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Physiology > Lecture 6 Endocrine Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Endocrine Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what structure is the ANS controlled by

A

medulla oblongata

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2
Q

explain how the ANS is controlled by higher brain centers

A

sensory information from periphery –> main parts of the brain including hypothalamus –> send information to medulla oblongata –> synapses with preganglionic ANS neurons and modifies behavior

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3
Q

give an example of how higher brain centers regulate the ANS

A

seeing something scary –> increased heart rate

listening calming music –> decreased heart rate

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4
Q

explain how chemoreceptors and baroreceptors are autonomic reflexes (where are they found, what they respond to and how)

A

chemoreceptors in aorta –> detect rise in CO2 and fall in O2 –> information sent to medulla oblongata –> heart rate and breathing increased, blood vessel constriction

baroreceptors in aorta detect fall in blood pressure –> information sent to medulla oblongata –> increased heart rate to raise blood pressure

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5
Q

2 parts of pituitary gland and alternate name

A

anterior pituitary = adenohyophysis

posterior = neurohypophysis

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6
Q

posterior pituitary hormones released

A

ADH and oxytocin

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7
Q

name of tract that transports posterior pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamo-hypohyseal tract (axon bundle)

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8
Q

name of part that produces posterior pituitary hormones

A

paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus (cell bodies) make and package ADH and oxytocin in vesicles –> sent down hypothalamo-hypohyseal tract to posterior pituitary

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9
Q

neurohormones

A

made in brain but secreted as hormones in the blood

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10
Q

ADH - when is it released and what are the three effects

A

high blood osmolality, low blood volume and blood pressure –> 1) kidneys reabsorb water and excretet K+, 2) sense of thirst created 3) sweat glands inhibited to conserve water

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11
Q

why ADH is called vasopressin

A
  • at high concentration directly causes vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure
  • at low concentration indirectly increases blood pressure
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12
Q

oxytocin 3 main functions (just list them)

A

1) milk ejection
2) labor
3) bonding

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13
Q

oxytocin role in labor

A

oxytocin –> uterine contraction –> sensory information sent to brain –> more oxytocin
- after birth no more sensory information sent and positive feedback stops

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14
Q

oxytocin role in milk ejection

A
  • stimulates milk ejection in mammary glands
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15
Q

oxytocin role in bonding

A

physical contact between adults, caregivers and babies, humans and animals releases oxytocin aka love hormone and helps with bonding

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16
Q

portal meaning

A

portal = vessel that goes from primary to secondary capillary system

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17
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

goes from capillaries in GI to capillaries in liver

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18
Q

anterior pituitary transports system name and why

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
- goes from primary capillaries in hypothalamus to secondary capillaries in anterior pituitary and brings inhibiting/releasing hormones

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19
Q

what are anterior pituitary releasing and inhibiting hormones

A
  • created by hypothalamus and sent to anterior pituitary, causes release or inhibition of release of trophic hormones from anterior pituitary
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20
Q

list the 6 releasing/inhibitory hormones

A
  • TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone
  • GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone
  • somatostatin
  • PIH - prolactin inhibiting hormone
  • GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone
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21
Q

explain hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis

A
  • GnRH from hypothalamus –> FSH and LH from anterior pituitary –> ovaries that release estrogen and progesterone
22
Q

FSH effects

A
  • women: follicles grow, estrogen production

- men: sperm production

23
Q

LH effects

A
  • women: ovulation

- men: testosterone production from interstitial cells of Leydig

24
Q

hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis

A

hypothalamus and TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone –> anterior pituitary releases TSH thyroid stimulating hormone –> T3/T4 released from thyroid

25
Q

hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

stress –> higher brain centers –> hypothalamus secretes CRH –> anterior pituitary secretes ACTH t–> adrenal cortex releases cortisol

26
Q

trophic hormone meaning and result of too little / too much

A

trophic = nourishes a gland

  • too much = hypertrophy (increase in size) and hyperplasia (increase in number of cells)
  • too little = atrophy of gland
27
Q

list 6 trophic hormones

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • prolactin
  • growth hormone
  • ACTH
  • TSH
28
Q

which 2 trophic hormones dont use negative feedback?

A

growth hormone and prolactin

29
Q

explain generally how negative feedback works

A

hormones produced at the end of the axis inhibit hypothalamus and anterior pituitary hormones from being released

30
Q

effect of taking birth control / hormone replacements drugs

A

exogenous estrogen and progesterone –> negative feedback –> less FSH, LH (and GnRH)

31
Q

affect of menopause

A

menopause –> no more follicle creating estrogen –> increase in FSH and LH (and GnRH)

32
Q

prolactin pathway

A

hypothalamus releases PIH –> inhibition of prolactin release from anterior pituitary –> inhibition of milk production in mammary glands

33
Q

prolactin secreting adenoma effects

A

cancer in anterior pituitary that secretes lots of prolactin –> inappropriate milk production in men, women and kids called galactorrhea

34
Q

iodine deficiency effect on thyroid axis

A

iodine deficiency –> thyroid cannot produce T3 and T4 = primary hypothyroidism

35
Q

primary hypothyroidism

A

problem in the thyroid gland

36
Q

primary hyperthyroidism - alternate name, cause, and effect

- TSI!

A

autoimmune disease, antibodies that are TSH agonist are created called thyroid stimulating immunoglobins (TSI) –> mimic TSH –> lots of T3/T4 released and thyroid gets larger –> less TSH and TRH

37
Q

TSH secreting adenoma of the anterior pituitary - effect and type of hyperthyroidism

A

increased TSH –> thyroid produces lots of T3/T4 and grow

- secondary because problem with pituitary

38
Q
  • list adrenal and ovarian axis

- why can they effect each other

A

CRH –> ACTH –> cortisol
GnRH –> FSH and LH –> estrogen and progesterone
- cortisol, estrogen, and progesterone are all steroids and at high concentrations can bind each others receptors

39
Q

stress in serious athletes and name of 2 resulting diseases

A

cortisol binds mimics estrogen and progesterone –> inhibits FSH and LH secretion –> oligomenorrhea (irregular period) and amenorrhea (no period)

40
Q

2 parts of adrenal gland

A
  • adrenal medulla, releases epi and norepi as part of sympathoadrenal gland
  • adrenal cortex
41
Q

what does zona glomerulosa produce

A

cholesterol –> aldosterone a mineralcorticoid

42
Q

what does zona fasciculata produce

A

cholesterol –> glucocorticoid (cortisol and corticosterone)

43
Q

what does zona reticularis produce

A

cholesterol –> DHEA –> androgens

44
Q

mineralocorticoid meaning

A

oid = steroid, cortico = from adrenal cortex, mineral = role in electrolyte balance

45
Q

aldosterone effect adn comparison to ADH

A

aldosterone = Na+ and water reabsorption and K+ excretion, no change in blood osmolality –> increase blood volume and pressure
- stimulate by hyperkalemia

46
Q

glucocorticoid meaning

A
  • stimulates production of glucose in blood

- look at info about cortisol

47
Q

explain hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

stress –> higher brain centers –> hypothalamus – CRH –> ACTH –> cortisol

48
Q

cortisol effects (lots of them!

A
  • gluconeogensis and glyogenlysis
  • insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and fat cells (insulin receptors removed so glucose utilization in the periphery is decreased)
  • fat accumulation in abdominal region
  • muscle break down
  • immune system and inflammation decreased
  • suppresses bone formation leading to osteoporosis
49
Q

ptocin

A

exogenous oxytocin, given when cervical dilation but no uterine contraction

50
Q

explain how breast feeding a twin born first helps the delivery of the second one

A

breast feeding –> increased oxytocin –> uterine contraction –> second baby delivered

Physiology (25 decks)

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