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Physiology > Urinalysis Lab > Flashcards

Urinalysis Lab Flashcards

1
Q

flow of blood through kidneys - filtrate/urine flow and blood flow

A
  • filtrate/urine: renal artery –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> renal tubule –> major and minor calicies –> ureter –> urine
  • blood: renal artery –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries
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2
Q

renal corpuscle 3 layers - just list them

A
  • fenestrae
  • basement membrane
  • podocytes and slit diaphragm
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3
Q

fenestrae

A
  • holes in between endothelial cells that RBC, WBC, and platelets cannot go through
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4
Q

basement membrane

A
  • connective tissue layer of collagen, negatively charged to repel proteins which are also negatively charged
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5
Q

slit diaphragm

A
  • formed between podocytes

- also negatively charged to repel proteins

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6
Q

renal tubule structure

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule –> descending limb –> ascending limb –> distal convoluted tubule –> collecting duct
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7
Q

renal clearance formula

A

renal clearance = (filtration + secretion) - reabsorption

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8
Q

RPC = 0 meaning and example

A
  • everything is reabsorbed or it is not filtered in the first place
  • glucose, amino acids
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9
Q

RPC < GFR meaning and example

A
  • GFR = glomerular filtration rate
  • more is reabsorbed then filtered or secreted
  • urea so that it can make the renal medulla concentrated
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10
Q

RPC > GFR meaning and example

A
  • more is secreted than is reabsorbed

- drugs, xenobiotics so that drugs are eliminated faster

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11
Q

RPC = GFR meaning and example

A
  • no reabsorption or secretion

- creatinine which makes it a good measure of kidney function

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12
Q

2 layers of the kidney and osmolality

A
  • renal cortex on the outside - 300mOsm, isotonic to blood plasma
  • renal medulla on the inside, 300mOsm to 1200mOsm in the center
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13
Q

2 types of nephrons and and difference in function

A
  • cortical nephron = 2/3 in cortex

- juxtamedullary nephron extends very far into renal medulla to create concentrated urine

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14
Q

net filtration pressure

A
  • very low, 10mmHg
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15
Q

PCT reabsorption Na+, Cl-, water, glucose, and amino acids

A
  • Na+ is the only one actively transported
  • Cl- and water follow Na+
  • glucose and amino acid are secondary cotransport
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16
Q

reabsorption of water indifferent parts of kidney - list percentages

A
  • 2/3 in PCT
  • 20% in descending limb
  • 15% in DCT and collecting duct which is controlled by ADH and aldosterone
17
Q

obligatory water loss amount

A

400mL about 1/2 a liter

18
Q

LEU meaning and abnormalities

A

leukocytes, presence indicates infection UTI, bladder, kidney, ureter

19
Q

NIT meaning and abnormalities

A

nitrates, made by bacteria and indicates UTI

20
Q

URO meaning and abnormalities

A
  • urobilin, made by RBC disposal

- high level = liver disease, hemolysis, or gall bladder disease

21
Q

creation of urobilin and bilirubin

A

RBC –> porphoryin ring –> biliverdin –> bilirubin (toxic and insoluble) –> conjugated bilirubin –> bile secreted into duodenum as urobiliinogen and stercobilinogen

    • urobilinogen –> urobilin in urine
    • stercobilinogen –> stercobilin that gives stool its color
22
Q

PRO meaning and abnormalities

A
  • protein, means glomerular dysfunction do to increased permeability to proteins
23
Q

pH normal range

A

5-7, <4.5 would cause burning as you pee

24
Q

BLO meaning and abnormalities

A

blood, whole RBC, aka hematuria

  • glomerular disease that allows RBC to pass through
  • or bleeding along urinary tract or bladder cancer
25
Q

SG meaning, normal range, and abnormalities

A
  • specific gravity
  • water = 1.000
  • urine = 1.005 to 1.030
  • high = dehydration, low = water intoxication
26
Q

KET meaning, abnormalities, and how it is formed

A
  • ketones
  • starvation, diabetes, low carb diet –> lipolysis –> lots of free fatty acids –> converted to ketone bodies in liver –> if not all used by the cells enters kidneys
27
Q

BIL meaning and abnormalities

A

bilirubin

- high = hemolysis, gall bladder disease, liver disease

28
Q

GLU meaning and abnormalities

A

glucose

  • high = glycosuria
  • could be diabetes or just eating a sugary meal
  • glucose transporters are saturated so not all glucose can be reabsorbed
29
Q

renal plasma threshold for glucose

A

180-200mg/dL, above this glycosuria occrus

30
Q

is glycosuria always a sign of diabetes?

A

no - can just be from eating a lot of sugar

- diabetes diagnosed by fasting blood glucose that is not in normal range of 70-100

31
Q

hematuria vs hemoglobinuira

A
  • hematuria = complete RBC

- hemoglobinuria = hemoglobin in urine

32
Q

proteinuria vs albuminuria

A
  • proteinuria = more severed

- albuminuria = less severe, sign of diabetic neuropathy

33
Q

3 urinary buffers

A
  • ammonia, bicarbonate, phosphates
34
Q

how is ammonia made

A
  • cuboidal cells that line PCT demaminate glutamate
35
Q

how is urea made

A
  • ammonia in liver converted to urea
36
Q

how is uric acid made

A

DNA and RNA converted ot uric acid

37
Q

3 ketones

A
  • beta hydroxy butyric acid
  • acetoacetic acid
  • acetone

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