Pharma Week 2

Question 1

is the study of the effect of drugs on the body.

Answer 1

Pharmacodynamics

Question 2

Drugs act within the body to mimic the actions of the body’s own chemical messengers.

Answer 2

Pharmacodynamics

Question 3

is the body’s physiological response to changes in drug concentration at the site of action

Answer 3

Dose-Response Relationship

Question 4

refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug

Answer 4

Potency

Question 5

magnitude of effect a drug can cause when exerting its maximal effect.

Answer 5

Efficacy

Question 6

the point at which increasing a drug dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response.

Answer 6

Maximal efficacy

Question 7

describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of a drug (ED50) and the toxic dose of a drug (TD50)

Answer 7

Therapeutic Index – (TI)

Question 8

is the dose of a drug that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of the population.

Answer 8

Therapeutic dose of a drug

Question 9

is the dose that produces a toxic response in 50% of the population.

Answer 9

Toxic dose of a drug

Question 10

is the time it takes for a drug to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after administration.

Time from drug administration to first observable effect (T0-T1)

Answer 10

Onset

Question 11

occurs when it reaches its highest concentration in the blood/plasma concentration. T0-T2

Answer 11

Peak

Question 12

is the length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect. period from onset until the drug effect is no longer seen. T1-T3

Answer 12

Duration of action

Question 13

can be determined by measuring peak and trough drug levels.

Answer 13

Drug concentration

Question 14

highest plasma concentration. 30 minutes after infusion.

Answer 14

Peak

Question 15

lowest plasma concentration. 30 minutes prior to the next infusion.

Answer 15

Trough

Question 16

Certain portion of drug molecule (active site) selectively combines with some molecular structure (reactive site) on the cell to produce a biologic effect

Answer 16

Drug-Receptor Interaction

Question 17

drugs act at specific areas on cell membranes; react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell

Answer 17

Receptor site

Question 18

specific chemical (key) approaches a cell membrane and finds fit (the lock) at receptor site- affects enzyme system within cell- produce certain effects. Drug+Receptor=Effect

Answer 18

“Lock and Key Theory”

Question 19

Interferes with enzyme systems that act as catalyst from various chemical reactions

If single step in one of enzyme system is blocked- normal function is disrupted

Answer 19

Drug-Enzyme Interaction

Question 20

Act by biophysical means that do not affect cellular/enzymatic reactions.

drugs do not bind to receptors but instead saturate the water or lipid part of a cell- drug actions occur based on the degree of saturation. Neutralization of stomach acid by antacids.

Answer 20

Nonspecific Drug Interaction

Question 21

Specific action on cellular structures that are unique to the microbe. All chemotherapeutic agents would act only in one enzyme system needed for life of a pathogen or neoplastic cell.

It is essential to the pathogen but not to the host.

Answer 21

Selective toxicity

Question 22

always desirable/physiologic effects

Answer 22

Primary

Question 23

desirable or undesirable

Example: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Primary effect: antihistamine; treat symptoms of allergy Secondary: Drowsiness

Answer 23

Secondary

Question 24

few seconds to minutes
- IV, SL, Inhalations

Answer 24

Rapid

Question 25

1-2 hours after administration -IM,SC

Answer 25

Intermediate

Question 26

several hours after administration - Oral, rectal

Answer 26

Delayed/Slow

Question 27

increased rate of cell activity/ secretion from the gland T3/T4 for hypothyroidism

Answer 27

Stimulation

Question 28

decreased cell activity and function of a specific organ. Iodine, propylthiouracil

Answer 28

Depression

Question 29

replaces essential body compounds Example: Insulin

Answer 29

Replacement

Question 30

Interfere with bacterial cell growth Example: Antibiotics

Answer 30

Inhibition/Killing of Organism

Question 31

Example: Laxative- irritate the inner wall of colon---increased peristalsis--- increased defecation

Answer 31

Irritation

Question 32

drugs with similar actions are taken for a doubled effect 1+1=2 Ibuprofen + paracetamol= added analgesic effect Codeine with acetaminophen = better pain control

Answer 32

Additive Effect

Question 33

combined effect of 2 drugs is greater than the sum of the effectofeachdruggivenalone; 1+1=3 Aspirin = 30% analgesic effect codeine – 30% analgesic effect combination = 90% analgesic effect

Answer 33

Synergistic

Question 34

combined effect of 2 drugs is greater than the sum of the effectofeachdruggivenalone; 1+1=3 Aspirin = 30% analgesic effect codeine – 30% analgesic effect combination = 90% analgesic effect

Answer 34

Synergistic

Question 35

drug that has no effect enhances the effects of the second drug 0+1=2 Alcohol enhances the analgesic activity of aspirin. Prozac + Zestril

Answer 35

Potentiation

Question 36

one drug inhibits the effect of another drug 1+1=0 Tetracycline + antacid= decreased absorption of tetracycline Charcoal in alkaloidal poisoning

Answer 36

Antagonistic

Question 37

Results from the pharmacologic effects of the drug Most common as a result of lack of specificity of action within the therapeutic range.

Answer 37

Side Effects

Question 38

Unpredictable adverse drug effects; more serious Response to patient’s immunological system to the presence of the drug Do not occur unless the patient has been previously exposed to the agent/ chemical related compound

Answer 38

Allergic Reactions

Question 39

Occurs when the patient is first exposed to the drug Abnormal reactivity to the drug caused by a genetic difference between the patient and normal individual. a patient with G6PD deficiency will have anemia by using antioxidants.

Answer 39

Idiosyncratic Reaction

Question 40

The degree to which a drug can be poisonous and thus harmful to the human body.

Answer 40

Toxicity

Question 41

Unintentional responses as a result of medical treatment Nephrotoxicity; ototoxicity

Answer 41

Iatrogenic responses