Cell Flashcards
Cell’s control center; contains DNA and Nucleoli; site for
RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
Nucleus
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Where many ribosomes attached, site of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Site of lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in
secretory vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the
Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis
Secretory Vesicle
Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell
Lysosome
Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP
synthesis
Mitochondrion
Supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and forms
components of cilia and flagella
Microtubule
Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell
division
Centrioles
Move substances over surfaces of certain cells
Cilia
Propel sperm cells
Flagella
Increase surface area of certain cells
Microvilli
Transport process in which solutes move from areas of lesser to
greater concentration. It requires energy in the form of ATP
Active transport
Hair-like processes on the surface of the cell that propel materials across a surface
Cilia
The gel-like substance surrounding the nucleus and filling the cell
Cytoplasm
Large polymer of a nucleotide that carries the genetic
information of a cell
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A passive transport mechanism that involves the movement of particles
from an area of higher to lower concentration
Diffusion
- Form of vesicular transport that brings substances into the cell
Endocytosis
- Form of vesicular transport that releases substances outside the cell
Exocytosis
Transport process involving the diffusion of a substance through a channel protein
Facilitated diffusion
Transport process in which water and dissolved particles are forced across a membrane from an area of higher to lower pressure
Filtration -
Prepares proteins and packages them for export to other parts of the body
Golgi apparatus -
Pressure exerted by water
Hydrostatic pressure -
Pertains to a solution that contains a higher concentration of solutes
compared to the fluid within the cell
Hypertonic -
- Pertains to a solution that contains a lower concentration of solutes
compared to the fluid within the cell
Hypotonic
- Pertains to a solution in which the concentration of solutes in the solution is
the same as the concentration of solutes in the cell
Isotonic -
- Folds of a cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area of a cell to
facilitate absorption
microvilli -
Organelle that converts organic compounds into ATP
mitochondria
- Type of cell division in which the “mother” cells split into two identical
daughter cells
Mitosis -
The cell’s “control center” that contains a complete set of 46 chromosomes
Nucleus -
The structures within the cell that perform specific tasks in cellular metabolism
Organelles
A passive transport mechanism involving the diffusion of water from an area of greater concentration of water (and a lesser concentration of solutes) to an area of
lesser concentration of water (and a greater concentration of solutes)
Osmosis -
Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis
Osmotic pressure
Process in which large particles are trapped in the plasma membrane
and brought into the cell
Phagocytosis
Process in which fluid and dissolved particles are trapped in the plasma membrane and brought into the cell
Pinocytosis
The external boundary of the cell
Plasma membrane -
Large molecule consisting of many smaller molecules joined in sequence
Polymer
Nucleotide that assists in protein synthesis
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- Granules of protein and RNA scattered throughout the cytoplasm; some
are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
functions of cells that are essential to every living organism
- Cell metabolism and energy use – different chemical processes during cell metabolism
provides energy for muscle contraction and heat production. - Synthesis of molecules – Cells synthesize various types of molecules, including
proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The different cells of the body do not all produce the
same molecules. Therefore, the structural and functional characteristics of cells are
determined by the types of molecules they produce. - Communication – Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals that allow
them to communicate with one another. For example, nerve cells communicate with one
another and with muscle cells, causing muscle cells to contract. - Reproduction and inheritance – Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of
the individual. Specialized cells (sperm cells and oocytes) transmit that genetic
information to the next generation.
Three portions of cell
The plasma membrane, or cell membrane- defining boundaries with gate-like properties
The cytoplasm- contains organelles and molecules
The nucleus -acts as the control center and contains a cell’s genetic information.
gatekeepers that manage which does and does not enter the cell.
cell membranes or plasma membranes
two layers of phospholipids referred as
lipid bilayer
lipid bilayer that is attracted to water
hydrophilic
the fatty acid ends of lipid bilayer that fears water
hydrophobic.
Cholesterol within the phospholipid membrane gives it
added strength and flexibility
membrane channels, carrier molecules, receptor molecules,
enzymes, or structural supports in the membrane.
proteins
involved with the movement of substances through the cell membrane.
Membrane channels
part of an intercellular communication system that enables cell recognition and coordination of the activities of cells
Receptor molecules
this barrier permits exchange of certain substances such as those substances found outside are called
extracellular
this barrier permits exchange of certain substances such as those substances found inside are called
intracellular substances.
helps identify the cell to other cells such as immune cells
external glycoproteins
consists of water plus dissolved ions, proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, ATP, and gases which provides the avenue for most chemical reactions to occur.
Cytosol
considered to be the “little organs” found inside the cytoplasm and are bound to perform different
tasks in cellular metabolism.
organelles
controlling the cell’s activities and cellular structure and produces ribosomes through its what?
nucleoli
The outer part of the nucleus is covered by two layers called the
nuclear envelope
nuclear envelope which then contains small openings termed as
nuclear pores
regulates movement of different substances into and out of the cells.
nuclear pore
is a round structure that is made of the DNA, RNA and proteins
nucleolus
responsible for making ribosomes which contains small units of RNA.
nucleolus
the nucleus carries all the information necessary to control cell activities and make new cells. In a non-dividing cell, the genetic material is spread out in the form of what?
chromatin,
in a dividing cell, the genetic material is condensed into structures called
chromosomes
These organelles are formed by the nucleolus and were sometimes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, some are located within mitochondria, and some are free-floating
Ribosomes
is a large membrane system that extends outward from the outer nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
These organelles synthesize glycoproteins and
phospholipids that are then transferred into the plasma membrane or secreted during exocytosis.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum without ribosomes is called
smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
detoxifies harmful substances and serves as a storage site for ionized calcium, which gets released as part of an intracellular signal for muscle contraction and the actions of some chemical messengers called hormones.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
is like a flattened sac
Golgi apparatus
that acts like a pathway for processing
proteins and lipids made by the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
discharge processed proteins via exocytosis into extracellular fluid.
secretory vesicles
is present in larger numbers and is most highly developed in cells that secrete protein, such as those of the salivary glands or the pancreas.
The Golgi apparatus
have a number of digestive enzymes that break down ingested material and worn-out organelles and release their components into the cytosol
lysosomes
It can digest the entire cells (autolysis) and carry out extracellular digestion
lysosomes
are small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
a by-product of fatty acid and
amino acid breakdown and can be toxic to a cell.
Hydrogen peroxide
These bean-shaped organelles
Mitochondrion
Each mitochondrion is composed of a
smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane
is the main energy source for most chemical reactions within the cell,
ATP
gives a mitochondrion its capsule shape
outer membrane
folds on itself to provide a surface on which the energy-releasing chemical reactions of the cell occur in mitochondria
inner membrane
The folds of the inner membrane are called
cristae
___where cellular respiration occurs, where food (chemical energy) is converted into another usable form of chemical energy,
cristae
the powerhouses of the cell.
mitochondria
the fluid that fills the inside of the membrane is termed as
mitochondrial matrix
is made of networks of the following protein elements
The cytoskeleton
are small protein strands that provide mechanical support and generate force for movement. They are analogous to muscles in your body.
Microfilaments
protein strands that are larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules. They hold organelles in place and attach cells to one another
Intermediate filament
are long, hollow protein tubes that determine shape and movement similar to the way bones shape your body. They are also the stiff components of cilia and flagella.
Microtubules
are like mini tunnels that were stacked together by threes (microtubule triplet) and
formed a cylindrical organelle composed of nine triplets
Centrioles
is found near the nucleus and will be later essential for cell division called Mitosis.
Centrosome
surface organelles that resemble projections on the surface that help cells move, beat or vibrate
Cilia and Flagella
hairy-like projections that propels
materials across the surface. They vary in number from hundreds to thousands.
cilia
is like a whip tail placing itself at the terminal end of a cell.
Flagella
folds of the cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area of a cell. Typically found in cells charged with absorbing nutrients—such as the intestines
Microvilli
-inside the cell
- sample substances that can be found are enzymes, glycogen and potassium ions
Intracellular fluid
– fluids between cell within tissue
Interstitial fluids
fluid within a blood vessel
Plasma
fluid within lymphatic vessel
Lymph
– fluid that surrounds brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
a substance that is being dissolved in the various fluids
Solute
a fluid or gas in which solute is being dissolved
Solvent
– the amount of solute dissolved in given volume of solvent
Concentration
the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas
Concentration Gradient
no cellular energy required during transport. Examples includes Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion
Passive transport
– certain amount of cellular energy is needed to help transport to be Successful. Includes itself, secondary active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis
Active transport
Some channels constantly allow ions to pass through
leak channels
this channels limit the movement of ions across the membrane by opening and closing.
gated channels
Why is osmosis so important to your health?
As a result of fluid intake, transfusions, injuries,
and diseases, the salt and water concentrations of various fluid compartments within your body change. So, cells within those compartments, like red blood cells traveling through blood vessels, may find themselves in environments with different solute and water concentrations
Certain molecules just need a medium to bind to be transported inside the cell. These usually
involves the use of
specifity
are protein present in the cell membranes that serves as a flexible gate that changes shape.
Carrier molecules
it involves the active transport of one substance, such as
Na+, across the cell membrane, establishing a
concentration gradient
Secondary active transport
the diffusing substance moves in the same
direction as the transported substance
cotransport
the diffusing substance moves in a direction opposite to that of the transported substance.
countertransport
The cell “eats” large particles such as bacteria, viruses, and dead cells.
Phagocytosis
The cell periodically “drinks” by forming small vesicles around droplets of extracellular fluid. These droplets may have small particles dissolved in them as well. These vesicles fuse with lysosomes and release their contents.
Pinocytosis.
During interphase, the cells go through three stages:
G1
S
G2
each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere
Prophase
chromosomes align at the center of the cell
Metaphase
chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles
Anaphase
- the two new nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells
Telophase
As a result of mitosis, each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. This make-up, which is identical to that of the starting cell, is called
diploid.
“shuffles” the genetic material, which allows genetic variation from one generation to the next.
crossing over
