Muscles of the cranium Flashcards

1
Q

How is musculus wapitis divided?

A

into mimetic muscles and masticatoric muscles.

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2
Q

Mimetic muscles: what is their function? Where do they locate? What are their special characteristics?

A

These muscles make the facial expression. They are lying right under the subcutaneous tissue.

Mimetic muscles are very short and small and they do not have fascial sheets. They localize around the natural openings of the head. Origo is on the bone but insertio is in the skin.

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3
Q

Calvaria region muscles

A

M. occipitofrontalis, divided into venter occipitalis and venter frontalis,

The white tendon is
called galea aponeurotica.

Venter occipitalis

o. linea nuchae superior
i. galea aponeurotica

venter frontalis
o. galea aponeurotica
i. the skin of the
eyebrows

f. elevation eyebrowns,
wrinkles forehead

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4
Q

Nasal region muscles

A

M. nasalis , “desire, happiness”

o. processus alveolaris maxillae
i. nasus externus
f. narrows noseholes and moves them down

M. procerus, “hard, strict”

o. os nasale
i. the skin of the forehead
f. horizontal fold in the root of the nose between eyes.

M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, “worry, concerne”

o. processus frontalis maxillae
i. skin of the upper lip and nasal wing
f. moves upper lip upward, dilates nostrils

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5
Q

Eye region muscles

A
M. corrugator supercillii, “thinking”
o. glabella
i. the skin of the eyebrows
f. vertical folds in forehead
 penetrates orbicularis oculi and venter frontalis os occipitale
M. orbicularis oculi
Pars orbitalis (c) – acts as a sphincter, attach to medial palpebral ligament, covers margo supra-/infraorbitalis
Pars palpebralis (a) – closes the eyelid
Pars lacrimalis (at the medial corner) – expands the lacrimal sack  tears
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6
Q

Mouth region muscles: superior

A
M. levator labii superioris
Medial fibers are knows as M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi.
o. margo infraorbitalis maxillae
i. skin of the upper lip
f. elevation of upper lip
M. levator anguli oris, “self-confidence, smile”, deep muscle
o. fossa canina
i. skin at the angle of the mouth
f. elevatio of the corner of the mouth
 lies deep to m. orbicularis oris

M. orbicularis oris, two pars; pars marginalis, pars labialis, “kissing muscle”.
Pars marginalis is the outer part and pars labialis is the inner/lip part.
o. maxilla and mandibular
i. skin around the lips
f. closes the mouth and pucker the lips

M. zygomaticus, “real smile, laughter, pleasure”. Major and minor.
Minor is upper and major is lower.
o. os zygomaticus
i. skin at the angle of the mouth (= angulus oris)
f. elevatio the angle of the mouth

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7
Q

Mouth region muscles: medial

A

M. risorius, “dimples, laughing muscle”, old people do not have this
muscle anymore
o. fascia masseterica
i. skin at the angle of the mouth
f. reacts the angle of the mouth to produce smile
Fake smile if only used this muscle because without m. zygomaticus
major and minor which elevates the lips and causes “crow’s feet”
around the eyes using m. orbicularis oculi.
Makes nasolabial folds.

M. buccinator, “satisfaction”
o. processus alveolaris maxillae et mandibulae
raphe (ligament) pterygomandibularis (Band of CT between hamulus pterygoideus and
mandibular behind molar teeth.)
i. skin at the angle of the mouth, fibers of the m. orbicularis oris

f. reduce the volume of the mouth, tube instrument players (blowing)

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8
Q

Mouth region muscles: inferior

A

M. depressor labii inferioris, “perserevance”

o. basis mandibule below foramen mentale
i. skin of the lower lip
f. moves lower lip downward

M. depressor anguli oris, “sadness”

o. basis mandibulae
i. skin at the angle of the mouth
f. depression the angle of mouth

M. mentalis “doubt”

o. processus alveolaris mandibulae, juga alveolaria
i. skin of the chin
f. elevatio and wrinkles the skin of the chin

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9
Q

Muscles of masticatoric

A
M. temporalis, “eating”
o. planum temporale
i. processus coronoideus mandibulae
f. elevatio mandibula
posterior fibers – move mandibula backward

M. masseter, “closing of the mouth”

o. arcus zygomaticus
i. tuberositas masseterica mandibulae
f. elevatio mandibula

M. pterygoideus lateralis
o. facies infratemporalis alae majoris
lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei
i. fovea pterygoidea mandibulae
f. bilateral – moves mandibula forward
unilateral – moves mandibula the opposite side

M. pterygoideus medialis, two pars
o. fossa pterygoidea ossis sphenoidalis
i. tuberositas pterygoidea mandibulae
f. bilateral – moves mandibula forward, elevatio mandibula
unilateral – moves mandibula to the opposite side

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10
Q

Movement of mandibula

A

Elevatio mandibula
 M. temporalis
 M. masseter
 M. pterygoideus medialis

Depressio mandibula
 M. mylohyoideus
 Venter anterior m. digastrici
 M. geniohyoideus
 Platysma

Forward movement of mandibula
 M. pterygoideus medialis et lateralis

Backward movement of mandibula
 Posterior fibers of m. temporalis

Lateral movement of mandibula
 Unilateral contraction of m. pterygoideus medialis et lateralis

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11
Q

What are the deep anterior muscles of the neck ?

A

Musculi profundi colli
f. bilateral – flexio colli
unilateral – lateroflexio colli to the same side

M. longus capitis

o. proc. transversus vertebrae C 3-6 (same as m. scalene anterior)
i. pars basilar is ossis occipitals

M. longus colli
o. Proc. trans. vertebrae C 2-5
corpus vertebrae cervicalis C5-7
Vertebrae thoracicae T1-3
i. tuberculum anterius atlantis
corpus vertebrae C2-4
proc.trans. vert. C6

M. rectus capitis anterior

o. processus transverses atlantis
i. pars basilar is os occipitalis

M. rectus capitis lateralis

o. processus transversus atlantis
i. processus jugularis os occipitalis

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12
Q

What are the lateral neck muscles ?

A

Musculi laterales colli (3)
f. bilateral – flexio capitis and colli
unilateral – lateroflexio colli to the same side
If vertebral column is fixed these muscles act as inspiration muscles.

M. scalenus anterior (closest to neck)

o. processus transversus vertebra C 3-6
i. tuberculum musculi scalene anterioris costae prima

M. scalenus medius

o. processus transversus vertebra C 2-7
i. facies superior costae I (behind sulcus a. subclaviae)

M. scalenus posterior (lowest and most far to the neck)

o. processus transversus vertebra C 5-7
i. costa secunda

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13
Q

What are the muscles below os hyoideum?

A

Infrahyoid muscles

M. sternohyoideus

o. manubrium sterni
i. os hyoideum
f. depressio os hyoideum

M. sternothyreoideus, (deeps to m. sternohyoideus)

o. manubrium streni
i. cartilago thyreoidea of larynx –> fuse and make prominentia laryngea
f. depressio larynx

M. thyreohyoidus

o. cartilago thyreoidea of larynx
i. os hyoideum
f. depressio os hyoideum, elevatio larynx

M. omohyoideus
Venter superior
o. continues into tendon 
i. os hyoideum
venter inferior
o. margo superior scapulae
i. continues into tendon
f. depressio os hyoideum and moves it a little
bit laterally
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14
Q

What fascias are on the skull?

A

Fasciae capitis

Fascia temporalis:
- Covers m. temporalis.
- Forms vagina osteofibrosa.
- Attached to linea temporalis superior and galea aponeurotica.
- Fat tissue and superficial veins between the plates.
- Over the muscle it splits into two plates:
1. Lamina superficialis (ends at the outer
surface of arcus zygomaticus) 2. Lamina profunda (ends at the inner surface of arcus zygomaticus.)

Fascia masseterica:
- Covers m. masseterica.
- Extends from arcus zygomaticus to the lower border of basis mandibule
- Anteriorly continues into fascia parotidea and posteriorly into fascia
buccopharyngea.

Fascia parotidea:

  • Surrounds parotid gland.
  • Attach to arcus zygomaticus and the cartilage of external ear.
  • glandula parrots: ducts end in vestibulum oris
  • mums: complications in secretion organs (pancreas, testicles)

Fascia buccopharyngea:
- Covers m. buccinators and continues into pharynx.

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15
Q

How are neck muscles divided?

A

Musculi colli

Muscles of the neck can be divided into groups:
Suprahyoid muscles
infrahyoid muscles 
mm. craniothoracales
mm. laterales colli
mm. profundi colli
diaphragm
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16
Q

What are the muscles above os hyoideum?

A

Suprahyoid muscles (4)

M. mylohyoideus

o. linea mylohyoidea
i. os hyoideum
f. moves mandibular down (if os hyoideum is fixed) or os hyoideum up (if mandibular is fixed) in case of swallowing

M. geniohyoideus

o. spina mentalis
i. os hyoideum
f. depressio mandibular and elevatio os hyoideum

M. digastricus (venter anterior)

o. fossa digastriga
i. tendon connected with os hyoideum
f. moves mandibular down (if os hyoideum is fixed) or os hyoideum up (if mandibular is fixed)

M. digastricus (venter posterior)

o. incisura mastoidea
i. tendon connected with os hyoideum
f. elevatio and moves of hyoideum backwards

M. stylohyoideus
o. processus styloideus
i. os hyoideum
f. elevatio and moves of
hyoideum backwards
17
Q

What are the muscles that are out of classification?

A

Platysma
o. fascia pectoralis region on costa II
i. basis mandibulae, angulus oris
f. moves mandibular down
some fibers go to angulus oris –> depression angulus oris
+ stretching stimulates blood circulation
- muscle is thin so when one get older this muscle disappears and causes wrinkles to the neck region.

Musculi craniothoracales (2)

M. sternocleidomastoideus (two limbs; fossa supraclavicularis minor between these two limbs)

O. extremitas sternalis claviculae – one limb
manubrium sterni – one limb
i. processus mastoideus
linea nuchae superior
f. bilateral – extensio capitis
unilateral – lateroflexio to the same side, turns the face to
opposite side
“look the sunshine” - muscle
M. trapezius
o. protuberantia occipitalis externa
linea nuchae superior
ligamentum nuchae
processus spinosi vertebra thoracici I – XII

i. extremitas acromialis claviculae
acromion
spina scapulae

f. The upper part (pars descendes): elevates
the scapula

The middle part (pars transversa): move
scapula and clavicle backwards medially
towards the vertebral column

The lower part (pars ascendens): depresses
the scapula

Together with m. sternocleidomastoideus

  • extensio capitis
  • keeps head in vertical position.
  • Studying the whole day is hard for the muscle (static work is harder than
    dynamic) .
  • Without tonus the muscle relaxes –> on the verge of falling asleep
18
Q

Topography of the neck

A

Trigonum colli medium

Trigonum colli mediale/anterior (3)

Trigonum colli laterale (2)

Spatia intermuscularia (2)

19
Q

Trigonum colli medium

A

Borders are:
Basis mandibulae
m. sternocleidomastoideus dextra
m. sternocleidomastoideus sinistra

20
Q

Trigonum colli mediale/anterior

A

Borders are:
Basis mandibulae
m. sternocleidomastoideus
midline

  1. Trigonum submandibulare

borders are:
basis mandibulae
venter anterior m. digastrici
venter posterior m. digastrici

  1. Trigonum omohyoideum s. caroticum

Borders are:
Venter posterior m. digastrici
Venter superior m. omohyoidei
m. sternocleidomastoideus

  1. Trigonum omotracheale s. Musculare
Borders are:
Venter superior m. omohyoidei
m. sternocleidomastoideus
midline
- infrahyoid muscles and trachea
21
Q

Trigonum colli laterale

A

borders are:
m. sternocleidomastoideus
m. trapezius
clavicula

  1. Trigonum omotrapezoideum

Borders are:
m. sternocleidomastoideus
m. trapezius
venter inferior m. omohyoidei

  1. Trigonum omoclaviculare
borders are:
m. sternocleidomastoideus
venter inferior m. omohyoidei
clavicula
- 2 SPATIAs (spatia intermuscularia)
22
Q

Spatias in trigonum omoclaviculare

A

Spatia intermuscularia

Spatium antescalenum
Borders are:
infrahyoid muscles (sternohyoideus, sternothyreoideus) 
m. scalenus anterior
costa prima
- vena subclavia
Spatium interscalenum
Borders are:
m. scalenus anterior
m. scalenus medius
costa prima
- arterie subclavia/nerves of plexus brachialis
23
Q

Lamina colli and spatiums

A

Lamina colli superficialis
- spatium submandibulare
Lamina pretrachealis
- spatium suprasternale (fat tissue, superficial veins)
Lamina prevertebralis
- spatium retropharyngeum which connects with mediastinum supers (infection)

All laminas together form vagina carotidea that encloses arterie carotis, nervus vagus and internal jugular vein. (In trigonum caroticum s. Omohyoideum)

24
Q

Lamina colli superficialis

A
  • Surrounds the neck from all sides.
  • Makes 2 separate fibrous sheats for m. sternocleidomastoideum and m. trapezius.
Superiorly it attaches to:
basis mandibula
processus mastoideus
linea nuchae superior
protuberantia occipitalis externa
Inferiorly it attaches to:
manubrium sterni
clavicula
acromion
spina scapula
  • Posteriorly it gives a sagittal septum which joins with ligamentum nuchae and processus spinosi cervical vertebralis.
  • Anteriorly it attaches to os hyoideum and above it it splits into 2 laminas/plates:
    1. Lamina superficialis attaches
    to external basis mandibula. 2. Lamina profunda attaches to internal basis mandibula.

–> Space between these two
laminas is called spatium submandibulare where the Submandibular salivary gland locates.

25
Q

Lamina pretrachealis

A
  • is located in anterior region of the neck.
  • trapezium-like in shape.
  • It makes a sheat for
    infrahyoid muscles. Encloses them and some organs such as larynx, glandula thyreoidea, pharynx, parotid gland, beginning of esophagus.
  • Upper border is os hyoideum.
  • Inferior border in (internal surface of (mmanubrium sterni and clavicula.) incisura jugularis
  • Laterally it covers m. omohyoideus.
  • Between lamina colli superficialis and lamina pretrachealis there is a closed space called spatium suprasternale.
26
Q

Lamina prevertebralis

A
  • Covers lateral and deep muscles of the neck.
  • Superiorly it is attached to basis externa cranium.
  • Inferiorly it is attached to thoracic cavity as fascia endothoracica/processus spinosus on vertebrae cervicalis
  • Between lamina pretrachealis and lamina prevertebralis there is an open space called spatium retropharyngeum
    which connects with mediastinum superius.