Urinalysis Lab Flashcards
flow of blood through kidneys - filtrate/urine flow and blood flow
- filtrate/urine: renal artery –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> renal tubule –> major and minor calicies –> ureter –> urine
- blood: renal artery –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries
renal corpuscle 3 layers - just list them
- fenestrae
- basement membrane
- podocytes and slit diaphragm
fenestrae
- holes in between endothelial cells that RBC, WBC, and platelets cannot go through
basement membrane
- connective tissue layer of collagen, negatively charged to repel proteins which are also negatively charged
slit diaphragm
- formed between podocytes
- also negatively charged to repel proteins
renal tubule structure
- proximal convoluted tubule –> descending limb –> ascending limb –> distal convoluted tubule –> collecting duct
renal clearance formula
renal clearance = (filtration + secretion) - reabsorption
RPC = 0 meaning and example
- everything is reabsorbed or it is not filtered in the first place
- glucose, amino acids
RPC < GFR meaning and example
- GFR = glomerular filtration rate
- more is reabsorbed then filtered or secreted
- urea so that it can make the renal medulla concentrated
RPC > GFR meaning and example
- more is secreted than is reabsorbed
- drugs, xenobiotics so that drugs are eliminated faster
RPC = GFR meaning and example
- no reabsorption or secretion
- creatinine which makes it a good measure of kidney function
2 layers of the kidney and osmolality
- renal cortex on the outside - 300mOsm, isotonic to blood plasma
- renal medulla on the inside, 300mOsm to 1200mOsm in the center
2 types of nephrons and and difference in function
- cortical nephron = 2/3 in cortex
- juxtamedullary nephron extends very far into renal medulla to create concentrated urine
net filtration pressure
- very low, 10mmHg
PCT reabsorption Na+, Cl-, water, glucose, and amino acids
- Na+ is the only one actively transported
- Cl- and water follow Na+
- glucose and amino acid are secondary cotransport
reabsorption of water indifferent parts of kidney - list percentages
- 2/3 in PCT
- 20% in descending limb
- 15% in DCT and collecting duct which is controlled by ADH and aldosterone
obligatory water loss amount
400mL about 1/2 a liter
LEU meaning and abnormalities
leukocytes, presence indicates infection UTI, bladder, kidney, ureter
NIT meaning and abnormalities
nitrates, made by bacteria and indicates UTI
URO meaning and abnormalities
- urobilin, made by RBC disposal
- high level = liver disease, hemolysis, or gall bladder disease
creation of urobilin and bilirubin
RBC –> porphoryin ring –> biliverdin –> bilirubin (toxic and insoluble) –> conjugated bilirubin –> bile secreted into duodenum as urobiliinogen and stercobilinogen
- urobilinogen –> urobilin in urine
- stercobilinogen –> stercobilin that gives stool its color
PRO meaning and abnormalities
- protein, means glomerular dysfunction do to increased permeability to proteins
pH normal range
5-7, <4.5 would cause burning as you pee
BLO meaning and abnormalities
blood, whole RBC, aka hematuria
- glomerular disease that allows RBC to pass through
- or bleeding along urinary tract or bladder cancer
SG meaning, normal range, and abnormalities
- specific gravity
- water = 1.000
- urine = 1.005 to 1.030
- high = dehydration, low = water intoxication
KET meaning, abnormalities, and how it is formed
- ketones
- starvation, diabetes, low carb diet –> lipolysis –> lots of free fatty acids –> converted to ketone bodies in liver –> if not all used by the cells enters kidneys
BIL meaning and abnormalities
bilirubin
- high = hemolysis, gall bladder disease, liver disease
GLU meaning and abnormalities
glucose
- high = glycosuria
- could be diabetes or just eating a sugary meal
- glucose transporters are saturated so not all glucose can be reabsorbed
renal plasma threshold for glucose
180-200mg/dL, above this glycosuria occrus
is glycosuria always a sign of diabetes?
no - can just be from eating a lot of sugar
- diabetes diagnosed by fasting blood glucose that is not in normal range of 70-100
hematuria vs hemoglobinuira
- hematuria = complete RBC
- hemoglobinuria = hemoglobin in urine
proteinuria vs albuminuria
- proteinuria = more severed
- albuminuria = less severe, sign of diabetic neuropathy
3 urinary buffers
- ammonia, bicarbonate, phosphates
how is ammonia made
- cuboidal cells that line PCT demaminate glutamate
how is urea made
- ammonia in liver converted to urea
how is uric acid made
DNA and RNA converted ot uric acid
3 ketones
- beta hydroxy butyric acid
- acetoacetic acid
- acetone
