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Anatomy > Cranium > Flashcards

Cranium Flashcards

1
Q

How is cranium divided?

A

into Neurocranium and Viscerocranium s. splanchnocranium.

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2
Q

Ossa neurocranii bones

A 
Os sphenoidale
Os occipitale
Os parietale
Os frontale
Os temporale
Os ethmoidale
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3
Q

Ossa viscerocranii consists:

A 
Os zygomaticum
Maxilla
Os lacrimale
Os nasale
Concha nasalis inferior
Os palatinum
Vomer
Mandibula
Os hyoideum
Ossicula auditus
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4
Q

How is os sphenoidale divided ?

A

divided into: corpus, ala minor, ala major, processus pterygoideus.

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5
Q

Os Sphenoidale corpus

A

Facies superior

  • Sella turcica
  • Tuberculum sellae
  • Sulcus prechiasmaticus
  • Fossa hypophysialis
  • Dorsum sellae (“back”)

Facies lateralis
- Sulcus caroticus (sarvista alas, sella turcican vieressä

Facies anterior

  • Apertura sinus sphenoidalis (nenäreiät)
  • Sinus sphenoidalis
  • Septum sinuum sphenoidalium

Facies posterior

  • Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis
  • Synostosis sphenooccipitalis
  • Os basilare
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6
Q

Os Sphenoidale ala minor

A

Facies orbitalis (lower surface)

Facies cerebralis (upper surface)

  • Canalis opticus (sulcus prechiasmatis vieres)
  • Fissura orbitalis superior
  • Processus clinoideus anterior (sarvet niskaan päin)
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7
Q

Os Sphenoidale ala major

A

Facies temporalis (sivusiivet)

Facies infratemporalis
- Crista infratemporalis

Facies maxillaris (small close to rotundum)

Facies orbitalis

Facies cerebralis (only inner)

  • Foramen rotundum
  • Foramen ovale
  • Foramen spinosum
  • Impressiones digitatae
  • Juga cerebralia
  • Sulci arteriosi
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8
Q

Os sphenoidal processus pterygoideus

A

Sarvet in the lower part

  • Lamina medialis
  • Fossa pterygoidea
  • Lamina laterlis
  • Canalis pterygoideus (superiorly)
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9
Q

How is os occipitale divided? Where does the spinal cord go?

A

Divided into pars basilaris, pars lateralis and squama occipitalis.

Foramen magnum is the large opening for spinal cord.

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10
Q

Os occipitale

A

Pars basilaris

  • Tuberculum pharyngeum (outside of the bone, opposite side of clivus)
  • Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris
  • Clivus

Pars lateralis

  • Condylus occipitalis (the wing outer part)
  • Canalis hypoglossi (next to the foramen magnum laterally, closer than condylaris, more like painautuma)
  • Canalis condylaris (next to the foramen magnum laterally, hole)
  • Incisura jugularis (canalis condylaris)
  • Sulcus sinus sigmoidei (laterally “towards ears”)

Squama occipitalis

Facies externa

  • Protuberantia occipitalis externa (linea superior leaves from here)
  • Crista occipitalis externa
  • Linea nuchae superior (outside border)
  • Linea nuchae inferior (outside border)
Facies cerebralis 
Takaraivosta kohti selkäydintä --> 
- Sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris
- Sulcus sinus transversi
- Protuberantia occipitalis interna
- Crista occipitalis interna
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11
Q

Os parietale kulmat

A 
Angulus frontalis (90, upper)
Angulus sphenoidalis (lower, sharp)
Angulus occipitalis (upper, next to frontal)
Angulus mastoideus (next to sharp)
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12
Q

Os parietal facies and their structures

A

Facies externa

  • Tuber parietale (kyhmy)
  • Linea temporalis superior
  • Linea temporalis inferior
  • Foramen parietale (small hole close to angulus occipitalis)

Facies cerebralis

  • Impressiones digitatae (sormenjäljet)
  • Juga cerebralia (verisuonipainaumat)
  • Sulci arteriosi (vahvimmat painaumat)
  • Foveolae granulares (close to angels frontalis 90 degree, small holes)
  • Sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris (lining of the upper margo)
  • Sulcus sinus sigmoidei (next to sulcus mastoids (so other side of the sharp angulus sphenoidalis)
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13
Q

How is os frontale divided?

A

Divided into squama frontalis, pars nasalis, pars orbitalis.

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14
Q

Squama frontalis os frontale

A

Facies externa

  • Tuber frontale (kyhmyt)
  • Arcus superciliaris (kulmakarvat)
  • Glabella (b. arcuses)
  • Margo supraorbitalis (sharp line of arches)
  • Incisura frontalis
  • -> foramen frontale
  • Processus zygomaticus (the end of arcus
  • Linea temporalis (ohimon reuna)
  • Facies temporalis (ohimo)

Facies cerebralis

  • Crista frontalis (lower in the middle of the hollow)
  • Sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris (superior to crust b. two lines)
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15
Q

Pars nasalis, Pars orbitalis os frontale

A

Pars nasalis

  • Incisura ethmoidalis (silmäkuoppien välinen “trabecula”)
  • Apertura sinus frontalis (in the hevosenkenkä)
  • Sinus frontalis
  • Septum sinuum frontalium (wall between sinus frontalis)

Pars orbitalis

Facies orbitalis

  • Fossa glandulae lacrimalis (silmäkuoppa)
  • Foramen ethmoidale anterius (anterior next to nose)
  • Foramen ethmoidale posterius

Facies cerebralis

  • Impressiones digitatae
  • Juga cerebralia
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16
Q

How is os ethmoidale divided into?

A

into lamina cribrosa, lamina perpendicularis, labyrinthus etmoidalis

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17
Q

Os ethmoidale

A

Lamina cribrosa
- Cribrae ethmoidales

Lamina perpendicularis
- Crista galli

Labyrinthus ethmoidalis

  • Cellulae ethmoidales anteriores
  • Cellulae ethmoidales mediae
  • Cellulae ethmoidales posteriores
  • Lamina orbitalis
  • Concha nasalis superior
  • Concha nasalis media
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18
Q

os basillare

A

os sphenoidale + os occipitale

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19
Q

How is os temporale divided?

A

Divided into pars petrosa, pars mastoidea, pars tympanica and pars squamosa.

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20
Q

Pars petrosal os temporale

A 
 Apex partis petrosae
 Margo anterior
 Margo superior
-->  Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris
 Margo posterior
--> Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris
--> Canaliculus cochleae (next to Meatus, kinda below it)
--> Incisura jugularis (behind cochleae)

Facies anterior
 Tegmen tympani (“peukku” painautuma)
 Eminentia arcuata (elevation, “vuoren huippu”)
 Hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris (lähempänä eminentiaa)
 Hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris
 Impressio trigeminalis (for ganglio trigeminalis)

Facies posterior
 Porus acusticus internus (outer & inner biggest hole)
 Meatus acusticus internus (continuation of porus, = short channel)
 canaliculi vestibuli (posteriorly from the porus, super small “dot”)

Facies inferior
 Processus styloideus
 Foramen stylomastoideum (in the tip of processes, opening for canalis n. facialis)
 Canalis n. facialis
 Fossa jugularis
 Fossula petrosa (b. fossa jugularis and canalis caroticus)
 Canaliculus tympanicus
 Canalis caroticus (opens in the apex)
 Canalis musculotubarius (divides into semicanalis)
 Semicanalis tubae auditivae (auditive tube)
 Semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani (closer to canalis caroticus)

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21
Q

Pars mastoidea and pars tympanic of os temporale

A

Pars mastoidea
 Processus mastoideus
 Cellulae mastoideae (reikiä processuksen sisällä)
 Antrum mastoideum (reduces pain if put warm on it in case of infection)
 Incisura mastoidea (closer to processus)
 Sulcus artery occipitalis (further away from processus)
 Foramen mastoideum
 Sulcus sinus sigmoidei

Pars tympanica
 Fissura petrotympanica

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22
Q

Pars squamosa os temporale

A

Facies temporalis
 Processus zygomaticus
 Fossa mandibularis
 Tuberculum articulare

Facies cerebralis
 Impressiones digitatae
 Juga cerebralia
 Sulci arteriosi

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23
Q

Canales ossis temporalis

A
  1. Canalis n. facialis
  2. Canalis caroticus
  3. Canalis musculotubarius
  4. Canaliculus tympanicus
  5. Canaliculus vestibuli
  6. Canaliculus cochleae
  7. Cavitas tympani
  8. Canaliculus chordae
    tympani
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24
Q

Canalis nervi facialis

A

Meatus acusticus internus goes perpendicularly to longitudinal axis of pyramids to the direction (all the way) of hiatus canalis n. petrosi major

  • -> 90 degree curve (posteriorly)
  • -> parallerly to longitudinal axis until eminentia arcuata
  • -> at the level of eminentia arcuata goes 90 degrees down –> out from foramen stylomastoideum.
25
Q

Canalis caroticus

A

Starts facies inferior partis petrosa, ends on apex partis petrosa.

26
Q

Canalis musculotubarius

A

Apex partis petrosae  divides in 2 semicanalis (semicanalis m. tensoris tympani and semicanalis tubae auditivae). Ends in cavitas tympani.

27
Q

Canaliculus tympanicus

A

Upper opening – hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris, lower opening – fossula petrosa. Goes through cavitas tympani.

28
Q

Canaliculus vestibule

A

Starts facies posterior partis petrosae at canaliculi vestibuli, ends in auris
interna.

29
Q

Canaliculus cochleae

A

Starts at margo posterior partis petrosa at apertura externa canaliculi cochlea, ends in auris interna.

30
Q

Cavitas tympani

A

1cm^3 area near margo anterior. Ossicula auditus locate here. Canaliculus tympanicus goes through this. Canalis musculotubarius ends in here. Cannot be seen. Underneath tegmen tympani.

31
Q

Canaliculus chordae tympani

A

Branch of descending part of canalis n. facialis. Opens through fissura petrotympanica.
Meatus acusticus internus –> vertically down –> fissura petrotympanica

32
Q

Canalis nervi petrosi majorais

A

second branch of canalis nervi facialis. From the beginning canalis n.facialis, hiatus canalis nervi petrosi majoris.

33
Q

Corpus mandibulae

A

Basis mandibulae
 Protuberantia mentalis (in between of two tuberculums, pyllyleuan kolo)
 Tuberculum mentale (2 kpl, pyllyleuka)
 Foramen mentale (holes laterally from tuberculums)
 Fovea sublingualis (internal)
 Fovea submandibularis (laterally)
 Linea mylohyoidea (internal, attachment for a muscle)
 Spina mentalis (internal spina)
 Fossa digastrica (internal, in the lower jaw, below spina)

Pars alveolaris
 Arcus alveolaris (how wide the “teeth cavity” is)
 Alveoli dentales (separated by septa, for roots of the teeth)
 Septa interalveolaria
 Septa interradicularia
 Juga alveolaria (elevations in the gum because of the teeth, anteriorly)

34
Q

Ramus mandibulae

A
  • Angulus mandibulae (leuan terävyys)
     Processus condylaris (in the place where the jaw connects to the skull)
     Caput mandibulae (in the processus)
     Collum mandibulae (in the processus)
     Fovea pterygoidea (in the processus)
     Processus coronoideus (etu yläpiikki)
     Incisura mandibulae (b. processusses)
     Foramen mandibulae (hole internal in the “cheek” of the mouth, opening for canalis)
     Canalis mandibularis (opens in foramen mentale)
     Sulcus mylohyoideus (continuities from foramen mandibulae)
     Tuberositas masseterica (outer surface, angulus mandibulae)
     Tuberositas pterygoidea (attachment for muscle, angulus mandibulae)
35
Q

How is Maxilla divided?

A

Corpus, 4 processus: frontalis, zygomaticus, palatinus, alveolaris

36
Q

Corpus maxillae

A 
Facies anterior
 Incisura nasalis (lower nasalis) 
 Foramen infraorbitale (below eye)
 Margo infraorbitalis (silmäkulma)
 Fossa canina (painauma silmän alla)

Facies orbitalis (superior)
 Sulcus infraorbitalis
 Canalis infraorbitalis

Facies nasalis
 Hiatus maxillaris
 Sinus maxillaris (the biggest)

Facies infratemporalis (outer posterior)
 Tuber maxillae (poskipää)
 Foramina alveolaria (very small, not always visible)
 Canales alveolares

37
Q

Processus of maxilla

A 
Processus frontalis (silmäkulma)
 Sulcus lacrimalis (b. frontalis and zygomaticus)

Processus zygomaticus (laterally, poskipää)

Processus palatinus
 Canalis incisivus (anterior)

Processus alveolaris (poskipään alaosa, inferior)  
 Arcus alveolaris
 Alveoli dentales
 Septa interalveolaria
 Septa interradicularia
 Juga alveolaria (same as in mandibula)
38
Q

Os zygomaticum

A

Processus temporales
Processus frontalis
Facies orbitals
- foramen zygomaticoorbitale

Facies lateralis

  • foramen zygomativofaciale
  • margo infraorbitalis

Facies temporalis
- foramen zygomaticotemporale

39
Q

Other small bones in the face

A 
Os lacrimale
Os nasale
Concha nasalis inferior 
Os hyoideum
Vomer
40
Q

Juncturae cranii: synarthrosis s. juncture fibrosa

A

Suturae cranii (syndesmosis), sutura serrata
- Sutura coronalis (b. frontal and parietal bones)
- Sutura sagittalis (b. parietal bones)
Sutura lambdoidea ( b. occipital and parietal bones)

Sutura frontalis (some people have this)

  • Sutura squamosa
  • Sutura plana
41
Q

Juncturae cranii: Synchondroses s. juncture cartilaginea

A

Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis
Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa
Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis

42
Q

Juncturae cranii: Synostoses s. juncture ossea

A 
Synostoses sphenooccipitalis (=ossification of
synchondrosis spenooccipitalis)
43
Q

Juncturae cranii: Diarthrosis

A

Art. temporomandibularis (art. ellipsoidea)

Caput mandibulae
Fossa mandibularis
Tuberculum articulare

 Discus articularis
 Capsula articularis
 Lig. laterale (from arcus zygomaticus to collum mandibulae

44
Q

What does the neurocranium consist of? What is the upper part called and what does it consist of ?

A

Neurocranium consists of basis cranii and calvaria. Calvaria is the upper part of neurocranium and consists of upper part of os frontale, os occipital, os parietale and ossa temporalis.

45
Q

Basis cranii

A 
Basis cranii interna
- Fossa cranii anterior
- Fossa cranii media
- Fossa cranii posterior
Basis cranii externa
46
Q

Borders between calvaria and basis cranii

A
  • Margo supraorbitalis
  • Processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis
  • Crista infratemporalis
  • Processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis
  • Processus mastoideus
  • Linea nuchae superior
  • Protuberantia occipitalis externa
47
Q

Fossa cranii anterior

A

Borders
 Squama frontalis
 Ala minor ossis sphenoidalis
 Sulcus prechiamaticus

Base formations
 Lamina cribrosa ossis ethmoidalis
 Pars orbitalis ossis frontalis
 Ala minor ossis sphenoidalis

Structures
 Crista galli
 Crista frontalis
 Impressiones digitatae
 Juga cerebralia
Communications
 Cribrae ethmoidales
--> cavum nasi (meatus nasi communis)
 Foramen ethmoidale anterius
--> orbita
48
Q

Fossa cranii media

A 
Borders
 Sulcus prechiasmaticus
 Ala minor ossis sphenoidalis
 Pars squamosa ossis temporalis
 Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris
 Dorsum sellae

Base formations
 Corpus ossis sphenoidalis
 Ala major ossis sphenoidalis
 Pars squamosa ossis temporalis
 Facies anterior parti petrosae

Structures
 Sulcus prechiasmaticus
 Sella turcica
 Tuberculum sellae
 Fossa hypophysialis
 Dorsum sellae
 Sulcus caroticus
 Impressiones digitatae
 Juga cerebralis
 Sulci arteriosi
 Tegmen tympani
 Eminentia arcuata
 Impressio trigemini

Communications
 Canalis opticus –> orbita
 Fissure orbitalis superior –> orbita
 Foramen rotundum –> fossa pterygopalatine
 Foramen ovale –> fossa infratemporalis
 Foramen spinosum –> fossa infratemporalis
 Canalis caroticus –> basis cranii externa
 Foramen lacerum –> basis cranii externa
 Hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris –> canalis nervi facialis –> foramen stylomastoideum or meatus
acusticus internus
 Hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris –> canaliculus tympanicus –> cavum tympani
–> fossula petrosa

49
Q

Fossa cranii posterior

A 
Borders
 Dorsum sellae
 Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris
 Sulcus sinus transversi
 Protuberantia occipitalis interna

Base formations
 Os occipitale
 Facies posterior partis petrosae ossis temporalis
 Pars mastoidea ossis temporalis
 Angulus mastoideus ossis parietalis

Structures
 Clivus
 Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris
 Sulcus sinus sigmoidei
 Crista occipitalis interna

Communications
 Foramen magnum –> canalis vertebralis
 Canalis hypoglossi –> basis cranii externa
 Canalis condylaris –> basis cranii externa
 Foramen jugulare –> basis cranii externa
 Foramen mastoideum –> basis cranii externa
 Porus et meatus acusticus internus –> canalis nervi facialis  foramen stylomastoideum –> basis cranii
externa
 Canaliculus cochleae –> auris interna
 Canaliculus vestibule –> auris interna

50
Q

Basis cranii externa

A

Viscerocranium divided into Arcus alveolaris superior and Palatum osseum and Choana

Neurocranium

51
Q

Neurocranium

A

Processus pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis
- Lamina lateralis
- Lamina medialis
Fossa pterygoidea
Canalis pterygoideus –> fossa pterygopalatine
Choana –> cavum nasi (meatus nasopharyngeus)
Canalis musculotubarius –> cavum tympani
Canalis caroticus –> fossa cranii media
Fossula petrosa –> canaliculus tympanicus –> cavum tympani
Fossa jugularis
Foramen jugulare –> fossa cranii posterior
Foramen stylomastoideum –> canalis nervi facialis
Processus styloideus
Fissura petrotympanica –> cavum tympani
Fossa mandibularis
Tuberculum articulare
Porus acusticus externus –> meatus acusticus externus
Processus mastoideus
Incisura mastoidea
Sulcus a. occipitalis
Foramen mastoideum –> fossa cranii posterior
Tuberculum pharyngeum
Foramen magnum –> fossa cranii posterior
Condylus occipitalis
Canalis condylaris –> fossa cranii posterior
Canalis hypoglossi –> fossa cranii posterior
Crista occipitalis externa
Linea nuchae superior
Linea nuchae inferior

52
Q

Viscerocranium

A

Arcus alveolaris superior

  • Processus alveolaris maxillae
  • Alveoli dentales
  • Septa interalveolaria
  • Septa interradicularia
  • Juga alveolaria

Palatum osseum

  • Processus palatinus maxillae
  • Lamina horizontalis ossis palatini
  • Sutura palatina mediana
  • Sutura palatina transversa
  • Canalis incisivus –> cavum nasi (meatus nasi communis)
  • Canalis palatinus major s. canalis pterygoplatinus –> fossa pterygopalatine

Choana

  • Lamina horizontalis ossis palatini
  • Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei
  • Facies inferior corposis ossis sphenoidalis
  • Vomer
53
Q

Os palatinum

A

Seperates nasal cavity from fossa pterygopalatine.

Lamina perpendicularis (vertically in the lateral wall of
nasal cavity in front of processus pterygoideus)
 Incisura sphenopalatina
o (joins with corpus ossis sphenoidalis to
make foramen sphenopalatinum)
 Facies nasalis
 Facies maxillaris

Lamina horizontalis
 Facies nasalis
 Facies palatine
 Foramen palatinum majus

54
Q

Different small bones of the face

A 
Os lacrimale
Os nasale
Concha nasalis inferior
Os hyoideum
Vomer
55
Q

Orbita and communications

A

Auditus orbitae

  • Margo supraorbitalis ossis frontalis
  • Margo infraorbitalis maxillae et ossis zygomatici

Apex orbitae

Paries medialis
 Processus frontalis maxillae
 Os lacrimale
 Lamina orbitalis ossis ethmoidalis
 Corpus ossis sphenoidalis

Paries superior
 Pars orbitalis ossis frontalis
 Facies orbitalis alae minoris ossis sphenoidalis

Paries lateralis
- Facies orbitals alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis
 Facies orbitalis ossis zygomatici
o Fossa glandulae lacrimalis

Paries inferior
 Facies orbitalis maxillae
o Sulcus infraorbitalis

Communications
 Canalis opticus –> fossa cranii media
 Fissura orbitalis superior –> fossa cranii media
 Foramen ethmoidale anterius –> fossa cranii anterior
 Foramen ethmoidale posterius –> through cellulae ethmoidalis –> cavum nasi
 Canalis nasolacrimalis –> cavum nasi (meatus nasi inferior)
 Canalis infraorbitalis –> foramen infraorbitale –> facies anterior maxillae
 Fissura orbitalis inferior –> fossa pterygopalatina, fossa infratemporalis

56
Q

Cavitas nasi and its communications

A

Paries superior
 Lamina cribrosa (in the skull!)

Paries inferior
 Palatum osseum

Paries lateralis
 Facies nasalis maxillae
 Os lacrimale
 Concha nasalis inferior
 Labyrinthus ethmoidalis (concha nasals media/superior)
 Lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini
 Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei

Paries medialis (septum nasi)
 Lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis
 Vomer
Paries posterior
 Facies anterior corporis ossis sphenoidalis
 Choanae

Paries anterior
 Os nasale
 Apertura piriformis (os nasale, incisura nasalis maxillae)

Communications

 Meatus nasi superior –> cellulae ethmoidales

 Meatus nasi medius –> cellulae ethmoidales
 Meatus nasi medius –> hiatus sinus maxillaris –> sinus maxillaris
 Meatus nasi medius –> apertura sinus frontalis –> sinus frontalis
 Meatus nasi inferior –> canalis nasolacrimalis –>orbita

 Meatus nasi communis –> apertura piriformis (for breathing)
 Meatus nasi communis –> cribrae ethmoidales –> fossa cranii anterior
 Meatus nasi communis –> canalis incisivus –> cavum oris

 Meatus nasopharyngeus –> apertura sinus sphenoidalis –> sinus sphenoidalis
 Meatus nasopharyngeus –> foramen sphenopalatinum –> fossa pterygopalatina
 Meatus nasopharyngeus –> choana –> basis cranii externa

57
Q

Fossa temporalis

A

Paries anterior
 Facies temporalis ossis frontalis
 Facies temporalis ossis zygomatici

Paries medialis
 Facies temporalis ossis frontalis
 Facies temporalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis
 Facies temporalis ossis parietalis
 Facies temporalis ossis temporalis
o Linea temporalis superior
o Linea temporalis inferior

Paries lateralis
 Arcus zygomaticus
 Processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis
 Processus temporalis ossis zygomatici

Communications
 Fossa infratemporalis
 Foramen zygomaticotemporale/zygomaticoorbitale –> orbita

58
Q

Fossa infratemporalis and its communications

A

Paries anterior
 Facies infratemporalis maxillae

Paries medialis
 Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei ossis sphenoidalis

Paries superior
 Facies infratemporalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis

Paries lateralis
( Arcus zygomaticus)
 Ramus mandibulae (in mandibula!)

Communications
 Fissura orbitalis inferior –> orbita
 Canaliculus chord tympani (Fissura petrotympanica) -> cavum tympani
 Fissura sphenomaxillaris (border between fossa infratemporalis and fossa pterygopalatina) –> fossa
pterygopalatina
 Foramina alveolaria –> canales alveolares maxillae
 Foramen ovale –> fossa cranii media
 Foramen spinosum –> fossa cranii media
 Foramen mandibulae (in mandibula!) –> canalis mandibulae

59
Q

Fossa pterygopalatina and its communications

A

Paries medialis
 Lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini

Paries anterior
 Facies infratemporalis maxillae

Paries posterior
 Processus pterygoideus

Paries superior
 Facies maxillaris alae majoris ossis
sphenoidalis

Communications

 Foramen sphenopalatinum –> meatus nasopharyngeus cavi nasi
 Foramen rotundum -> fossa cranii media
 Fissura orbitalis inferior –> orbita
 Fissura sphenomaxillaris (border between fossa infratemporalis and fossa pterygopalatina –> fossa
infratemporalis
 Canalis pterygoideus (in the root of proc. pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis) –> basis cranii externa
 Canalis palatinus major (os palatinum) –> foramen palatinum majus –> cavum oris

Anatomy (21 decks)

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