Urinary

Question 1

filter waste products from the blood.

Answer 1

Excretion

Question 2

▪ help regulate the concentration of the major ions, such as Na+, Cl−,
K+, Ca2+ , HCO3 −, and HPO4 2−.

Answer 2

Regulation of the concentration of solutes in the blood

Question 3

secrete variable amounts of H+ to help regulate the extracellular fluid
pH

Answer 3

Regulation of extracellular fluid pH.

Question 4

secrete a hormone, erythropoietin

Answer 4

Regulation of RBC synthesis.

Question 5

play an important role in controlling blood levels of Ca2+

Answer 5

Regulation of vit. D synthesis.

Question 6

▪ Filter metabolic waste, excess ions, bacterial toxins, water-
soluble drugs, drug metabolites, and water from the blood and
excrete them as urine.
▪ Form urine by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
▪ Regulate blood volume, blood pressure (BP), fluid and electrolyte
balance, and acid-base balance
▪ Secrete renin that causes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which
is subsequently converted to angiotensin II, which stimulates the nephrons to
promote sodium and water retention.

Answer 6

Kidneys

Question 7

▪ Transport urine produced by the kidneys to the
bladder.
▪ Funnel shaped at the renal pelvis.
▪ Are 10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm) in length.
▪ Enter the bladder at the posterior corners of the
bladder floor

Answer 7

Ureters

Question 8

▪ Receives urine from the ureters.
▪ Stores urine (600 to 1,000 mL) until it is
eliminated.
▪ Urge to eliminate is stimulated by 200
to 250 mL of urine.

Answer 8

Bladder

Question 9

▪ Transports urine from the bladder and semen
from the prostate gland in males to outside
the body.
▪ Is 1.5 to 2 inches long in a female and 8
inches in a male.
▪ Opens at the urinary meatus.

Answer 9

Urethra

Question 10

▪ Urine collects in the bladder until pressure
stimulates special sensory nerve endings in the
bladder wall called stretch receptors.
▪ This occurs when the adult bladder contains
between 250 and 450 mL of urine.
▪ In children, a considerably smaller volume, 50 to 200
mL, stimulates these nerves.

Answer 10

URINATION

Question 11

▪ (or diuresis) refers to the production of abnormally large
amounts of urine by the kidneys, often several liters more
than the client’s usual daily output

Answer 11

POLYURIA

Question 12

is low urine output, usually less than 500 mL
a day or 30 mL an hour for an adult.
▪ may occur because of abnormal fluid losses or a lack
of fluid intake
▪ often indicates impaired blood flow to the kidneys

Answer 12

Oliguria

Question 13

refers to a lack of urine production
▪ should be promptly reported to the primary care provide

Answer 13

Anuria

Question 14

is voiding at frequent intervals, that
is, more than four to six times per day.

Answer 14

Urinary frequency

Question 15

is voiding two or more times at night.

Answer 15

Nocturia

Question 16

is the sudden, strong desire to void.

Answer 16

Urgency

Question 17

means voiding that is either painful or
difficult

Answer 17

Dysuria

Question 18

(a delay and difficulty in initiating voiding) is associated
with dysuria.

Answer 18

urinary hesitancy

Question 19

involuntary urination in children beyond the age
when voluntary bladder control is normally acquired,
usually 4 or 5 years of age.

Answer 19

Enuresis

Question 20

often is irregular in occurrence
and affects boys more often than girls.

Answer 20

Nocturnal enuresis

Question 21

enuresis may be persistent and
pathologic in origin. It affects women and girls more
frequently

Answer 21

Diurnal (daytime)

Question 22

involuntary leakage
of urine or loss of bladder control
▪ is a health symptom, not a disease.
▪ It is only normal in infants.

Answer 22

Urinary incontinence (UI),

Question 23

occurs because
of weak pelvic floor muscles and/or urethral
hypermobility

Answer 23

STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE

Question 24

described as an urgent need to void and the
inability to stop micturition (passage of urine).
▪ urine leakage can range from a few drops to soaking of undergarment

Answer 24

URGE URINARY INCONTINENCE

Question 25

both stress UI and urgency UI are present.

Answer 25

▪ MIXED URINARY INCONTINENCE

Question 26

is “continuous involuntary leakage or dribbling of urine that occurs with incomplete bladder emptying” (

Answer 26

▪ OVERFLOW INCONTINENCE

Question 27

When emptying of the bladder is impaired, urine accumulates and the bladder becomes overdistended

Answer 27

Urinary Retention

Question 28

the most common complication in the first 2 to 4 hours postoperatively.

Answer 28

Acute urinary retention

Question 29

can include paraplegia, quadriplegia, multiple sclerosis, and urethral or perineal trauma.

Answer 29

Chronic urinary retention

Question 30

urine remaining in the bladder following voiding

Answer 30

Postvoid residual (PVR)

Question 31

Most commonly ordered laboratory test for overall screening and aiding in the medical diagnosis of disease. ▪ Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of urine for normal and abnormal constituents (physical and chemical)

Answer 31

Urinalysis

Question 32

High blood sugar levels in urine due to inadequate insulin level

Answer 32

Glycosuria

Question 33

- protein in urine; increased permeability of the glomerular filtration membrane

Answer 33

Proteinuria (albuminuria)

Question 34

presence of blood in urine; result of leakage of RBCs

Answer 34

Hematuria

Question 35

Presence of WBCs or pus in the urine caused by inflammation of the urinary tract

Answer 35

Pyuria

Question 36

Measures kidneys’ excretion of substances, such as protein, uric acid, creatinine, selected hormones, urobilinogen, and other substances, that the body does not excrete at an even rate throughout the day.

Answer 36

Twenty-four-hour urine specimen.

Question 37

▪ Identifies the causative microorganism and the most effective antibiotic to eradicate the microorganism; ▪ takes 24 to 72 hours for organisms to multiply and be identified.

Answer 37

Culture and sensitivity.

Question 38

are commonly made of rubber or plastics although they may be made from latex, silicone, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Answer 38

 Catheters

Question 39

a single-lumen tube with a small eye or opening about 1.25 cm (0.5 in.) from the insertion tip

Answer 39

STRAIGHT CATHETER

Question 40

 is a double-lumen catheter.  outside end of this two-way retention catheter is bifurcated; that is, it has two openings, one to drain the urine, the other to inflate the balloon  larger lumen drains urine from the bladder  second smaller lumen is used to inflate the balloon near

Answer 40

RETENTION, OR FOLEY CATHETER

Question 41

 which has a curved tip  used for men who have a hypertrophied prostate  its tip is somewhat stiffer than a regular catheter  it can be better controlled during insertion, and passage is often less traumatic.

Answer 41

Coudé (ELBOWED) CATHETER

Question 42

 For clients who require continuous or intermittent bladder irrigation  has a third lumen through which sterile irrigating fluid can flow into the bladder.  fluid then exits the bladder through the drainage lumen, along with the urine

Answer 42

THREE – WAY FOLEY CATHETER

Question 43

also called urinary sheath or external catheter  indicated for persons with urinary incontinence  Use of a condom appliance is preferable to insertion of a retention catheter because the risk of UTI is minimal

Answer 43

CONDOM CATHETER

Question 44

inflammation of the urethra

Answer 44

URETHRITIS

Question 45

inflammation of the bladder wall (most common type)

Answer 45

▪ CYSTITIS

Question 46

inflammation of the ureter

Answer 46

URETERITIS

Question 47

infection extends from the ureter into the kidney, involving the renal pelvis and medullary tissue

Answer 47

▪ PYELONEPHRITIS