Urinary 5-Dz of Lower Urinary Tract Flashcards
When do you have urolithiasis?
An increase in the precipitation of stone-forming salts resulting in urinary calculi formation
What are the risk factors for developing urolithiasis?
Genetic factors Diet composition Metabolism and liver function Urine pH Urine Temperature Dehydration Bacterial infection Urinary Obstruction Anatomic abnormalities Drug excretion
_____ of urine leads to precipitation of mineral salts and protein?
supersaturation
What are the 5 common types of crystals in the urine?
Which one is considered the infection calculi?
Struvite Bilirubin Calcium carbonate Amorphous Calcium oxalate dihydrate
Why can urease positive bacteria promote struvite crystal formation?
The bacteria break down urease into ammonia which will cause a raise in pH, which is the favorable pH for this crystal
Which dog breed is predisposed to struvite crystals?
Miniature Schnauzer
Which animal do you commonly see bilirubin crystals in?
Dogs, especially in highly concentrated specimens
In other spp who have billirubin crystals, what disease should you suspect?
Cholestatic disease
Which crystal is common in herbivores?
Is this normal?
Calcium Carbonate
Yes, not associated with dz
What are amorphous crystals comprised of?
Acidic or Alk?
Urates (acidic)
phosphates (alkaline)
xanthine
Xanthine crystals occur in what breed?
Why do they occur?
Dalmatians
When they develop urate urolithiasis they are put on allopurinol therapy which develops xanthine
What crystal may occur due to secondary to a calcium metabolism disorder?
Hyperparathyroidism
Calcium oxalate dihydrate
What breeds are predisposed to calcium oxalate dihydrate
Mini schnauzers and bishon frise
Can drugs that excrete in the urine cause crystals?
Whats the most common drug associated with crystals?
Yes!!
TMS
What are the 2 inflammatory diseases of the lower urinary tract?
Acute and Chronic Cystitis
What is cystitis?
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
Does cystitis happen more frequently in females or males?
Females!
What are some toxic causes of cystitis?
Cantharidin toxicosis-horses. blister beetles in alfalfa hay
Bracken fern-cattle.
Mycotic may occur secondary to antimicrobial therapy or immunosuppression
viral cause is rare
What are your lesions going to look like for acute cystitis?
Gross: edema, hemorrhage, ulceration, purulent exudate
Micro: Epithelial denudation, ulceration, hemorrhage, edema, suppurative infiltration, bacteria
CS of acute cystitis
Dysuria/stranguria/hematuria
Sedimentation: erythrocytes, neuts, +/- bacteria
Pyrexia
What are the most common causes of chronic cystitis? (2)
Chronic bacterial infection
Urolithiasis
What are your lesions for Chronic Cystitis gonna look like?
Gross: Diffusely reddened, roughened, and thickened mucosa
Micro: epithelial hyperplasia, fibrosis, hemorrhage, and mononuclear infiltration, few neuts
What is the most common type of tumor in the lower urinary tract?
Epithelial
What are the two epithelial tumors that are common in the dog?
Transitional cell papilloma
TCC
Where is the commonest place to find TCC
Trigone area
Why do you need to resect a TCC ASAP?
TCC has a high metastatic rate
What is the most common type of mesenchymal tumor in the lower urinary tract?
Leiomyoma
What disease has clinical signs that are consistent with urinary obstruction-but isn’t?
Post Renal Azotemia
Pain
Hyperkalemia?
Hydroureter
Hydrourethra
