Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of digestive system,

systema digestorium

A 
 Cavitas oris
 Pharynx
 Oesophagus
 Gaster s. ventriculus
 Intestinum tenue
 Intestinum crassum
 Glandulae salivales
 Hepar
 Pancreas
 Splen s. lien
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cavitas oris parts

A

Consists of two parts: Vestibulum oris and Cavitas oris propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vestibulum oris

A

other part of cavities oris

Slip-like space between:

  • The lips – labia
  • The cheeks – bucca
  • Processus alveolaris mandibulas et maxillae
    • -> Covered by the gum – gingiva
    • -> the teeth – dentes

Communicates with the surface of the body by the oral opening – rima oris

Communicates with cavitas oris propria, when the jaws are closed through narrow clefts between
opposing teeth and by an aperture on both sides behind the molars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Please explain gingiva

A
  • Composed of dense fibrous tissue
  • closely connected to the periosteum of processus alveolaris mandibula et maxillae and
  • surrounding the necks of the teeth

There are no glands in the mucous membrane of the gum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lips

A

 The lips are covered externally by skin and internally by mucosa

 The vermilion boarder, is the transitional zone from skin to the mucosa

 The mucosa contains glandulae labiales

 The inner surface of each lip is connected in the midline to the corresponding gum by frenulum labii superioris and frenulum labii inferioris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bucca

A

 Forms the sides of the face and continues into the lips

 The base is formed by m. buccinator
–> covered by fascia buccopharyngea
 Corpus adiposum buccae lies on m. buccinator

 Externally covered by skin and internally covered by mucous membrane

 At the level of the 2nd upper molar tooth in the mucous membrane is papilla ductus parotidei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oral opening & the lips

A

Boarded by:
o Labium superius et labium inferius

The lips are connected at angulus oris
o by commisura labiorum

Labium superior reaches the external nose and laterally sulcus nasolabialis
o in the middle of the upper lip a groove is present – philtrum

Labium inferior extend into the lower direction to the chin and the sulcus mentolabialis

 The lips are formed by m. Orbicularis oris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cavitas oris propria

A

Limited laterally and anteriorly by processus alveolaris maxillae et mandibule and by the teeth

posteriorly it communicates with the pharynx by isthmus faucium

Superiorly Roofed with the hard (palatum drum) and soft palate (palatum drum)

Inferiorly The floor is composed of three muscles:
o m. mylohyoideus
o venter anterior m. digastrici
o m. geniohyoideus
–> Glandula submandibularis is situated beneath the muscles
–> On the upper surface of the muscles lies glandula sublingualis, covered by the mucous membrane
 Medially to Plica sublingualis is caruncula sublingualis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glandulae salivarie

A 
Glandulae salivariae minores are scattered in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and tongue
o glandulae labiales
o glandulae buccales
o glandulae palatinae
o glandulae linguales

Glandulae salivariae majores:
o glandula parotidea (also accessoria)
o glandula sublingualis
o glandula submandibularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glandula parotidea

A
  • Largest salivary gland
  • Pars superficialis – lies in front of the external ear on m. masseter
  • Pars profunda – is situated in the retromandibular fossa
  • Fascia parotidea surrounds the parotid gland
  • Ductus parotidus starts at the gland’s anterior boarder, crosses m. masseter and runs through m.Buccinator and opens into the vestibulum oris on papilla parotidea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glandula submandibularis

A
  • Lies in trigonum submandibulare
  • Surrounded by lamina superficialis fasciae cervicales / fasciae colli superficiales
  • Opens on caruncula sublingualis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glandula sublingualis

A
  • The mucous membrane covers the gland and forms plica sublingualis
  • The gland has several ducts, but the main duct – ductus
    sublingualis major opens on caruncula sublingualis together
    with ductus submandibulare
  • Ductus sublinguales minores open by small openings
    directly on plica sublingualis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dentes

A

Two sets of teeth:
o Dentes decidui  20 – 6-8 months (primary milk teeth)
o Dentes permanentes  32 – 6-12 years
o Dens serotinus  17-24 years (wisdom tooth)

  • Dens inscivus – for biting
  • Dens caninus – tearing and gripping
  • Dens premolaris – chewing movement
  • Dens molaris – chewing
 Corona dentis = crown
 Radix dentis = root
 Cervix dentis = neck
 Cavitas dentis
 Cavitas coronae
 Cavitas radices dentis
 Foramen apicis dentis for Bv and nerves
 Pulpa dentis is soft part
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Palatum

A

Forms the roof of the oral cavity

Consists of two parts:
o Hard palate – palatum durum, is anteriorly
o Soft palate – palatum molle, lies behind the hard palate

Separates the oral and nasal cavities and is formed by bone palate and is covered by the periosteum
and mucous membrane

Mucous membrane contains numerous glandulae
palatinae (=Glandulae salivariae minores)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

About the soft palate

A

–> is a movable fold and consists of the fold
of the mucous membrane enclosing muscular tissue, a
palatine aponeurosis, blood vessels, nerves, lymphoid
tissue and mucous glands

–> Palatine aponeurosis is formed by C.T. and serves as the soft skeleton of the soft palate

–> From it 5 pairs of muscles of soft palate and fauces start

–> The posterior boarder of the soft palate is free and hangs like a curtain between cavitas oris and pharynx
o There is a small conical process – uvula palatina.

–> When the soft palate elevates (swallowing) –> separates cavitas nasi and the nasopharynx from the
posterior part of cavitas oris and oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

uvula palatina

A
  • Folds on each side of the uvula form two arches:
    1. Arcus palatoglossus (extends to the lateral border of the tongue)
    2. Arcus palatopharyngeus ( extends to the wall of the pharynx)
  • -> Sinus tonsillaris s. fossa tonsillaris between the arches (tonsilla palatina locates here)

The palate arches boarder isthmus faucium
o Isthmus faucium is the orifice in the posterior wall of the oral cavity
o Connects the latter with the pharynx
o Isthmus faucium is limited by:
- Superiorly: uvula
- Laterally: arcus palatoglossus et arcus palatopharyngeus
- inferiorly: radix linguae et tonsilla lingualis

There are 5 pairs of muscles of the soft palate and fauces:
M. uvulae
 o. palatum drum
 i. uvula
 f. elevates and shortens uvula

M. levator veli palatini
 o. basis cranii
 i. aponeurosis
 f. elevates and shortens uvula

M. tensor veli palatini
 o. lamina medialis processus
pterygoidei
 i. aponeurosis
 f. stretches palatum molle and widens the auditory tube

M. palatoglossus
 o. aponeurosis
 i. root of the tongue
 f. narrows isthmus faucium and shortens arcus palatoglossus

M. palatopharyngeus
 o. aponeurosis
 i. lateral wall of pharynx
 f. narrows isthmus faucium and shortens arcus palatopharyngeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lingua s. Glossa

A

Takes part in chewing, sucking, contains sense organs for taste and touch and is involved in speech production

  • two parts:
    1. Corpus linguae - central part
  • -> anterior part of the body is the apex linguae
    2. Radix linguae – posterior part, connected to os hyoideum
  • On corpus linguae is the upper part – dorsum linguae and the lower part – facies inferior linguae
  • Margo linguae is between the dorsum and the lower surface
  • Sulcus medianus linguae is in the middle of the dorsum
  • Sulcus terminalis linguae is between the dorsum and the root
  • Foramen caecum linguae is in the middle of sulcus terminalis linguae
  • Tonsilla lingualis is on the root

 The mucous membrane of the tongue contains numerous glands – glandulae linguales
 The mucous membrane forms three folds from the root of the tongue toward the epiglottis:
o Plica glossoepiglottica mediana
o Plica glossoepiglottica lateralis dextra et sinistra
 2 depressions between them - vallecula epiglottica

 The mucosa forms a fold in the midline of the lower surface of the tongue – frenulum linguae
o connects the tongue with the gum of mandibula
 Numerous papilla linguales on the dorsum of the tongue
o Papillae filiformes – across the dorsum of the tongue, a rough surface
o Papillae fungiforme – around the margin and the tip of the tongue, contain taste buds
o Papillae vallate – 7-11, arranged frontally of sulcus terminalis, contains taste buds
o Papillae foliate – transverse folds of the mucosa at the margin and the tip of the tongue,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mucosal formations of lingua s. Glossa

A
  • The mucous membrane of the tongue contains numerous glands – glandulae linguales
  • The mucous membrane forms three folds from the root of the tongue toward the epiglottis:
    1. Plica glossoepiglottica mediana
    2. & 3. Plica glossoepiglottica lateralis dextra et sinistra
    • -> 2 depressions between them - vallecula epiglottica
  • The mucosa forms a fold in the midline of the lower surface of the tongue – frenulum linguae
  • -> connects the tongue with the gum of mandibula

Numerous papilla linguales on the dorsum of the tongue
o Papillae filiformes – across the dorsum of the tongue, a rough surface
o Papillae fungiforme – around the margin and the tip of the tongue, contain taste buds
o Papillae vallate – 7-11, arranged frontally of sulcus terminalis, contains taste buds
o Papillae foliate – transverse folds of the mucosa at the margin and the tip of the tongue,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Muscles of lingua s. Glossa

A 
Extrinsic muscles:
M. Genioglossus
 o. Spina mentalis mandibula
 i. Root of the tongue
 f. Pulls the tongue forward and downward

M. Styloglossus
 o. Processus styloideus
 i. Root of the tongue
 f. Pulls the tongue backward and downward

M. Hyoglossus
 o. Os hyoideum
 I. Root of the tongue
 f. Pulls the tongue backward and downward

Intrinsic muscles run perpendicular to each other and their main function is to change the shape of the
tongue:
M. Longitudinalis superior et inferior
 from apex linguae
 shortens the tongue

M. Verticalis linguae
 connects radix linguae with the lower surface of the tongue
 flattens toung

M. Transversus linguae
 from median fibrous septum
 passes laterally to the sides of the tongue
 narrows the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pharynx

A

Placed behind the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx

The airway and food passage crosses the pharynx

Cavitas pharyngis is divided into 3 parts:

  1. Pars nasalis pharynges s. nasopharynx
  2. Pars oralis pharynges s. oropharynx
  3. Pars laryngea pharynges s. laryngopharynx

Wall structure:

Tunica mucosa
o glandulae pharyngeales in mucous membrane
o Pars nasalis pharynges s. nasopahrynx: respiratory epithelium
o Pars oralis et laryngea: stratified squamous epithelium

Fascia pharyngobasilaris –> soft skeleton of the pharynx between mucous and muscular layer.
–> Transforms into tela submucosa toward the oesophagus.

Tunica muscularis

Tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nasopharynx – s. Pars nasalis pharynges

A
  • Lies behind cavitas nasi from basis cranii externa  palatum molle (soft palate)
  • Skeletotopically: C1 to C2
  • attached to basis cranii externa and forms fornix pharynges
  • Anteriorly nasopharynx comminucates via choana with cavitas nasi
  • Between the superior and posterior walls of pharynx is tonsilla pharyngealis
  • In the lateral wall of pharynx is ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae
  • -> This opening leads via tubae auditivae to the cavitas tympani
  • equalizing the air pressure on both sides of membrana tympanica
  • Torus tubarius – a protube of cartilage from tubae auditivae
  • Recessus pharyngeus – small recess behind the opening of tubae auditivae
  • Below the pharyngeal opening is tonsilla tubaria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oropharynx – s. Pars oralis pharyngis

A

From palatum molle –> epiglottis

Skeletotopically: C3 to C4

Anteriorly it communicates with cavitas
oris through isthmus faucium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Laryngopharynx – s. Pars laryngea pharyngis

A 
Lies behind larynx
 from epiglottis  oesophagus
 Skeletotopically: C5 to C6
 Two openings: the aditus laryngis and
oesophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tonsils of the pharynx

A

Tonsillae tubariae (one on each side)

Tonsilla pharyngealis (single at the top of the pharynx)

Tonsilla palatina (paired)

Tonsilla lingualis (single)

Anulus lymphoideus pharyngis (Waldeyer’s throat ring)

25
Q

Muscles of pharynx

A 
(constrictors, elevatio pharynx): 
M. Constrictor pharyngis superior
o. Processus pterygoideus
rhaphe pterygomandibularis
linea mylohyoidea
margo linguae

M. Constrictor pharyngis medius
o. Os hyoideum

M. Constrictor pharyngis inferior
o. Cartilago thyroidea
cartilago cricoidea

i. Raphe pharynges
f. Narrows the pharyngeal space and elevatio pharynx

(levatores, elevatio pharynx):
M. Stylopharyngeus
o. Processus styloideus

M. Palatopharyngeus
o. Palatine aponeurosis

i. Lateral wall of pharynx
f. Elevatio pharynx

26
Q

Topography of pharynx

A

Holotopically: Cervical region

Skeletotopically: Basis cranii externa –> C6

Syntopically:
Anteriorly: cavitas nasi
cavitas oris
cavitas larynges

Laterally: BV, nerves

Posteriorly: mm. profundi colli
fascia prevertebralis of fascia cervicales
columna vertebralis

  • Posteriorly there is spatium retropharyngeum and it extends laterally to spatium parapharyngeum
  • Both spaces continue into mediastinum superius
27
Q

Oesophagus

A
  • Canal about 23-25cm
  • Extending from pharynx to gaster

3 parts:
1. Pars cervicalis
-> extend to the level of apertura thoracis superior
2. Pars thoracica
-> apertura thoracis superior to hiatus esophageus
diaphragm
3. Pars abdominalis
-> below hiatus esophageus diaphragm to the ostium
cardiacum

3 narrow spaces:
1. Constricto pharyngooesophagealis
-> Oesophagus entrance, behind cartilago cricoidea
2. Constricto broncoaortica
-> Trachea and r. Aorta, aorta thoracica (Th4-Th5)
3. Constricto phrenica s. Diaphragmatica
-> Passage through diaphragma, beginning of pars
abdominalis

Tunica mucosa
o forms longitudinal folds

Tela submucosa
o contains glandulae oesophageae

Tunica muscularis
o longitudinal and circular layers

Tunica adventitia or tunica serosa

  • > Tunica adventitia covers cervical and thoracic part
  • > the abdominal part is covered by tunica serosa (peritoneum)
28
Q

Topography of the oesophagus

A

Holotopically:

  • cervical region
  • mediastinum superior and posterior
  • cavitas abdominalis

Skeletotopically: C6 - Th11

Syntopically:
Posteriorly: columna vertebralis (aorta crosses at Th8-9)

Anteriorly:

  • trachea
  • bronchus principalis sinister
  • pericardium
  • hepar

Laterally:

  • BV, nerves
  • lobuli glandula thyroidea
  • pleura parietalis pars mediastinalis,
  • hepar
29
Q

pleura parietalis pars mediastinalis

A

the continuation of the costal and diaphragmatic pleura of each side that passes from the vertebral column and sternum covering the sides of the mediastinum.

30
Q

Intestinum tenue

A
  • Convoluted tube extending from pylorus to ostium ileale
  • Digestion and absorption takes place is intestinum tenue
  • Lenght: 5-6m
    3 portions:
    o Duodenum
    o Jejunum
    o Ileum
31
Q

Duodenum

A

C-shaped and winds around caput pancreas

Has 4 parts:
o Pars superior
o Pars descendens
o Pars inferior s. Pars horizontalis
o Pars ascendens

Pars superior
o starts at ostium pyloricum –> crosses columna vertebralis from left to right at the level of L1 –> continues with flexura duodeni superior into the next part
o In the beginning it has a dilated duodenal cap – bulbus s. Ampulla

Pars descendens
o descends along the right side of columna vertebralis to the level of L3 –> forms flexura duodeni inferior –> continues to the next part

Pars inferioris s. Pars horizontalis
o crosses columna vertebralis from the right to left at the level of L3 –> passes the on to the last part

Pars ascendens
o runs upward obliquely to L2 –> forms flexura duodenojejunalis –> continues then into jejunum

32
Q

Jejunum et Ileum

A
  • Involved in the fold of peritoneum – mesenterium intestinale
  • Mesenterium is a peritoneal fold which attach jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall by radix mesenterii
  • jejunum and ileum are mobile intraperitoneal coils attached to the posterior abdominal wall by radix
    mesenterii (radix mesenterii from flexura duodenojejunalis to ileocaecal junction)
  • No strict boarder
    o Jejunum is wider, more vascular and deeper in color than ileum
    o Ileum is much narrower and thinner
    o Jejunum is 2/5 and Ileum is 3/5 of their total common length
33
Q

Wall structure of intestine ten

A

Tunica mucosa
o forms plicae circulares with villi intestinales
–> In duodenum there is only one fold – plica longutudinales duodeni (in the descending
part of duodenum)
–> the fold ends at papilla duodeni major, which is formed by the enlargement ampulla hepatopancreatica for the common opening of bile and pancreatic ducts
o glandulae duodenales s. glandulae intestinales

Tela submucosa (loose connective tissue)
o noduli lymphoidei solitarii are scattered in all parts of small intestine
o in the end part of ileum are also noduli lymphoidei aggregati
Tunica muscularis (two layers)
o External longitudinal
o inner circular
 In the descending part of duodenum
they from a sphincter, surrounding the
hepatopancreatic ampulla.
Tunica serosa (peritoneum) covers jejunum and ileum
completely, making them intraperitoneal organs.
o The duodenum is a retroperitoneal organ.
34
Q

topography of intestine tenue

A

Holotopically

  • Duodenum regio epigastrica (upper part) and in regio umbilicalis (lower part)
  • Jejunum regio umbilicalis and regio lateralis sinistra
  • Ileum regio lateralis dextra, regio inguinalis dextra, regio pubica and pelvis minor

Skeletopically

  • Pars superior duodeni – 1st lumbar vertebra
  • Pars descendens duodeni – from the 1st to the 3rd lumbar vertebra
  • Pars horizontalis duodeni – 3rd lumbar vertebra
  • Pars ascendens duodeni – from the 3rd to the 2nd lumbar vertebra
Syntopically
- Duodenum:
Posteriorly: 
* abdominal aorta
* vena cava inferior
* the descending part faces ren dexter and glandula suprarenalis dexter

Medially: caput pancreas
Anteriorly:
* colon transversus
* Hepar

  • Jejunum and ileum:
    Posteriorly: organs of the retroperitoneal space

On the right: colon ascendes

Anteriorly: covered by omentum majus

Inferiorly: descend into pelvis minor

35
Q

Intestinum Crassum

A

Average length 100-150 cm

  • Important for vital absorbtion and reabsorbtion of water and plasma electrolytes
  • Residence for endemic bacterial flora
  • -> Produce also K and B12-vitamins
  • Final process of chyme into faeces for defecation
  • Caecum et Appendix Vermiformis
Colon:
o Colon Ascendens
o Colon Transversum
o Colon Descendens
o Colon Sigmoideum
o Rectum
o Canalis Analis
36
Q

Wall of intestine crassum

A

tunica mucosa
- Glandulae intestinales s. cryptae intestinales secrete lubricating mucus
- Lymphatic drainage is well developed in intestinum crassum. In tunica mucosa – noduli lymphoidei
solitari, in appendix vermiformis – noduli lymphoidei aggregati appendicis vermiformis
- Plicae semilunares coli
- well developed in colon, poorly in caecum, not present in
appendix vermiformis and rectum.

tela submucosa
- Lamina propria, mucosae et tela submucosa are very well vascularized with capillaries, venous drainage
is eventually to vena mesenterica superior and finally to venae portae hepatis.

tunica muscularis s. muscularis externa
- Three longitudinal muscle layers in muscularis externa of caecum et colon –> form taeniae coli.
= longitudinal muscle layers, which are reduced to 3 bands.
 Taenia libera is free
 Taenia omentalis attachment of omentum majus
 Taenia mesocolia attachment of mesocolon trnaversum
- Taeniae coli are shorter than intestinum crassum – creating haustra coli

tunica serosa (intraperitoneal) / tunica adventitia (retroperitoneal)
- has fatty protrusions – appendices epiploicae s. appendices omentales
37
Q

Main differences between small and large intestine:

A

 larger diameter
 Taenia
 Haustra and plicae semilunares
 Appendices apiploicae

38
Q

Caecum at Appendix Vermiformis

A

 Caecum is 6-8 cm in lenght, 7-7,5 cm in diameter
(the widest part of intestinum crassum)
 Locates in regio inguinalis dextra
 Caecum communicates with Ileum via ostium
ileale
o one-way valve formed by tunica mucosa
foldings

 communicates with appendix vermiformis via ostium appendicis vermiformis

39
Q

Colon

A

Colon Ascendens
- 12-20 cm in lenght, smaller in diameter than Caecum
- Locates in regio lateralis dextra
- Goes up untill reaches inferior surface of Hepar  formates bending to the left flexura coli
dextra s. flexura coli hepatica and continues as colon transversum

Colon Transversum
- 30-80 cm in length
- The most motile portion of intestinum crassum
- starts from regio hypochondriaca dextra  passes transversally with downward convexity in
regio umbilicalis  reaching regio hypochondriaca sinistra
- In regio hypochondriaca sinistra makes turn down at flexura coli sinistra s. flexura coli splenica.
- Colon transversum is within peritoneum
–> Fixed to posterior abdominal wall by mesocolon transversum
–> Lig. Gastrocolicum and omentum majus attach to tenia omentalis coli transversi

Colon Descendens

  • 10-15 cm in length
  • starts at flexura coli sinistra s. flexura coli splenica with direction downwards
  • Locates in regio lateralis sinistra
  • At the level of crista iliaca sinistra becomes colon sigmoideum

Colon Sigmoideum

  • Average 40 cm in length
  • Continuation of colon descendens at crista iliaca sinistra
  • Locates in regio inguinalis sinistra
  • Formates an angled loop and is located in fossa iliaca sinistra
  • At the level of art. sacroiliaca dextra continues as rectum
40
Q

Rectum

A
  • 13-20 cm in length
  • Locates in regio hypogastrica and pelvis minor
  • shape called flexura sacralis (correspond the shape of os sacrum)
  • In the lower portion of rectum the diameter expands creating ampulla recti (final storage of faeces)
    –> When ampulla recti is filled with faeces the need for deficatio is induced due to pressure on m.
    sphincter ani internus
41
Q

Canalis analis

A

Continuation from ampulla recti

2-3 cm in length

Canalis analis penetrates perineum and has flexura perinealis

Anus is the terminal portion of canalis analis

  • Plicae transversae recti
  • Columnae anales
  • Sinus anales
  • Plexus venosus rectalis (in mucosa et
    submucosa)
  • M. sphincter ani internus
  • M. sphincter ani externus
  • M. levator ani
42
Q

Intestinum Crassum et Peritoneum

A

Caecum
- Intraperitoneal organ – covered by
peritoneum
- No mesenterium

Appendix vermiformis
- Intraperitoneal organ
- Has mesenterium – mesoappendix
connecting ileum to appendix

Colon ascendens et descendens
o Mesoperitoneal organ – covered by peritoneum anteriorly, laterally and medially
o Posteriorly covered by tunica adventitia

Colon transversum
o Intraperitoneal organ
o Mesocolon transversum

Colon sigmoideum
o Intraperitoneal organ
o Mesocolon sigmoideum

Rectum
o Upper 1/3 intraperitoneal
o Middle 1/3 mesoperitoneal
-->  anteriorly and laterally by peritoneum, posteriorly by tunica adventitia
o Lower 1/3 retroperitoneal
--> covered by tunica adventitia
43
Q

Topography of large intestine

A

Holotopia

  • Cavitas abdominis caecum , appendix vermiformis et colon
  • Pelvis minor rectum et canalis analis

Skeletotopia
- Caecum fossa iliaca dextra, vertebra Lumbalis V
- Colon ascendens vertebra L V  cartilagines costarum IX-X, vertebra L II
- Colon transversum skeletotopia is impossible to describe due to large positional variations
(Sobotta)
- Colon descendens cartilagines costarum IX – X, vertebra Lumbalis II –> crista iliaca sinistra
- Colon sigmoideum crista iliaca sinistra –> art. sacroiliaca dextra
- Rectum art. sacroiliaca dextra –> os coccygis

Syntopia
- Caecum et colon ascendens
Medially: intestinum tenue

  • Flexura coli dextra
    Superiorly:
  • hepar
  • fundus vesicae biliaris

Posteriorly ren dexter

-Colon transversum
Superiorly:
* gaster
*pars superior duodeni
* pancreas

Inferiorly: intestinum tenue

- Flexura coli sinistra
Superiorly: 
* splen s. lien
* cauda pancreatic
Posteriorly: ren sinister
  • Colon descendens et sigmoideum
    Medially: intestinum tenue

Rectum
Posteriorly:
* os sacrum
* os coccygis

Laterally: plexus venosus rectalis

Anteriorly in males:

  • vesica urinaria
  • Prostate
  • ductus deferens
  • glandula vesiculosa

Anteriorly in females

  • uterus
  • vagina
44
Q

Peritoneum

A
  • serous covering of cavitas abdominalis

2 parts:

  1. Peritoneum parietale
  2. Peritoneum viscerale
    - -> between these parts is cavitas peritonealis with serous fluid to lubricate organs
  • Between cavitas peritonealis and posterior abdominal wall is spatium retroperitoneale
- Peritoneum parietale continues into peritoneum viscerale and forms:
o Mesocolon
o Mesenterii
o Ligamenta
o Omenta
o Folds
  • Mesocolon and mesenterii are peritoneal folds that attach organs to the posterior abdominal wall
    –> allow movement
    –> contain BV, nerves and lymph vessels
    o Mesenterii connects jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall by radix mesenterii
    o Radix mesenterii passes obliquely downward from flexura duodenojejunale at 2nd LV to
    ileocaecal junction
    o Mesocolon transversum fix colon transversum
    o Mesocolon sigmoideum fix colon sigmoideum
    o Mesoappendix is for appendix vermiformis
45
Q

Peritoneal cavity in pelvis minor

A

Female: Excavatio rectouterine
Excavatio vesicouterina
Male: Excavatio rectovesicalis

46
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Covers only anterior side

  • duodenum
  • pancreas
  • ren
  • glandula suprarenalis
  • empty vesica urinaria
  • ureter
47
Q

Mesoperitoneal organs

A

Covers all but posterior side

  • hepar
  • vesical biliaris
  • colon ascendes
  • colon descendes
  • rectum (middle 1/3)
  • full vesica urinaria
  • uterus
48
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

Covers all sides

  • oesophagus (pars abdominalis)
  • gaster
  • jejunum
  • ileum
  • caecum
  • appendix
  • colon transversum
  • colon sigmoideum
  • rectum (upper 1/3)
  • splen s. lien
  • tuba uterine
49
Q

Lien s. Splen

A
  • Organ for the destruction of erythrocytes
  • -> Red pulp filtrates RBC’s
  • Produces leucocytes
  • -> White pulp synthesizes antibodies
  • Durin fetal life and shortly after it creates erythrocytes

Facies diaphragmatica – convex, smooth, directed upward to diaphragma

Facies visceralis – with hilum splenicum (entrance and exit of vessels and nerves)

Margo superior – projected forward
Margo inferior – more rounded, projected posteriorly

Tunica fibrosa surrounds the spleen (capsule)

Tunica serosa (peritoneum) covers from all sides –> intraperitoneal

  • -> forms 2 LIGAMENTS (= double fold of peritoneum)
    1. Lig. Gastrosplenicum – from hilum splenicum to curvaura major (gaster)
    2. Lig. Phrenicosplenicum – from facies diaphragmatica to diaphragm
50
Q

Topography of spleen

A

Holotopically: Regio hypochondriaca sinistra

Skeletotopically:

  • Superior border at costae IX
  • Hilum splenicum at costae X
  • Inferior border at costae XI
Syntopically:
* facies diaphragmatica: Diaphragma
* Facies visceralis:
Gaster
Ren sinister
Glandula suprarenalis
Colon
Cauda pancreatis
51
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Produces the pancreatic juice –> drains into the duodenum

Exocrine portion (pancreas is primarly an exocrine gland)

  • Acinar cells: Enzymatic components (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, pancreatic lipase….) (regulated by cholecystokinin)
  • Centroacinar cells: bicarbonate (regulated by secretin)

Endocrine portion (only 2% of total mass)

  • The cells of Langerhans (beta cells) produce insulin –> the blood stream for sugar metabolism
  • Alpha cells produce glucagon –> raises the concentration of glucoce in blood stream –> causes the liver (hepar) to convert stored glycogen into glucose
  • Lies transversely across the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity
  • Peritoneum covers the anterior side = retroperitoneal organ
  • Caput pancreatis – head of pancreas, curve of duodenum
  • Corpus pancreatis – crosses the vertebral column
  • Cauda pancreatis – reaches the visceral surface of the spleen

The body (corpus pancreatis) and the tail (cauda pancreatis) are TRIANGULAR on cross section –> 3 surfaces

  1. Anterosuperior
  2. Anteroinferior
  3. Posterior

3 borders

  • Superior
  • Anterior
  • Inferior

Ductus pancreaticus – through the pancreas

  • joins the bile duct to form ampulla hepatopancreatica
  • opens at papilla duodeni major
  • Frequently there is ductus pancreaticus accessories
  • -> Excretes pancreatic juice from caput pancreatic
  • -> opens into the duodenum by papilla duodeni minor
52
Q

topography of pancreas

A

Holotopically:
Regio epigastrica
Regio hypochondrica sinistra

Skeletotopically:
Caput pancreas at L2
Corpus pancreas crosses columna vertebralis at the level of L1
Cauda pancreatis at 10th costae

Syntopically:
- Caput pancreas surrounded by Duodenum and crossed by mesocolon transversum anteriorly

Posteriorly: 
Vena cava inferior
Vena portae hepatis
Corpus and cauda pancreatis face:
Anteriorly
* Gaster
* Mesocolon transversum

Posteriorly

  • Aorta abdominalis
  • Ren sinister

Inferiorly

  • Coils of jejunum
  • Flexura coli sinistra

Cauda pancreatis reaches lien s. splen

53
Q

Vesica Biliaris

A

storage of bile
- in fossa vesica biliaris, on the visceral side of the right lobe

It is composed of;
o fundus vesicae biliaris
o corpus vesicae biliaris
o collum vesicae biliaris

The mucus membrane lines the gallbladder and forms the mucosal folds
o Mucous glands are scattered in the mucosa

Tunica muscularis: one circular layer which forms musculus sphincter ampullae at the region of ampulla hepatopancreatica

Tunica Serosa (peritoneum) covers the gall bladder from the lower surface

Tunica adventitia covers the upper surface

There is no submucosa!

54
Q

Bile pathway

A
  • Bile is excreted via ductus hepaticus sinister et dexter
  • They join at the porta hepatis to form Ductus hepaticus communis
  • Ductus hepaticus communis joins with Ductus cycticus  form ductus choledochus
  • Ductus choledochus runs along lig. hepatoduodenale together with portae arteria hepatica
  • crosses the superior part of the duodenum and caput pancreas
  • pierces the posterior wall of the pars descendens duodenum –> form plica longitudinalis duodeni
  • with ductus pancreaticus to form ampulla hepatopancreatica –> opens into papilla duodeni major
55
Q

Topography of hepar

A

Holotopically:
regio hypchondriaca dextra
regio epigastrica
regio hypochondriaca sinister

Syntopically:
impressio cardiaca
impressio Oesophageale
impressio gastrica
impressio duodenalis
impressio colica
impressio renalis
impressio suprarenalis

Skeletopically: upper border on the right side:

  • -> intersection of linea medioclavicularis dextra and the 4th intercostal space
  • -> turns downwards towards the left, near the 5th intercostal space

The lower border:
 intersection of linea axillaris media and 10th rib
 curves along arcus costales
 junction between cartilagines costarum 9th and 8th
 border crosses regio epigastrica
 reaches the left side where the cartilage of the 7th and 8th rib join
 ends in 6th intercostal space

Posteriorly:
between 9th and 11th thoracic vertebrae

56
Q

Hepar

A

Main function; exocrine gland responsible for the production of bile

Secondary functions;
o Thermoregulation
o metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
o production of erythrocytes during the fetal period

  • Margo Inferior - Thin, sharp border projecting downwards
  • Area Nuda - bare, not covered by peritoneum
  • Facies diaghragmatica
    o Superior convex surface projected towards diaphragm
    –> Lig. falciforme
  • divides the liver into lobus hepatis dexter et sinister
    –> lig. cononarium
  • borders Area Nuda and forms the two attaching ligaments on either end –> lig. triangulare dexter et sinister

Facies Visceralis

  • Inferior surface, directed towards the abdominal organs
  • liver can be divided into 4 lobes
  • The right lobe is bordered by the right sagittal groove
  • The left lobe is bordered by the left sagittal groove
  • The transverse groove lies between the two sagittal grooves
  • -> separates lobus quadratus and lobus caudatus
  • -> lobus quadratus lies anteriorly while lobus caudatus lies posteriorly
57
Q

Tunica fibrosa & serosa of the liver

A

Tunica fibrosa and Tunica Serosa (peritoneum) cover the liver

  • -> The peritoneum covers the liver from 3 sides, but does not cover area nuda
  • -> It also forms the attaching ligaments of the liver, which can be divided into 2 groups:
  1. Ligaments extending to the diaphragm;
    - Lig. Falciforme: b. diaphragm and upper surface of the liver
    - Lig. Coronarium: from area nuda to diaphragm, with two attaching ends
    - Lig. Triangulare Dexter et Sinister
  2. Ligaments extending from porta hepatis towards the organs;
    - Lig. Hepatogastricum: to curvatura minor gaster
    - Lig. Hepatoduodenale: to the superior portion of duodenum
    - Lig. Hepatorenale: to ren dexter
58
Q

Nutrition entrance to liver and the formations within the sagittal grooves

A 
Porta hepatis is located within the transverse groove and contains;
o Ductus hepaticus communis
o Vena portae heptis
o Arteria hepatica propria
o nerves and lymphatic vessels

Formations within the sagittal grooves;

  • Fossa vesicae biliaris: depression for the gall bladder
  • Sulcus venae cavae: groove for the vena cavae
  • Fissura ligamentum teres: Lig. teres hepatis lies within
  • Fissura ligamentum venosi: Lig. venosum

Anatomy (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions