Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

filter waste products from the blood.

A

Excretion

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2
Q

▪ help regulate the concentration of the major ions, such as Na+, Cl−,
K+, Ca2+ , HCO3 −, and HPO4 2−.

A

Regulation of the concentration of solutes in the blood

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3
Q

secrete variable amounts of H+ to help regulate the extracellular fluid
pH

A

Regulation of extracellular fluid pH.

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4
Q

secrete a hormone, erythropoietin

A

Regulation of RBC synthesis.

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5
Q

play an important role in controlling blood levels of Ca2+

A

Regulation of vit. D synthesis.

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6
Q

▪ Filter metabolic waste, excess ions, bacterial toxins, water-
soluble drugs, drug metabolites, and water from the blood and
excrete them as urine.
▪ Form urine by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
▪ Regulate blood volume, blood pressure (BP), fluid and electrolyte
balance, and acid-base balance
▪ Secrete renin that causes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which
is subsequently converted to angiotensin II, which stimulates the nephrons to
promote sodium and water retention.

A

Kidneys

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7
Q

▪ Transport urine produced by the kidneys to the
bladder.
▪ Funnel shaped at the renal pelvis.
▪ Are 10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm) in length.
▪ Enter the bladder at the posterior corners of the
bladder floor

A

Ureters

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8
Q

▪ Receives urine from the ureters.
▪ Stores urine (600 to 1,000 mL) until it is
eliminated.
▪ Urge to eliminate is stimulated by 200
to 250 mL of urine.

A

Bladder

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9
Q

▪ Transports urine from the bladder and semen
from the prostate gland in males to outside
the body.
▪ Is 1.5 to 2 inches long in a female and 8
inches in a male.
▪ Opens at the urinary meatus.

A

Urethra

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10
Q

▪ Urine collects in the bladder until pressure
stimulates special sensory nerve endings in the
bladder wall called stretch receptors.
▪ This occurs when the adult bladder contains
between 250 and 450 mL of urine.
▪ In children, a considerably smaller volume, 50 to 200
mL, stimulates these nerves.

A

URINATION

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11
Q

▪ (or diuresis) refers to the production of abnormally large
amounts of urine by the kidneys, often several liters more
than the client’s usual daily output

A

POLYURIA

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12
Q

is low urine output, usually less than 500 mL
a day or 30 mL an hour for an adult.
▪ may occur because of abnormal fluid losses or a lack
of fluid intake
▪ often indicates impaired blood flow to the kidneys

A

Oliguria

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13
Q

refers to a lack of urine production
▪ should be promptly reported to the primary care provide

A

Anuria

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14
Q

is voiding at frequent intervals, that
is, more than four to six times per day.

A

Urinary frequency

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15
Q

is voiding two or more times at night.

A

Nocturia

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16
Q

is the sudden, strong desire to void.

A

Urgency

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17
Q

means voiding that is either painful or
difficult

A

Dysuria

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18
Q

(a delay and difficulty in initiating voiding) is associated
with dysuria.

A

urinary hesitancy

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19
Q

involuntary urination in children beyond the age
when voluntary bladder control is normally acquired,
usually 4 or 5 years of age.

A

Enuresis

20
Q

often is irregular in occurrence
and affects boys more often than girls.

A

Nocturnal enuresis

21
Q

enuresis may be persistent and
pathologic in origin. It affects women and girls more
frequently

A

Diurnal (daytime)

22
Q

involuntary leakage
of urine or loss of bladder control
▪ is a health symptom, not a disease.
▪ It is only normal in infants.

A

Urinary incontinence (UI),

23
Q

occurs because
of weak pelvic floor muscles and/or urethral
hypermobility

A

STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE

24
Q

described as an urgent need to void and the
inability to stop micturition (passage of urine).
▪ urine leakage can range from a few drops to soaking of undergarment

A

URGE URINARY INCONTINENCE

25
Q

both stress UI and
urgency UI are present.

A

▪ MIXED URINARY INCONTINENCE

26
Q

is “continuous involuntary
leakage or dribbling of urine that occurs with incomplete
bladder emptying” (

A

▪ OVERFLOW INCONTINENCE

27
Q

When emptying of the bladder is
impaired, urine accumulates and the bladder becomes
overdistended

A

Urinary Retention

28
Q

the most common
complication in the first 2 to 4 hours postoperatively.

A

Acute urinary retention

29
Q

can include paraplegia,
quadriplegia, multiple sclerosis, and urethral or
perineal trauma.

A

Chronic urinary retention

30
Q

urine remaining in the bladder
following voiding

A

Postvoid residual (PVR)

31
Q

Most commonly ordered laboratory test
for overall screening and aiding in the
medical diagnosis of disease.
▪ Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of
urine for normal and abnormal
constituents (physical and chemical)

A

Urinalysis

32
Q

High blood sugar levels
in urine due to inadequate insulin level

A

Glycosuria

33
Q
  • protein in urine;
    increased permeability of the glomerular
    filtration membrane
A

Proteinuria (albuminuria)

34
Q

presence of blood in urine; result
of leakage of RBCs

A

Hematuria

35
Q

Presence of WBCs or pus in the urine
caused by inflammation of the urinary tract

A

Pyuria

36
Q

Measures kidneys’ excretion of substances, such as
protein, uric acid, creatinine, selected hormones,
urobilinogen, and other substances, that the body
does not excrete at an even rate throughout the day.

A

Twenty-four-hour urine specimen.

37
Q

▪ Identifies the causative microorganism and the most
effective antibiotic to eradicate the microorganism;
▪ takes 24 to 72 hours for organisms to multiply and be
identified.

A

Culture and sensitivity.

38
Q

are commonly made
of rubber or plastics although
they may be made from latex,
silicone, or polyvinyl chloride
(PVC).

A

 Catheters

39
Q

a single-lumen tube with a small eye or opening
about 1.25 cm (0.5 in.) from the insertion tip

A

STRAIGHT CATHETER

40
Q

 is a double-lumen catheter.
 outside end of this two-way retention catheter is
bifurcated; that is, it has two openings, one to
drain the urine, the other to inflate the balloon
 larger lumen drains urine from the bladder
 second smaller lumen is used to inflate the balloon
near

A

RETENTION, OR FOLEY CATHETER

41
Q

 which has a curved tip
 used for men who have a hypertrophied
prostate
 its tip is somewhat stiffer than a regular
catheter
 it can be better controlled during
insertion, and passage is often less
traumatic.

A

Coudé (ELBOWED) CATHETER

42
Q

 For clients who require continuous or
intermittent bladder irrigation
 has a third lumen through which sterile
irrigating fluid can flow into the
bladder.
 fluid then exits the bladder through the
drainage lumen, along with the urine

A

THREE – WAY FOLEY CATHETER

43
Q

also called urinary sheath or external
catheter
 indicated for persons with urinary
incontinence
 Use of a condom appliance is
preferable to insertion of a retention
catheter because the risk of UTI is
minimal

A

CONDOM CATHETER

44
Q

inflammation of the urethra

A

URETHRITIS

45
Q

inflammation of the bladder wall
(most common type)

A

▪ CYSTITIS

46
Q

inflammation of the ureter

A

URETERITIS

47
Q

infection extends from the
ureter into the kidney, involving the renal pelvis
and medullary tissue

A

▪ PYELONEPHRITIS