Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Lecture 8 Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

2 parts of blood

A

plasma and formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

plasma

A

liquid that contains proteins and dissolve solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

formed elements

A

all cells in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

plasma vs serum formation, content, and appearance

A
  • plasma = very high in clotting factor, formed after centrifuging blood
  • serum = very low in clotting factors, formed after letting blood sit and coagulate/clot on its own
  • both are clear yellow in appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 layers of blood formed during centrifugation

A
  • bottom = RBC and formed elements
  • middle = thin buffy white coat of WBC
  • top = plasma, yellow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hematocrit definition and ranges

A

= % of blood that is RBC

  • women = 35-45%
  • men = 40-53%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

plasma composition (percentages)

A
  • 1% solutes (amino acids, hormones, lipids, etc)
  • 7% proteins
  • 93% water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 classes of plasma proteins

A

albumin, globulins, and clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

albumin

A
  • most abundant blood protein, 60-80%

- exerts colloid osmotic pressure aka oncotic pressure that pulls and keeps water in blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

colloid osmotic pressure meaning and alternate name

A
  • aka oncotic pressure
  • colloid = caused by a protein solute
  • keeps water in blood vessels and out of interstitial fluid and tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

globulin functions and types

A
  • some are lipid carriers
  • alpha beta and gamma
  • gamma = immunoglobulins = antibodies
  • antibodies are NOT made in the liver - only blood protein that is not made in the liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

clotting factors - most abundant one?

A
  • fibrinogen precursor to fibrin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

blood osmolality range

A

280-300 mOsm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

blood pH range

A

7.35-7.45 pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fasting glucose range

A

75-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RBC, alternate name and description

A

erythrocyte, biconcave discs with no nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reticulocytes and percentage

A
  • immature RBC that left red bone marrow too early
  • 0.5-1.5%
  • indication of RBC production rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 groups of leukocytes

A

granular and agranular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

leukocyte alternate name and ranking by abundance

A
  • WBC
  • never let monkeys eat bananas
  • neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

eosinophils

A
  • degranulate and promote inflammation and allergic reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

basophils and mast cells

A
  • degranulate and promote allergic reaction

- mast cells = sister cells in tissue, mainly responsible for allergy symptoms like sneezing and itchy eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

neutrophils

A
  • phagocytotic and good chemotaxis ability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

monocytes - 2 special functions

A
  • phagocytotic

- antigen presenting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

macrophages

A

sisters of monocytes that are located in organs and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

lymphocytes and 3 classes of cells included

A
  • natural killer cells - part of innate/nonspecific immunity
  • T cells (helper, killer, and regulatory)
  • B cells that produce antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

antibody type made in response to allergies

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

atopic / atopy meaning

A

genetic predisposition to allergies, often runs in families although exactly what each person is allergic to my vary

28
Q

hematopoiesis meaning

A

formation of blood cells

29
Q

hematopoietic stem cell - type and 2 lineages

A

pluripotent, myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

30
Q

myeloid stem cells - what can they become

A

RBC, WBC, and platelets

- WBC includes monocytes/macrophages (agranular) and neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (granular)

31
Q

lymphoid stem cells - what can they become

A

lymphocytes

32
Q

leukocytosis meaning and cause

A

too many WBC due to infection or leukemia (cancer) if extremely high

33
Q

leukopenia and neutropenia meaning cause

A
  • low WBC

- neutropenia = low neutrophils often due to chemotherapy drugs which kills stem cells

34
Q

polycythemia meaning and cause

A
  • high RBC due to hypoxia

- smoking, living at high altitudes, dehydration can cause hypoxia

35
Q

anemia meaning

A
  • low RBC, hematocrit, and hemoglobin
36
Q

thrombocytosis meaning and result

A
  • too many platelets causing unnecessary clotting
37
Q

thrombocytopenia meaning and result

A
  • too little platelets causing extra bleeding and blood loss
38
Q

erythropoietin - where and when made and effects

A
  • hormone that causes RBC production - made in kidney

- RBC made in red bone marrow

39
Q

cytokines - what, where, and when released

A
  • family of regulatory molecules made by immune cells when they are activated in order to activate other immune cells
40
Q

megakaryocytes - what do they form

A

fragment and form platelets

41
Q

thrombocytes - what do they do and release

A

aka platelets, form clots to stop bleeding

- release serotonin causing vasoconstriction

42
Q

erythropoiesis meaning

A

RBC formation

RBC live for 4 months and iron is recycled

43
Q

CBC - generally what does it measure

A

complete blood count

- measures amount of all type of blood cells

44
Q

band neutrophils

A

immature neutrophils

45
Q

hemolytic disease - meaning and clinical symptoms in CBC

A

RBC die and hemolyze early

results in high reticulocyte percentages

46
Q

ABO blood typing antigens

A

A and B antigen on RBC surface, also found in nature

47
Q

packed RBC vs. whole blood - when given?

A
  • usually packed RBC given but whole blood given during autologous transfusion (self) and in emergency situation where technology is not available
48
Q

autologous transfusion

A
  • save your own blood to give to yourself later (maybe after surgery)
49
Q

universal blood donor and recipient

A
  • donor = O

- recipient = AB

50
Q

universal plasma donor and recipient

A
  • donor = AB because plasma contains no antibodies

- recipient = O because antibodies will never find antigens to react with

51
Q

Rh antigen blood typing

A

positive = present, negative = absent

52
Q

hemolytic disease of the new born causes and symptoms

A
  • symptoms = low weight, jaundice, death

- anti-Rh antibodies from Rh- mother enter blood of fetus causing lots of RBC death

53
Q

causes of maternal exposure to fetal blood and why its dangerous

A
  • traumatic birth, amniocentesis, umbilical cord removal, abortion and miscarriages
  • dangerous because mother will develop anti-Rh antibodies and if this crosses back to Rh+ baby RBC will die
54
Q

prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn

A
  • give mother RhoGam =. premade anti-Rh antibodies so if blood does mix no active immune response will be stimulated
55
Q

hemostasis meaning

A

blood clotting

56
Q

3 stages of hemostasis

A

vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, platelet plug contraction and strengthening

57
Q

mechanism to prevent blood clotting under normal conditions (2 main groups)

A
  • CD93 transmembrane protein enzyme converts ADP glue to AMP so platelets don’t stick to endothelial cells
  • NO and prostaglandin I2 act as vasodilators
58
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot formed when there is no bleeding

59
Q

event flow after injury to tissue

A

injury –> collagen exposed –> von willebrand factor act as glue to hold platelets that bind to collagen –> platelet release reaction ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2 released

  • ADP increases stickness so other platelets sticks
  • serotonin and thromboxane A2 cause vasoconstriction
60
Q

embolus

A

platelet plug that breaks off and is free circulating

61
Q

platelet release reaction - what is secreted and what do they do

A

once platelets bind ADP, serotonin and thromboxane released

  • ADP = sticky glue
  • serotonin and thromboxane A2 cause vasoconstriction
62
Q

platelet plug contraction and strengthening

A
  • fibrin holds RBC and platelet plug in place
63
Q

common pathway for clotting

A

10 activated –> prothrombine –> thrombien –> fibrinogen –> fibrin

64
Q

extrinsic vs intrinsic pathway stimulus

A
  • extrinsic = tissue damage and tissue thromboplastin

- intrinsic = collage, glass, or. other rough surface

65
Q

clot dissolution

A

plasminogen activated to plasmin a protease that cuts fibrin

66
Q

anticoagulants aka Ca2+ chelators

A

sodium citrate or EDTA, decreases Ca2+ which is needed for both clotting pathways

Physiology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions