcus deltoideopectoralis continues as sulcus bicipitalis lateralis
SULCUS BICIPITALIS LATERALIS
* Placed on the lateral border of m. biceps brachii
SULCUS BICIPITALIS MEDIALIS
* Placed on the medial border of m. biceps brachii
Canalis nervi radialis
* Placed on the dorsal surface of the upper arm between humerus and the muscles.
Formed by following sructures
- Sulcus n. radialis humeri
- m. tricipitis brachii (caput mediale et caput laterale)
- Fossa cubiti
- Placed between forearm and upperarm.
It has 2 borders - Margo medialis – m. pronator teres (o. epicondylus medialis humeri, processus coronoideus ulnae. i. facies posterior/lateralis radii)
- Margo lateralis – m. brachioradialis (o. margo lateralis humeri, septum intermusculare laterale. i. above processus styloideus radii)
The base of fossa cubiti is formed by
- m. brachialis (o. diaphysis humeri. i. tuberositas ulnae)
- Antebrachicum: topography
The tendon of m. biceps brachii divides into 2 grooves
Sulcus cubitalis anterior medialis
* Between m. pronator teres and m. brachialis
Sulcus cubitalis anterior lateralis
* Between m. brachioradialis and m. brachialis
Topographical formations placed on the dorsal side of the elbow join
Sulcus cubitalis posterior medialis
* On medial border of olecranon
Sulcus cubitalis posterior lateralis
* On lateral border of olecranon
3 grooves on the anterior antebrachial region between the muscles of the superficial layers
Sulcus radialis antebrachii
* Between m. brachioradialis and m. flexor carpi radialis
Sulcus medianus antebrachii
* Between m. flexor carpi radialis and m. flexor digitorum superficialis
Sulcus ulnaris antebrachii
* Between m. flexor digitorum superficialis and m. flexor carpi ulnaris
( Canalis carpi
* Between the middle part of retinaculum musculorum flexorum and sulcus carpi
Through it runs
- m. flexor digitorum superficialis → vagina synovialis communis tendinum musculorum flexorum
- m. flexor digitorum profundus → vagina synovialis communis tendinum musculorum flexorum
- m. flexor pollicis longus → vagina synovialis tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis
nervus medianus
Canalis carpi radialis
* Beneath retinaculum musculorum flexorum
* Laterally from canalis carpi
Through it runs
- m. flexor carpi radialis → vagina synovialis tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis
Canalis carpi ulnaris
* Beneath retinaculum musculorum flexorum
* Medially from canalis carpi
Through it runs
- Nervus ulnaris
- Arteria ulnaris
- Venae ulnares )
- Retinaculum musculorum flexorum manus (channels)
3 canals beneath retinaculum musculorum flexorum:
Canalis carpi
* Between the middle part of retinaculum musculorum flexorum and sulcus carpi
Through it runs
- m. flexor digitorum superficialis → vagina synovialis communis tendinum musculorum flexorum
- m. flexor digitorum profundus → vagina synovialis communis tendinum musculorum flexorum
- m. flexor pollicis longus → vagina synovialis tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis
- nervus medianus
Canalis carpi radialis
* Beneath retinaculum musculorum flexorum
* Laterally from canalis carpi
Through it runs
- m. flexor carpi radialis → vagina synovialis tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis
Canalis carpi ulnaris
* Beneath retinaculum musculorum flexorum
* Medially from canalis carpi
Through it runs
- Nervus ulnaris
- Arteria ulnaris
- Venae ulnares
- Retinaculum musculorum extensorum manus (channels)
6 canals beneath retinaculum musculorum extensorum. Tendons of following muscles runs through them:
- m. abductor pollicis longus and m. extensor pollicis brevis
- m. extensor carpi radialis longus and m. extensor carpi radialis brevis
- m. extensor pollicis longus
- m. extensor digitorum and - - m. extensor indicis
- m. extensor digiti minimi
- m. extensor carpi ulnaris
- Vaginae synoviales palmares manus
- The synovial sheats (6 on the palmar side and 6 on the dorsal side) are formed around the tendons of the forearm muscles.
Palmar side
From radius towards ulna:
Vagina synovialis tendinis m. flexoris carpi radialis
vagina synovialis tendinis m. flexoris pollicis longi
vagina synovialis communis tendinum musculorum flexorum (m. flexor digitorum superficialis/profundus)
3 vagina synoviales digitorum manus (II, III, IV)
- Vaginae synoviales dorsales manus
Dorsal side
1. Vagina synovialis tendinum musculorum abductor pollicis longi et extensor pollicis brevis
2. vagina synovialis tendinum musculorum extensor carpi radialis longi et brevis
3. vagina synovialis tendinis m. extesoris pollicis longi
4. vagina synovialis tendinum m. extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis
5. vagina synovialis tendinis m. extensoris digiti minimi
6. vagina synovialis tendinis m. extensoris carpi ulnaris
- Mm. cinquli membri inferioris
ANTERIOR GROUP
Musculus iliopsoas consists of two muscles with same insertion
and function
1) Musculus iliacus
O. fossa iliaca
2) Musculus psoas major (upper part is covered by lig.
arcuatum mediale and the muscle passes through lacuna
musculorum)
O. vertebrae lumbales (I-IV)
I. trochanter minor
F. flexio et rotatio externa femoris
Musculus psoas minor
O. vertebra thoracica XII
vertebra lumbalis I
I. eminentia iliopubica
F. flexio trunci
POSTERIOR GROUP
Musculus gluteus maximus
O. fascia glutea behind linea glutea posterior
facies dorsalis ossis sacri et ossis coccyges
ligamentum sacrotuberale
fascia thoracolumbalis
I. tuberositas glutea
tractus iliotibialis
F. extensio et rotatio externa femoris
Musculus gluteus medius (below m. gluteus maximus)
O. facies glutea between linea glutea anterior et posterior
I. trochanter major
F. abductio femoris
rotatio interna femoris (anterior fibers)
rotatio externa femoris (posterior fibers)
Musculus gluteus minimus (below m. gluteus
medius)
O. facies glutea between linea glutea anterior
et inferior
I. trochanter major
F. abductio femoris
rotatio interna femoris (anterior fibers)
rotatio externa femoris (posterior fibers)
Musculus tensor fasciae latae
O. spina iliaca anterior superior
I. tractus iliotibialis
F. stretch fascia lata
flexio femoris
Musculus piriformis (originates in pelvis minor and goes through foramen ischiadicum
majus)
O. facies pelvina ossis sacri
laterally from II – IV foramina sacralia pelvina
i. Fossa trochanterica
F. abductio et rotatio externa femoris
Musculus obturatorius internus (Originates in pelvis minor and
goes through foramen ischiadicum minus. Distal tendon passes
between m. gemellus superior et inferior.)
O. facies interna membranae obturatoriae
I. fossa trochanterica
F. rotatio externa femoris
Musculus obturatorius externus (Covered by m. pectineus and m.
adductor longus.)
O. facies externa membranae obturatoriae
I. fossa trochanterica
F. rotatio externa femoris
Visible in the front when m. pectineus is removed.
Musculus gemellus superior
O. spina ischiadica
I. fossa trochanterica
F. rotatio externa femoris
Musculus gemellus inferior
O. tuber ischiadicum
I. fossa trochanterica
F. rotatio externa femoris
Musculus quadratus femoris
O. tuber ischiadicum
I. crista intertrochanterica
F. rotatio externa femoris
- Mm. femoris (anterior group)
ANTERIOR GROUP
Musculus quadriceps femoris (consists
four parts with different origos but form
same tendon lig. patellae)
1) Musculus rectus femoris
O. spina iliaca anterior inferior
2) Musculus vastus medialis
O. labium mediale lineae asperae
3) Musculus vastus lateralis
O. labium laterale lineae asperae
4) Musculus vastus intermedius
O. facies anterior femoris
I. tuberositas tibiae
F. extensio cruris
flexio femoris (m. rectus femoris)
Musculus Sartorius (The longest muscle. Its tendon forms pes anserinus
superficialis together with m. gracilis and m. semitendinosus.)
O. spina iliaca anterior superior
I. tuberositas tibiae
F. flexio femoris
flexio cruris
rotatio externa femoris
rotatio interna cruris
→ fascia lata thickening is tractus iliotibialis (used for intramuscular injections)
→ on the upper lateral quadrant is nervus ischiadicus (= biggest nerve in the body)
- Mm. femoris (medial group)
Musculus pectineus
O. pecten ossis pubis
ramus superior ossis pubis
I. linea pectinea femoris
F. flexio, adductio et rotatio externa femoris
Makes medial wall of canalis femoralis.
Musculus adductor brevis
O. ramus inferior ossis pubis
I. labium mediale lineae asperae – upper third
F. flexio, adductio et rotatio externa femoris
Musculus adductor longus
O. ramus superior ossis pubis
I. labium mediale lineae asperae – middle third
F. flexio, adductio et rotatio externa femoris
Musculus adductor magnus
O. ramus inferior ossis pubis
ramus ossis ischii
tuber ischiadicum
I. along the length of labium mediale lineae asperae
epicondylus medialis femoris
F. adductio et rotatio externa femoris (anterior fibers)
rotatio interna et extensio femoris (posterior fibers)
Musculus gracilis
O. ramus inferior ossis pubis
I. tuberositas tibiae
F. adductio femoris
flexio et rotatio interna cruris
- Mm. femoris (posterior group)
Musculus semitendinosus
O. tuber ischiadicum
I. tuberositas tibiae
F. extensio femoris
flexio et rotatio interna cruris
Musculus semimembranosus
O. tuber ischiadicum
I. condylus medialis tibiae
F. extensio femoris
flexio et rotatio interna cruris
Musculus biceps femoris (caput longum et caput breve)
O. tuber ischiadicum – caput longum
labium laterale lineae asperae – caput breve
I. caput fibulae
F. flexio et rotatio externa cruris
extensio femoris – caput longum
- Mm cruris (anterior and lateral group)
ANTERIOR GROUP (only extensor muscles)
Musculus tibialis anterior
O. Condylus lateralis et facies lateralis tibiae
membrana interossea cruris
I. basis ossis metatarsi primi
os cuneiforme mediale
F. extensio, supinatio cum adductio pedis
Musculus extensor digitorum longus
O. condylus lateralis tibiae
fibula
membrana interossea cruris
I. phalanges distales digitorum II – V
F. extensio pedis et digitorum
Musculus extensor hallucis longus
O. fibula
membrana interossea cruris
I. phalanx distalis hallucis
F. extensio hallucis
extensio, (supinatio cum adductio pedis)
LATERAL GROUP
Musculus peroneus longus → behind malleolus lateralis
O. fibula
membrana interossea cruris
septum intermuscular cruris posterius
I. basis ossis metatarsi primi
os cuneiforme mediale
F. flexio, abductio et pronatio pedis
Tendon in 4th layer
Musculus peroneus brevis
O. fibula
septa intermuscularia
I. basis ossis metatarsi V
F. flexio, abductio et pronatio pedis
- Mm cruris (posterior group)
Musculus triceps surae (consists of two muscles) → forms akiles tendon, strongest one in the body
1) Musculus gastrocnemius (superficial)
O. condylus medialis femoris – caput mediale
condylus lateralis femoris – caput laterale
2) Musculus soleus (deep)
O. linea musculi solei
caput fibulae
arcus tendineus musculi solei (connective tissue
above linea m. solei)
I. tuber calcanei
F. flexio, supinatio et adductio pedis
flexio cruris (m. gastrocnemius)
Musculus plantaris → super fine tendon next to akilles
O. condylus lateralis femoris
I. attach to the tendon of triceps surae
F. flexio pedis
flexio cruris
Musculus popliteus
O. condylus lateralis femoris
I. facies posterior tibiae above linea musculi
solei
F. flexio et rotatio Externa (!) (Janne’s book says interna) cruris
Musculus tibialis posterior → closest one to malleolus medialis, behind it
O. facies posterior tibiae et fibulae
membrana interossea cruris
I. os naviculare
ossa cuneiformia
F. flexio, supinatio cum adductio pedis
Tendon in 4th layer
Musculus flexor digitorum longus → 2nd closest to malleolus medialis behind it
O. facies posterior tibiae
membrana interossea cruris
I. phalanx media et distalis digitorum II – V
F. flexio pedis
flexio phalangis distalis
mediae et proximalis digiti
Tendon in 2nd layer
Musculus flexor hallucis longus → behind akilles tendon
O. fibula
membrana interossea cruris
I. phalanx distalis hallucis
F. flexio hallucis
flexio, supinatio et adductio pedis
In 2nd layer
- Mm. pedis: dorsales et plantares
MUSCLES OF THE DORSUM OF THE FOOT
Only 1st and 2nd layers are visible
Musculus extensor digitorum brevis
(O. calcaneus
I. attaches to the tendon of m. extensor digitorum longus
that passes to the II, III, IV digitis)
F. extensio digitorum
1st layer
Musculus extensor hallucis brevis
(O. calcaneus
I. attaches to the tendon of m. extensor hallucis longus)
F. extensio hallucis
MUSCLES OF THE SOLE/PLANTAR OF THE FOOT
MUSCULI HALLUCIS
Musculus abductor hallucis
(O. tuber calcanei
I. basis phalangis proximalis hallucis)
F. abductio hallucis
Musculus flexor hallucis brevis
(O. os cuneiforme mediale
lig. plantare longum
I. basis phalangis proximalis hallucis)
F. flexio hallucis
3rd layer
Musculus adductor hallucis (two heads: caput obliquum and caput
transversum)
(O. caput obliquum - os cuboideum
os cuneiforme laterale
basis ossis metatarsalis II, III
lig. plantare longum
caput transversum - capsulae artt. metatarsophalangeae II – V
I. basis phalangis proximalis hallucis)
F. adductio hallucis
3rd layer
MUSCULI DIGITI MINIMI
Musculus abductor digiti minimi
(O. tuber calcanei lateral side
basis ossis metatarsalis V
I. basis phalangis proximalis digiti minimi)
F. abductio digiti minimi
1st layer
Musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis
(O. basis ossis metatarsi V
lig. plantare longum
I. basis phalangis proximalis digiti minimi)
F. flexio digiti minimi
3rd layer
Musculus opponens digiti minimi
(O. basis ossis metatarsi V
lig. plantare longum
I. facies lateralis ossis metatarsi V)
F. adductio et oppositio digiti minimi
MUSCLES IN THE CENTER OF THE SOLE/PLANTAR OF THE FOOT
Musculus flexor digitorum brevis
O. tuber calcanei
aponeurosis plantaris
I. basis phalangis mediae II – V
F. flexio phalangis mediae et phalangis proximalis
1st layer
Musculus quadratus plantae
O. tuber calcanei
I. attach to the tendons of m. flexor digitorum longus
F. flexio digitorum
2nd layer
Musculi lumbricales (4)
O. tendon of m. flexor digitorum longus
I. phalangis proximalis digitorum II – V
tendons of musculi extensor digitorum
F. flexio phalangis proximalis
extensio phalangis mediae et distalis
2nd layer
Musculi interossei dorsales (4)
O. ossa metatarsalia I – V opposite surfaces
I. phalanx proximalis II, III, IV
F. abductio digitorum
4th layer
Musculi interossei plantares (3)
O. ossa metatarsalia III, IV, V medial side
I. phalanx proximalis III, IV, V medial side
F. adductio digitorum
4th layer
- Fasciae cinquli membri inferioris
Fascia iliaca
* Covers m. iliopsoas.
* A part of fascia subperitonealis.
* Attached to os coxae
* Form osteofibrosus sheat for the muscle.
* Continues downwards below lig. Inguinale and forms arcus iliopectineus
Fascia obturatoria
* Covers m. obturatorius internus from the inner side
* Attached to os coxae
* Forms osteofibrosus sheat for the muscle.
Fascia glutea
Two layers:
o Lamina superficialis
o Lamina profunda
→ Lamina superficialis covers m. gluteus maximus
o Continues downwards to fascia lata
→ Lamina profunda seperates m. gluteus maximus
from the deep muscles
o Forms the fibrous sheat (vagina fibrosa) for m. gluteus
maximus
o Forms the osteofibrous sheat (vagina osteofibrosa) for the
deep muscles
For m. gluteus medius
- M. gluteus minimus
- M. piriformis
- M. gemellus superior
- M. gemellus inferior
- M. obturatorius internus
- M. quadratus femoris
- Fascia lata
- Embraces all muscles of femur
- Continues downwards anteriorly as fascia cruris, downwards posteriorly as fascia poplitea
- Makes thickening tractus iliotibialis
Attach condylus lateralis tibiae - 3 intermuscular septa:
- Septum intermusculare femoris mediale
- Attaches labium mediale lineae asperae
- Seperates anterior and medial muscles of femur - Septum intermusculare femoris laterale
- Attaches labium laterale lineae asperae
- Seperates anterior and posterior muscles of femur - Septum intermusculare femoris posterius
- Attaches labium mediale lineae asperae
- Seperates medial and posterior muscles of femur
- In trigonum femorale fascia lata forms lamina profunda s. fascia iliopectinea
- Forms the floor of fossa iliopectinea
- Fuses superficial layer of fascia lata and forms vagina fibrosa
- Forms fibrous sheat for
- M. sartorius
- M. gracilis
- M. tensor fasciae latae
- In total fascia lata forms 3 osteofibrous and 4 fibrous sheat
Vaginae osteofibrosae femoris
1. Vagina osteofibrosa anterior
a. M. quadriceps femoris
2. Vagina osteofibrosa medialis
a. M. pectineus
b. M. adductor longus
c. M. adductor brevis
d. M. adductor magnus
3. Vagina osteofibrosa posterior
a. M. biceps femoris
b. M. semimembranosus
c. M. semitendinosus
Vagina fibrosae femoris
For the following structures:
- M. sartorius
- M. gracialis
- M. tensor fasciae lata
- A. et V. femoralis
- Fascia cruris
- Surrounds the muscles of the lower leg.
- Fuses with margo anterior tibia.
- Protects 2 intermuscular septa.
- Septum intermusculare cruris anterius
- Seperates anterior and lateral group of lower leg muscles - Septum intermusculare posterius
- Seperates posterior and lateral group of lower leg muscles
- Gives off lamina profunda which seperates m. triceps surae from other posterior group muscles of lower leg
3 osteofibrous and 1 fibrous sheat:
Vaginae osteofibrosae
1. Vagina osteofibrosa anterior (muscles of the anterior group / extensor)
a. M. tibialis anterior
b. M. extensor digitorum longus
c. M. extensor hallucis longus
2. Vagina osteofibrosa lateralis (muscles of the lateral group / peroneal)
a. M. peroneus longus
b. M. peroneus brevis
3. Vagina osteofibrosa posterior (muscles of the posterior group / flexor)
a. M. popliteus
b. M. tibialis posterior
c. M. flexor digitorum longus
d. M. flexor hallucis longus
Vagina fibrosa
* Surrounds m. triceps surae et m. plantaris
* In fascia cruris forms 5 retinacula
- Channels for the tendons of the muscles of the lower leg are placed below retinacula
- Fascia pedis
Lisää extensorum crurikset yms. * Divided into fascia dorsalis pedis and fascia plantaris
pedis
Fascia dorsalis pedis
* Covers the muscles of the dorsum on the foot
* Gives off lamina profunda, which lined mm. interossei dorsales and form the osteofibrous sheats for them (4 osteofibrous sheats)
Fascia plantaris pedis
* Covers muscles of the sole of the foot
* Forms aponeurosis plantaris
* 2 septa project from the aponeurosis to metatarsal bones
- Septum intermusculare mediale
1. Attach to II metatarsal bone
- Septum intermusculare laterale
1. Attach to V metatarsal bone
* Lamina profunda is lined mm. interossei plantares
4 fibrous sheats
Vagina fibrosa dorsalis, which surrounds:
1. Tendines mm. extensorum cruris
2. M. extesorum digitorum brevis
3. M. extensor hallucis brevis
Vagina fibrosa plantaris medialis, which surrounds:
1. M. abuctor hallucis
2. M. flexor hallucis brevis
3. M. adductor hallucis
4. Tendo m. flexoris hallucis longi
Vagina fibrosa plantaris lateralis, which surrounds
1. M. abductor digiti minimi
2. M. flexor digiti minimi brevis
3. M. opponens digiti minimi
Vagina fibrosa plantaris media, which surrounds
1. M. flexor digitorum brevis
2. M. quadratus plantae
3. Mm. lumbricales
4. Tendinea m. flexoris digitorum longi
- Vaginae osteofibrosa pedis is formed between: Lamina profunda fascia dorsalis pedis et fascia plantaris pedis and ossa metatarsalia
- Placed in Vaginae osteofibrosa pedis:
– Mm. interossei dorsales,
– Mm. interossei plantares (4 osteofibrous sheats)
- Pelvis topography
Foramen suprapiriforme
* Posterior side of the gluteal region above m. piriformis.
Upper margin: os ischium
Lower margin: m. piriformis (upper margin)
Nervus, arteria and vena glutea superior pass through it.
Foramen infrapiriforme
* Below m. piriformis. Larger than foramen suprapiriforme.
Upper margin: m. piriformis (lower margin)
Lower margin: os ischium
Nervi pass throught it.
Foramen ischiadicum minus
Surrounded by:
Ligamentum sacrotuberale
Ligamentum sacrospinale
Incisura ishiadica minor
* m. obturatorius internus goes throught this.
* m. piriformis goes through foramen ischiadicum
majus
Canalis obturatorius
2-3cm long which unites the pelvic cavity and the anterior
region of femur.
Margo superior:
- Ramus superior ossis pubis
- Sulcus obturatorius
Margo inferior:
- Membrana obturatoria
- M. obturatorius internus
- M. obturatorius externus
Nervus, arteria and venae obturatorius pass through it.
Lacuna vasorum
* Medial part of the thickening of the fascia iliaca (arcus iliopectineus).
Surrounded anteriorly and upwards:
- Ligamentum inguinale
Surrounded posteriorly and downwards:
- Ligamentum pectineale
- Pecten ossis pubis
- Ramus superior ossis pubis
Surrounded medially by:
- Ligamentum lacunare
Surrounded laterally by:
- Arcus iliopectineus
* Arteria, nervus and vena pass through it.
Anulus femoralis (at the medial third) is closed by:
- septum femorale
- nodus lymhoideus inguinalis profundus Pirigovi
margo anterior – lig. inguinale
margo posterior – lig. pectineale
margo medialis – lig. lacunare
margo lateralis – v. femoralis
Lacuna musculorum
* Lateral part of the thickening of the fascia iliaca
(arcus iliopectineus).
Surrounded anteriorly and upwards by:
- Ligamentum inguinale
Surrounded medially by:
- Arcus iliopectineus
Surrounded laterally by:
- Ala osiisi lii
* M. iliopsoas and nervi pass through it.
- Femur topography
Trigonum femorale
* Triangular depression on the anterior surface of the femur.
Margo superior:
- Lig. inguinale
Margo medialis:
- M. adductor longus
Margo lateralis:
M. sartorius
Basement:
- M. iliopsoas
- M. pectineus
–> Sulcus iliopectineus s. fossa iliopectina is a groove between these muscles.
- Vena, arteria and nervus femoralis pass through it.
- Hiatus saphenus is in the medial corer. Fascia lata is perforated (rei’itetty) → fascia cribrosa.
- Venae, nervus pass through fascia cribrosa. Possible site of hernification.
- Sulcus femoralis anterior passes downwards from trigonum femorale.
→ M. sartoroius covers the groove. - Arteria and nervi pass into sulcus femoralis anterior
Margo medialis (sulcus):
- Mm. adductor longus et magnus
Margo lateralis (sulcus):
- M. vastus medialis
→ These structures continue into canalis
adductorius
Canalis adductorius
7cm long and surrounded by:
Paries medialis
- M. adductor magnus
Paries lateralis
- M. vastus medialis
Paries anterior
- Lamina vastoadductoria (part of fascia lata)
Nervus, arteria, vena pass through it.
- Crus et pes topography
Fossa poplitea
* Rhomboidal shape on the posterior surface of the knee joint.
Margo superior medialis:
- M. semimembranosus
- M. semitendinosus
Margo superior lateralis:
- M. biceps femoris
Margo inferior medialis:
- M. gastrocnemii (caput mediale)
Margo inferior laterale:
- M. gastrocnemii (caput laterale)
Basement:
- Facies poplitea femoris
- Capsula articularis
- M. popliteus, M. anconeus
- Dorsally fossa poplitea covers fascia poplitea.
–> There is fat tissue – corpusadiposum popliteum
2 grooves in fossa poplitea:
Sulcus popliteus medialis between:
- M. semimembranosus
- M. gastrocnemii (caput mediale)
Sulcus popliteus lateralis between:
- M. biceps femoris
- M. gastrocnemii (caput laterale)
At the upper part of fossa poplitea there is canalis adductorius.
At the lower part of fossa poplitea there is canalis cruropopliteus.
Nodi lymphoidi poplitei, nervus, vena, atreria poplitea is in the fossa poplitea.
Canalis cruropopliteus
* Posterior region of the lower leg.
Paries anterior:
- M. tibialis posterior
- M. flexor digitorum longus
Paries posterior:
- M. soleus
→ Nervus, arteria, venae tibialis posterior et anterior are into it.
Canalis musculoperoneus superior
* Below caput fibulae.
Paries medialis:
- Fibula
Paries lateralis:
- M. peroneus longus
→ N. peroneus pass through it.
( Canalis musculoperoneus inferior
* From the lower part of canalis cruropopliteus.
Paries anterior:
- Fibula
Paries posterior:
- M. tibialis posterior
- M. flexor hallucis longus
→ Arteria and venae peroneae pass through it.)
Topographical formations of the foot
Sulcus plantaris medialis
* Between the musculi hallucis and musculi sole/plantar
(central group)
Paries medialis:
- M. abductor hallucis
Paries lateralis:
- M. flexor digitorum brevis
→ Arterie, nervus and venae plantaris medialis pass through it.
Sulcus plantaris lateralis
* Between musculi digiti minimi and musculi sole/plantar (central group)
Paries medialis:
- M. flexor digitorum brevis
Paries lateralis:
- M. abductor digiti minimi
→ Arterie, nervus and venae plantaris lateralis pass through it.
- Retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius et inferius
Retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius
* In the anteior region of the ankle region between fibula and tibia
* One channel below it
Tendons of muscles of the anterior group (extensors) of the lower leg
Retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius
* Below retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius
* In front of art. Talocruralis
4 osteofibrous canals
1. M. tibialis anterior
2. M. extensor hallucis longus
3. Aorta, vena, nervus
4. M. extensor digitorum longus
- Retinaculum musculorum flexorum pedis
- Behind malleolus medialis
4 osteofibrous canals
1. M. tibialis posterior
2. M. flexor digitorum longus
3. Aorta, vena, nervus
4. M. flexor hallucis longus
- Retinaculum musculorum peroneorum superius et inferius
Retinaculum musculorum peroneorum superius
* behind malleolus lateralis
1 osteofibrous canal
1. M. peroneus longus et brevis
Retinaculum musculorum peroneorum inferius
* Below Retinaculum musculorum peroneorum superius
2 osteofibrous canals
1. M. peroneus longus
2. M. peroneus brevis
- Vaginae synoviales dorsales pedis
- On the dorsum of the foot
7 tendinons sheat
Below retinaculum m. extensorum superius et inferius 3 synovial sheats
1. Vagina tendinis m. tibialis anterioris
2. Vagina tendinis m. extensoris hallucis longi
3. Vagina tendinum m. extensoris digitorum longi
Below retinaculum m. flexorum 3 synovial sheats
1. Vagina tendinis m. tibialis posterioris
2. Vagina tendinum m. flexoris digitorum longi
3. Vagina tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi
Below retinaculum m. peroneorum superius et inferius 1 synovial sheat
1. Vagina communis tencinum m. peroneorum
- Vaginae synoviales plantares pedis
- On the sole of the foot are 6 synovial sheats
5 vaginae synoviales tendinum digitorum pedis
→ Surrounds the tendons of m. flexor digitorum brevis et longus
Vaginae tendinis m. peronei plantaris
→ Surrounds tendon of m. peroneus longus on the sole of the foot
