Lecture 8 Blood Flashcards
2 parts of blood
plasma and formed elements
plasma
liquid that contains proteins and dissolve solutes
formed elements
all cells in blood
plasma vs serum formation, content, and appearance
- plasma = very high in clotting factor, formed after centrifuging blood
- serum = very low in clotting factors, formed after letting blood sit and coagulate/clot on its own
- both are clear yellow in appearance
3 layers of blood formed during centrifugation
- bottom = RBC and formed elements
- middle = thin buffy white coat of WBC
- top = plasma, yellow
hematocrit definition and ranges
= % of blood that is RBC
- women = 35-45%
- men = 40-53%
plasma composition (percentages)
- 1% solutes (amino acids, hormones, lipids, etc)
- 7% proteins
- 93% water
3 classes of plasma proteins
albumin, globulins, and clotting factors
albumin
- most abundant blood protein, 60-80%
- exerts colloid osmotic pressure aka oncotic pressure that pulls and keeps water in blood vessel
colloid osmotic pressure meaning and alternate name
- aka oncotic pressure
- colloid = caused by a protein solute
- keeps water in blood vessels and out of interstitial fluid and tissue
globulin functions and types
- some are lipid carriers
- alpha beta and gamma
- gamma = immunoglobulins = antibodies
- antibodies are NOT made in the liver - only blood protein that is not made in the liver
clotting factors - most abundant one?
- fibrinogen precursor to fibrin
blood osmolality range
280-300 mOsm
blood pH range
7.35-7.45 pH
fasting glucose range
75-100
RBC, alternate name and description
erythrocyte, biconcave discs with no nucleus
reticulocytes and percentage
- immature RBC that left red bone marrow too early
- 0.5-1.5%
- indication of RBC production rate
2 groups of leukocytes
granular and agranular
leukocyte alternate name and ranking by abundance
- WBC
- never let monkeys eat bananas
- neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
eosinophils
- degranulate and promote inflammation and allergic reaction
basophils and mast cells
- degranulate and promote allergic reaction
- mast cells = sister cells in tissue, mainly responsible for allergy symptoms like sneezing and itchy eyes
neutrophils
- phagocytotic and good chemotaxis ability
monocytes - 2 special functions
- phagocytotic
- antigen presenting
macrophages
sisters of monocytes that are located in organs and tissues
lymphocytes and 3 classes of cells included
- natural killer cells - part of innate/nonspecific immunity
- T cells (helper, killer, and regulatory)
- B cells that produce antibodies
antibody type made in response to allergies
IgG
atopic / atopy meaning
genetic predisposition to allergies, often runs in families although exactly what each person is allergic to my vary
hematopoiesis meaning
formation of blood cells
hematopoietic stem cell - type and 2 lineages
pluripotent, myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
myeloid stem cells - what can they become
RBC, WBC, and platelets
- WBC includes monocytes/macrophages (agranular) and neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (granular)
lymphoid stem cells - what can they become
lymphocytes
leukocytosis meaning and cause
too many WBC due to infection or leukemia (cancer) if extremely high
leukopenia and neutropenia meaning cause
- low WBC
- neutropenia = low neutrophils often due to chemotherapy drugs which kills stem cells
polycythemia meaning and cause
- high RBC due to hypoxia
- smoking, living at high altitudes, dehydration can cause hypoxia
anemia meaning
- low RBC, hematocrit, and hemoglobin
thrombocytosis meaning and result
- too many platelets causing unnecessary clotting
thrombocytopenia meaning and result
- too little platelets causing extra bleeding and blood loss
erythropoietin - where and when made and effects
- hormone that causes RBC production - made in kidney
- RBC made in red bone marrow
cytokines - what, where, and when released
- family of regulatory molecules made by immune cells when they are activated in order to activate other immune cells
megakaryocytes - what do they form
fragment and form platelets
thrombocytes - what do they do and release
aka platelets, form clots to stop bleeding
- release serotonin causing vasoconstriction
erythropoiesis meaning
RBC formation
RBC live for 4 months and iron is recycled
CBC - generally what does it measure
complete blood count
- measures amount of all type of blood cells
band neutrophils
immature neutrophils
hemolytic disease - meaning and clinical symptoms in CBC
RBC die and hemolyze early
results in high reticulocyte percentages
ABO blood typing antigens
A and B antigen on RBC surface, also found in nature
packed RBC vs. whole blood - when given?
- usually packed RBC given but whole blood given during autologous transfusion (self) and in emergency situation where technology is not available
autologous transfusion
- save your own blood to give to yourself later (maybe after surgery)
universal blood donor and recipient
- donor = O
- recipient = AB
universal plasma donor and recipient
- donor = AB because plasma contains no antibodies
- recipient = O because antibodies will never find antigens to react with
Rh antigen blood typing
positive = present, negative = absent
hemolytic disease of the new born causes and symptoms
- symptoms = low weight, jaundice, death
- anti-Rh antibodies from Rh- mother enter blood of fetus causing lots of RBC death
causes of maternal exposure to fetal blood and why its dangerous
- traumatic birth, amniocentesis, umbilical cord removal, abortion and miscarriages
- dangerous because mother will develop anti-Rh antibodies and if this crosses back to Rh+ baby RBC will die
prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn
- give mother RhoGam =. premade anti-Rh antibodies so if blood does mix no active immune response will be stimulated
hemostasis meaning
blood clotting
3 stages of hemostasis
vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, platelet plug contraction and strengthening
mechanism to prevent blood clotting under normal conditions (2 main groups)
- CD93 transmembrane protein enzyme converts ADP glue to AMP so platelets don’t stick to endothelial cells
- NO and prostaglandin I2 act as vasodilators
thrombus
blood clot formed when there is no bleeding
event flow after injury to tissue
injury –> collagen exposed –> von willebrand factor act as glue to hold platelets that bind to collagen –> platelet release reaction ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2 released
- ADP increases stickness so other platelets sticks
- serotonin and thromboxane A2 cause vasoconstriction
embolus
platelet plug that breaks off and is free circulating
platelet release reaction - what is secreted and what do they do
once platelets bind ADP, serotonin and thromboxane released
- ADP = sticky glue
- serotonin and thromboxane A2 cause vasoconstriction
platelet plug contraction and strengthening
- fibrin holds RBC and platelet plug in place
common pathway for clotting
10 activated –> prothrombine –> thrombien –> fibrinogen –> fibrin
extrinsic vs intrinsic pathway stimulus
- extrinsic = tissue damage and tissue thromboplastin
- intrinsic = collage, glass, or. other rough surface
clot dissolution
plasminogen activated to plasmin a protease that cuts fibrin
anticoagulants aka Ca2+ chelators
sodium citrate or EDTA, decreases Ca2+ which is needed for both clotting pathways
