Systema respiratorium Flashcards
Larynx
- passage of air and the production of sound (voice box)
- The skeleton is formed by cartilagines larynges
- There are 3 single cartilages:
o Cartilago thyroidea
–> Consists of 2 plates, the anterior borders are fused with each other forming prominentia laryngea
(Adam’s Apple’)
o Cartilago epiglottica
- -> Leaf shaped
- -> projects obliquely upwards behind cartilago thyroidea
o Cartilago cricoidea
–> Ring shaped
There are 3 paired cartilages:
o Cartilago arytenoidea
–> Pyramidal in shape
–> at the upper border of the cricoid cartilage
o Cartilago corniculata
- -> two small conical nodules
- -> lie on top of cartilago arytenoidea
o Cartilago cuneiformis
–> placed in the posterior parts of the ary-epiglottic folds of the mucous membrane
Synovial joints of larynx
Articulatio cricothyroidea
- Between cartilago cricoidea and cartilago thyroidea
- Flexio cartilago thyroidea –> movements of the vocal cord (frontal axis)
Articulatio cricoarytenoidea
- Between cartilago cricoidea and cartilago arytenoidea
- This articulation allows the space between the vocal cords to expand or narrow (vertical axis)
Syndesmoses of larynx
Membrana thyrohyoidea
- Membrane between os hyoideum and the cartilago thyroidea
- Lig. cricothyroideum medianum is the thickest part
Lig. cricotracheale
- between cartilgo cricoidea and trachea
- Joins larynx to trachea
Cavitas larynges
- From aditus laryngis to the lower border of cartilago cricoidea (–> continues into the trachea)
bordered by:
o epiglottis
o plica aryepiglottica
o incisura interarytenoidea
- cavity has an hourglass shape and is divided into 3 parts:
1. Vestibulum larynges (upper)- from aditus laryngis to plicae vestibulares
- Glottis (middle)
- between plicae vestibulares and plicae vocals
- At each side there is ventriculus larynges (acts as a resonator) - Cavitas infraglottica (lower)
- From plicae vocales to the entrance of trachea
How’s the upper surface lined with?
stratified squamous epithelium
- variable points becomes ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Mixed mucous and serous glands are found in the lamina propria which covers membrana fibroelastica larynges
- -> 2 areas can be distinguished;
- Membrana quadrangularis; Located in vestibulum laryngis
- The upper border forms plica aryepiglottica
- thicker lower border forms (false vocal cords) – lig. vestibulare - Conus elasticus; Located in cavitas infraglottica
- The thick upper border forms (true vocal cords) – lig. vocale
What covers leg. vestibule and vocale? and what do they form? How’s the voice formed by these?
Plica vestibulares: The mucous membrane that covers lig. vestibulare
- forms Rima vestibuli: The narrow distance between the right and left folds
Plica vocalis: The mucous membrane that covers lig. vocale
- forms rima glottidis s. rima vocalis: The narrow space between both plicae vocalis
The voice is formed by the vibrations of the vocal folds made by an air stream expelled from the lungs
Musculi laryngis
M. cricothyroideus
- Moves art. cricothyroidea: flexio cartilago thyroidea –> stretch
the vocal cords
M. Vocalis
- Control the tension in the vocal cords
PLUS the extrinsic muscles such as suprahyoid (digastrica, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, genihyoid = elevation), (stylopharungeus, elevate) and infrahyoid muscles (omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid)
Topography of larynx
Holotopically: cervical region
Skeletopically: C4– 5 to C6– 7
Synoptically: Anteriorly: - Isthusmus glandulae thyroideae - mm. recti colli - fascia colli - subcutis and cutis
Posteriorly: laryngopharynx
Laterally:
- BV and nerves
- lobuli glandulae thyroideae
Trachea
- 9-15 cm long tube, 2- 2.5 cm in diameter
- from Larynx –> bifurcation tracheae
- carina tracheae
- 16- 20 cartilagines tracheales o reinforce trachea o anteriorly: ligg. anularia o posteriorly: paries membranaceus --> connective tissue and m. trachealis
- tunica mucosa
o folliculi lymphatici tracheales
o glandulae tracheales - tunica submucosa
- tunica adventitia
Topography of trachea
Holotopia:
- Regio colli
- mediastinum superius
Skeletotopia: C6-7 –> T4-5
Syntopia:
regio colli
- anteriorly:
> mm. recti colli
> fasciae colli
> subcutis, cutis
> isthmus glandulae thyroidea
- laterally:
> BV, nerves
> lobi glandulae thyroidea
- posteriorly:
> oesophagus
mediastinum superius
- anteriorly: thymus
- laterally: pleura mediastinalis
- posteriorly: oesophagus
Bronchi
Bronchus principalis dexter et sinister
- start at T4-5
bronchus principalis dexter: o wider, shorter (2.5 cm long) o continuous with course of trachea o enters lung at Th 5 o divides into 3 bronchi lobares
bronchus principalis sinister:
o smaller, longer (5 cm long)
o divides into 2 bronchi lobares
Entering pulmo: form arbor bronchialis –> arbor alveolaris
Arbor bronchialie (air conducting portion) - Bronchus principalis dexter et sinister - Bronchus lobaris > Dexter: 3 > Sinister:2 - Bronchus segmentalis - Bronchus intersegmentalis - Bronchiolus
Arbor alveolaris (respiratory portion) - Bronchiolus respiratorius - Ductus alveolaris - Sacculus alveolaris - Alveoli pulmonis – gas exchange Functional unit: acinus pulmonalis
Pleura
- pleura pulmonalis s. pleura visceralis
o covers the surface of the lung
o goes into the fissures between lobes - pleura parietalis
a. pars costalis
- lines inner surface of ribs and intercostal spaces
b. pars diaphragmatica
- covers superior surface of diaphragm
c. pars mediastinalis
- sagitally from sternum to columna vertebralis
At apex pulmonis pleura parietalis arches over the lung as cupula pleurae
Cavitas pleuralis between pleura pulmonalis and pleura parietalis
–> fluid decreases friction between pleuras
recessus costodiaphragatica
o horizontally between pars costales and pars diaphragmatica
recessus costomediastinalis
o vertically behind sternum between pars costalis and pars mediastinalis
recessus vertebromediastinalis
o vertically in front of columna vertebralis between pars costalis and pars mediastinalis
recessus phrenicomediastinalis
o sagitally in left pleural cavity between pars diaphragmatica and pars mediastinalis
Mediastinum
(space between two pleural cavities)
Bordered by: anteriorly – sternum Posteriorly – vertebra thoracici Laterally – pleura parietals pars mediastinalis Inferiorly – diaphragm
- Connects neck region via apertura thoracis superior
- Spatium retropharyngeum
- Spatium parapharyngeum
- Mediastinum superius
a. Plate from angulus sternum to 4th thoracic vertebra —> plana transversalia
i. Seperates mediastinum superius from mediastinum inferius- Thymus
- Trachea
- Oesophagus
- BV, nerves, lymph vessels
- Mediastinum inferius
a. Anterius
i. Between sternum and pericardium- BV, lymph vessels
b. Medium
i. Cor and pericardium
c. Posterior
i. Between pericardium and columna vertebralis
- Oesophagus
- BV, nerves, lymph vessels
Pulmo holotopia and syntopia
Holotopia cavum thoracis; on both sides of mediastinum
Syntopia
- facies costales: sulci costales
- facies diaphragmatica: to diaphragm
- facies mediastinalis: depressions of heart and BV
Skeletotopia of pulmo
apex pulmonis - lies behind mm. scaleni (1-3cm above clavicula) - posteriorly: proc. spinosus C7 - anterior border: > apex pulmonalis > obliquely downward, forward > crosses art. sternoclavicularis from behind > anterior borders approach > descend from costae 2–4
> below curves:
left lung
- curve along 4th costae
> linea parasternalis sinistra (cardiac notch)
> downward
> linea medioclavicularis/6th costae
right lung:
> 4th costae
> linea parasternalis dextra/upper margin of 6
th costae
> coninues to lower border
Lower border:
- linea medioclavicularis/6th costae
- linea axillaris anterior/7th costae
- linea axillaris posterior/9th costae
- linea scapularis/10th costae
- linea paravertebralis/proc. transversus Th 11
posterior border:
along linea paravertrabralis –> apex
