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REVIEWER PO > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Cell’s control center; contains DNA and Nucleoli; site for
RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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3
Q

Where many ribosomes attached, site of protein synthesis

A

Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum

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4
Q

Site of lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification

A

Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum

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5
Q

Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in
secretory vesicles

A

Golgi Apparatus

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6
Q

Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the
Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis

A

Secretory Vesicle

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7
Q

Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell

A

Lysosome

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8
Q

Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP
synthesis

A

Mitochondrion

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9
Q

Supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and forms
components of cilia and flagella

A

Microtubule

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10
Q

Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell
division

A

Centrioles

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11
Q

Move substances over surfaces of certain cells

A

Cilia

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12
Q

Propel sperm cells

A

Flagella

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13
Q

Increase surface area of certain cells

A

Microvilli

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14
Q

Transport process in which solutes move from areas of lesser to
greater concentration. It requires energy in the form of ATP

A

Active transport

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15
Q

Hair-like processes on the surface of the cell that propel materials across a surface

A

Cilia

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16
Q

The gel-like substance surrounding the nucleus and filling the cell

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Large polymer of a nucleotide that carries the genetic
information of a cell

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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18
Q

A passive transport mechanism that involves the movement of particles
from an area of higher to lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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19
Q
  • Form of vesicular transport that brings substances into the cell
A

Endocytosis

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20
Q
  • Form of vesicular transport that releases substances outside the cell
A

Exocytosis

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21
Q

Transport process involving the diffusion of a substance through a channel protein

A

Facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

Transport process in which water and dissolved particles are forced across a membrane from an area of higher to lower pressure

A

Filtration -

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23
Q

Prepares proteins and packages them for export to other parts of the body

A

Golgi apparatus -

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24
Q

Pressure exerted by water

A

Hydrostatic pressure -

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25
Q

Pertains to a solution that contains a higher concentration of solutes
compared to the fluid within the cell

A

Hypertonic -

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26
Q
  • Pertains to a solution that contains a lower concentration of solutes
    compared to the fluid within the cell
A

Hypotonic

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27
Q
  • Pertains to a solution in which the concentration of solutes in the solution is
    the same as the concentration of solutes in the cell
A

Isotonic -

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28
Q
  • Folds of a cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area of a cell to
    facilitate absorption
A

microvilli -

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29
Q

Organelle that converts organic compounds into ATP

A

mitochondria

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30
Q
  • Type of cell division in which the “mother” cells split into two identical
    daughter cells
A

Mitosis -

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31
Q

The cell’s “control center” that contains a complete set of 46 chromosomes

A

Nucleus -

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32
Q

The structures within the cell that perform specific tasks in cellular metabolism

A

Organelles

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33
Q

A passive transport mechanism involving the diffusion of water from an area of greater concentration of water (and a lesser concentration of solutes) to an area of
lesser concentration of water (and a greater concentration of solutes)

A

Osmosis -

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34
Q

Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

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35
Q

Process in which large particles are trapped in the plasma membrane
and brought into the cell

A

Phagocytosis

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36
Q

Process in which fluid and dissolved particles are trapped in the plasma membrane and brought into the cell

A

Pinocytosis

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37
Q

The external boundary of the cell

A

Plasma membrane -

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38
Q

Large molecule consisting of many smaller molecules joined in sequence

A

Polymer

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39
Q

Nucleotide that assists in protein synthesis

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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40
Q
  • Granules of protein and RNA scattered throughout the cytoplasm; some
    are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
A

Ribosomes

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41
Q

functions of cells that are essential to every living organism

A
  1. Cell metabolism and energy use – different chemical processes during cell metabolism
    provides energy for muscle contraction and heat production.
  2. Synthesis of molecules – Cells synthesize various types of molecules, including
    proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The different cells of the body do not all produce the
    same molecules. Therefore, the structural and functional characteristics of cells are
    determined by the types of molecules they produce.
  3. Communication – Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals that allow
    them to communicate with one another. For example, nerve cells communicate with one
    another and with muscle cells, causing muscle cells to contract.
  4. Reproduction and inheritance – Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of
    the individual. Specialized cells (sperm cells and oocytes) transmit that genetic
    information to the next generation.
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42
Q

Three portions of cell

A

The plasma membrane, or cell membrane- defining boundaries with gate-like properties

The cytoplasm- contains organelles and molecules

The nucleus -acts as the control center and contains a cell’s genetic information.

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43
Q

gatekeepers that manage which does and does not enter the cell.

A

cell membranes or plasma membranes

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44
Q

two layers of phospholipids referred as

A

lipid bilayer

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45
Q

lipid bilayer that is attracted to water

A

hydrophilic

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46
Q

the fatty acid ends of lipid bilayer that fears water

A

hydrophobic.

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47
Q

Cholesterol within the phospholipid membrane gives it

A

added strength and flexibility

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48
Q

membrane channels, carrier molecules, receptor molecules,
enzymes, or structural supports in the membrane.

A

proteins

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49
Q

involved with the movement of substances through the cell membrane.

A

Membrane channels

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50
Q

part of an intercellular communication system that enables cell recognition and coordination of the activities of cells

A

Receptor molecules

51
Q

this barrier permits exchange of certain substances such as those substances found outside are called

A

extracellular

52
Q

this barrier permits exchange of certain substances such as those substances found inside are called

A

intracellular substances.

53
Q

helps identify the cell to other cells such as immune cells

A

external glycoproteins

54
Q

consists of water plus dissolved ions, proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, ATP, and gases which provides the avenue for most chemical reactions to occur.

A

Cytosol

55
Q

considered to be the “little organs” found inside the cytoplasm and are bound to perform different
tasks in cellular metabolism.

A

organelles

56
Q

controlling the cell’s activities and cellular structure and produces ribosomes through its what?

A

nucleoli

57
Q

The outer part of the nucleus is covered by two layers called the

A

nuclear envelope

58
Q

nuclear envelope which then contains small openings termed as

A

nuclear pores

59
Q

regulates movement of different substances into and out of the cells.

A

nuclear pore

60
Q

is a round structure that is made of the DNA, RNA and proteins

A

nucleolus

61
Q

responsible for making ribosomes which contains small units of RNA.

A

nucleolus

62
Q

the nucleus carries all the information necessary to control cell activities and make new cells. In a non-dividing cell, the genetic material is spread out in the form of what?

A

chromatin,

63
Q

in a dividing cell, the genetic material is condensed into structures called

A

chromosomes

64
Q

These organelles are formed by the nucleolus and were sometimes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, some are located within mitochondria, and some are free-floating

A

Ribosomes

65
Q

is a large membrane system that extends outward from the outer nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

These organelles synthesize glycoproteins and
phospholipids that are then transferred into the plasma membrane or secreted during exocytosis.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

67
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum without ribosomes is called

A

smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.

68
Q

detoxifies harmful substances and serves as a storage site for ionized calcium, which gets released as part of an intracellular signal for muscle contraction and the actions of some chemical messengers called hormones.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

69
Q

is like a flattened sac

A

Golgi apparatus

70
Q

that acts like a pathway for processing
proteins and lipids made by the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Golgi apparatus

71
Q

discharge processed proteins via exocytosis into extracellular fluid.

A

secretory vesicles

72
Q

is present in larger numbers and is most highly developed in cells that secrete protein, such as those of the salivary glands or the pancreas.

A

The Golgi apparatus

73
Q

have a number of digestive enzymes that break down ingested material and worn-out organelles and release their components into the cytosol

A

lysosomes

74
Q

It can digest the entire cells (autolysis) and carry out extracellular digestion

A

lysosomes

75
Q

are small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

76
Q

a by-product of fatty acid and
amino acid breakdown and can be toxic to a cell.

A

Hydrogen peroxide

77
Q

These bean-shaped organelles

A

Mitochondrion

78
Q

Each mitochondrion is composed of a

A

smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane

79
Q

is the main energy source for most chemical reactions within the cell,

A

ATP

80
Q

gives a mitochondrion its capsule shape

A

outer membrane

81
Q

folds on itself to provide a surface on which the energy-releasing chemical reactions of the cell occur in mitochondria

A

inner membrane

82
Q

The folds of the inner membrane are called

A

cristae

83
Q

___where cellular respiration occurs, where food (chemical energy) is converted into another usable form of chemical energy,

A

cristae

84
Q

the powerhouses of the cell.

A

mitochondria

85
Q

the fluid that fills the inside of the membrane is termed as

A

mitochondrial matrix

86
Q

is made of networks of the following protein elements

A

The cytoskeleton

87
Q

are small protein strands that provide mechanical support and generate force for movement. They are analogous to muscles in your body.

A

Microfilaments

88
Q

protein strands that are larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules. They hold organelles in place and attach cells to one another

A

Intermediate filament

89
Q

are long, hollow protein tubes that determine shape and movement similar to the way bones shape your body. They are also the stiff components of cilia and flagella.

A

Microtubules

90
Q

are like mini tunnels that were stacked together by threes (microtubule triplet) and
formed a cylindrical organelle composed of nine triplets

A

Centrioles

91
Q

is found near the nucleus and will be later essential for cell division called Mitosis.

A

Centrosome

92
Q

surface organelles that resemble projections on the surface that help cells move, beat or vibrate

A

Cilia and Flagella

93
Q

hairy-like projections that propels
materials across the surface. They vary in number from hundreds to thousands.

A

cilia

94
Q

is like a whip tail placing itself at the terminal end of a cell.

A

Flagella

95
Q

folds of the cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area of a cell. Typically found in cells charged with absorbing nutrients—such as the intestines

A

Microvilli

96
Q

-inside the cell
- sample substances that can be found are enzymes, glycogen and potassium ions

A

Intracellular fluid

97
Q

– fluids between cell within tissue

A

Interstitial fluids

98
Q

fluid within a blood vessel

A

Plasma

99
Q

fluid within lymphatic vessel

A

Lymph

100
Q

– fluid that surrounds brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

101
Q

a substance that is being dissolved in the various fluids

A

Solute

102
Q

a fluid or gas in which solute is being dissolved

A

Solvent

103
Q

– the amount of solute dissolved in given volume of solvent

A

Concentration

104
Q

the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas

A

Concentration Gradient

105
Q

no cellular energy required during transport. Examples includes Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport

106
Q

– certain amount of cellular energy is needed to help transport to be Successful. Includes itself, secondary active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Active transport

107
Q

Some channels constantly allow ions to pass through

A

leak channels

108
Q

this channels limit the movement of ions across the membrane by opening and closing.

A

gated channels

109
Q

Why is osmosis so important to your health?

A

As a result of fluid intake, transfusions, injuries,
and diseases, the salt and water concentrations of various fluid compartments within your body change. So, cells within those compartments, like red blood cells traveling through blood vessels, may find themselves in environments with different solute and water concentrations

110
Q

Certain molecules just need a medium to bind to be transported inside the cell. These usually
involves the use of

A

specifity

111
Q

are protein present in the cell membranes that serves as a flexible gate that changes shape.

A

Carrier molecules

112
Q

it involves the active transport of one substance, such as
Na+, across the cell membrane, establishing a
concentration gradient

A

Secondary active transport

113
Q

the diffusing substance moves in the same
direction as the transported substance

A

cotransport

114
Q

the diffusing substance moves in a direction opposite to that of the transported substance.

A

countertransport

115
Q

The cell “eats” large particles such as bacteria, viruses, and dead cells.

A

Phagocytosis

116
Q

The cell periodically “drinks” by forming small vesicles around droplets of extracellular fluid. These droplets may have small particles dissolved in them as well. These vesicles fuse with lysosomes and release their contents.

A

Pinocytosis.

117
Q

During interphase, the cells go through three stages:

A

G1
S
G2

118
Q

each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere

A

Prophase

119
Q

chromosomes align at the center of the cell

A

Metaphase

120
Q

chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles

A

Anaphase

121
Q
  • the two new nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells
A

Telophase

122
Q

As a result of mitosis, each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. This make-up, which is identical to that of the starting cell, is called

A

diploid.

123
Q

“shuffles” the genetic material, which allows genetic variation from one generation to the next.

A

crossing over

REVIEWER PO (26 decks)

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