Alimentary 3 - Stomach Flashcards
Whats another name for bloat?
Ruminal Tympany
What are the 2 types of tympany?
Primary (frothy)
Secondary (free)
What are other names for frothy bloat?
Legume bloat, dietary bloat
What causes frothy bloat?
New diet consisting of high grain.
Increased production of VFAs which decrease reticuloruminal motility
What causes free gas bloat?
Physical obstructions: FB or tumors
Functional Obstructions: Vagal indigestion or innervation disorders
Vagal indigestion causes what? and why?
Free gas bloat
Damage to the vagas nerve can result in hypOmotility, pyloric stenosis.
Idiopathic
CS of ruminal tympany
Abdominal distention
Reluctance to move and cessation of feeding
Signs of distress: anxiety and vocalization
Respiratory distress
Recumbancy=death
What are your gross lesions for bloat?
Compression of lungs and liver
Diffusely pale liver
Bloat line-congestion and hemorrhage of the esophagus cranial to the thoracic inlet. abrupt line of pallor caudal to the thoracic inlet
Whats a trichobezoar and phytobezoar?
Hair ball, plant ball
Traumatic reticulopericarditis, otherwise known as?
Hardware dz
Grain overload aka?
Ruminal Lactic acidosis
Pathogenesis behind Ruminal Lactic Acidosis
change to a carb rich feed.
Promotes G+ bacteria
Fermentation of carbs by G+ bacteria leads to lactic acid production and reduction of ruminal pH below 5.
This disrupts normal flora and damages mucosa-erosions and ulcerations
Solute conc increases –osmotic fluid accumulation—dehydrations and hypovolemia. Lactate absorption=acidosis
can lead to death within 24hrs
What can happen secondarily to lactic acidosis?
Bacterial Rumenitis
Mycotic Rumenitis
If the ruminal mucosa is damaged this can lead to what?
Bacteria translocation to the liver via the portal circ and cause abscessation (hematogenous spread, multifocal, embolic pattern)
Fungi that penetrate the mucosa cause vasculitis which leads to thrombosis and multifocal well-demarcated red circular areas of infarction
What is the etiology of abomasal displacement?
Multifactorial:
Postparturient hypocalcemia and high fatty acid conc from grain overload
gas production by microflora and gas accumulation due to atony and failure of eructation
abdominal organs change positions during the periparturient period
L or R abomasal displacement is most common?
Left
When do you typically see LDA?
6 wks postparturition in high producing dairy cattle
Where can LDA cause partial obstruction of outflow at?
Abomasum
Which is more fatal, LDA or RDA?
RDA-can lead to complete obstruction and can progress to abomasal volvulus AV.
CS of Ab Disp.
Anorexia, cachexia, dehydration reduced ruminal motility, lack of feces.
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypochloremia (seq and loss of gastric HCL)
Hypokalemia (decreased oral potassium intake and continued renal excretion)
What kind of Clinical HISTORY will you see in Abomasal Dilation of dairy calves?
Single milk feeding per day regimen
Cold milk
Lack of free choice water
Inconsistent feeding time
Dosing with high energy electrolyte solution
no colostrum
High carb
Acute gastric dilation and rupture is most common seen in what animal and what is it associated with?
Horses
Intestinal obstructions or displacements.
Where does a gastric rupture usually occur in the horse?
Greater curvature of the stomach
How can you tell the difference between antemortem or postmortem ruptures?
Changes along the rupture margin for antemortem: hemorrhage, inflammation, fibrin accumulation
No changes will be present postmortem
Who are most susceptible for pyloric stenosis?
Brachycephalic
Siamese
Horses
Humans
When will you see pyloric stenosis?
A recently weaned puppy for regurgitation and vomiting
Functional pyloric stenosis can occur when?
As a feature of vagal indigestion in ruminants
If you can have an animal that has; vomiting, inappetence, abdominal pain, anemia, MELENA, ptyalism, and bruxism
What should be on your ddx?
Ulcers!!!!
What are some causes for ulcers?
Imbalance btw acid secretion and mucosal protection
High gastric acidity
Trauma to mucosa
Backflush of bile salts from duodenum
Vascular dz
Steroid adn NSAID admin
What are the 2 mechanism for Tumor associated gastric hyperacidity?
Duodenal tumors or pancreatic islet cell tumors that produce GASTRIN and HISTAMINE may increase gastic HCL production leading to ulcers
Large mast cell tumors that release large amounts of systemic HISTAMINE can stimulate gatsric HCL secretion and lead to ulceration
What bacteria in ferrets can cause ulcers?
H. mustelae
Which way does the stomach twist when viewed from the VENTRAL aspect?
Clockwise
What else gets displaced during a gastric volvulus
Spleen displacement
Esophagus twistsing
What will you see as a result of GDV?
vascular compression, decreased venous drainage, severe splanchnic venous congestion, regional hypoxemia
Why does death occur with GDV?
cardiovascular shock due to decreased portal venous return and pancreatic ischemia leads to the release of myocardial depressant factor from the pancrease which causes reduction of myocardial contractility
What breeds are affected by Chronic Hypertrophic gastropathy?
Basenji, beagle, boxer, bull terrier
What is characterized by diffuse thickening of gastric mucosa with accentuation of mucosal folds?
What does the lead to?
Chronic hypertrophic gastropathy
Increased mucosal permeability to serum proteins with subsequent PLG
What can lead to the formation of a hypertrophic mass at the pylorus-not diffuse?
Who gets this?
Giant hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy
older sm breed dogs
What can Giant hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy be confused with?
Gastric adenocarcinoma
What are you neoplasms of the stomach?
SCC
Lymphoma
Who is SCC common in and where does it happen within the stomach
Horses
Squamous portion-non glandular
What is a neoplasm of cattle thats common in the abomasum, uterus, and right atrium? whats the etiology?
Lymphoma
BLV
