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Physiology > Lecture 12 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of respiration and meaning

A
  • external = lungs and respiratory system

- internal = aerobic respiration

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2
Q

2 aspects of external respiration

A
  • ventilation = movement of air in and out of lungs

- gas exchange = transfer of gasses between blood and air

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3
Q

flow of air through respiratory structures

A
  • mouth and nose –> trachea –> bronchus –> right and left bronchus –> terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar sacs –> alveoli
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4
Q

lining of upper airways vs lower airways

A

upper airways: psueudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that moves mucus which catches debir
- lower airways = squamous endothelial cells good for gas diffusion

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5
Q

alveolar cells type 1 vs type 2

A
  • type 1 lines alveoli

- type 2 produces surfactant

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6
Q

respiratory / pulmonary membrane and 3 parts

A
  • fused membrane, connective tissue
  • alveolar type 1 cells
  • endothelial cells lining the capillaries
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7
Q

ARDS - causes, treatment, and effects

A
  • acute respiratory diseases syndrome
  • inflammation and excess fluid in lungs –> reduced surface area for gas exchange
  • respiratory membrane is damaged by inflammation
  • increased O2 in lung will not help since gas exchange will not occur
  • also caused by drowning and sepsis
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8
Q

2 zones of respiratory system and description

A
  • conducting zone aka dead zone, no gas exchange

- respiratory zone, lower airways, gas exchange occurs

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9
Q

describe intrapleural space and structures

A
  • parietal pleura connected to thoracic cavity
  • visceral pleura attached to lungs
  • serous fluid in between creates hydrogen bonds that attaches the 2 pleura
  • intrapleural space is not a real space but can be filled with water/air/pus/blood
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10
Q

pneumothrax, hemothorax, and thoracic empyema

A
  • pneumothorax = air
  • hemothorax = blood
  • thoracic empyema = pus
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11
Q

negative interpleural pressure

A

pressure in interpleural space is always negative to keep lungs from collapsing

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12
Q

negative vs positive pressure in lungs - when generated

A
  • negative pressure during inhalation, air comes in

- positive pressure during exhalation, air leaves

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13
Q

inhalation - changes in volume and pressure

A

diaphragm contracts and moves down, volume increases, pressure decreases, air enters

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14
Q

exhalation - changes in volume and pressure

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves up, volume decrease, pressure increases, air moves out

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15
Q

transmural pressure aka transpulmonary pressure

A
  • always positive
  • think of as force that pulls lungs out and keeps them from collapsing
  • intrapulmonary pressure - interpleural pressure
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16
Q

compliance, how measured

A
  • how easily lungs can expand

- change in volume / change in pressure

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17
Q

elasticity and cause

A
  • caused by elastin fibers in stroma (connective tissue surrounding alveoli)
  • ability of lungs to recoil
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18
Q

surface tension effect and cause

A
  • caused by fluid produced by alveolar cells type 1

- pulls alveoli in towards collapsing due to hydrogen bonds of the fluid

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19
Q

surfactant cause and effect

A
  • produced by alveolar type 2 cells

- breaks up the hydrogen bonds of the fluid and keeps alveoli from collapsing

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20
Q

factors favoring elasticity

A
  • elastin

- surface tension

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21
Q

factors favoring compliance

A
  • surfactant

- intrapleural pressure

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22
Q

RDS cause and treatment

A
  • respiratory distress syndrome
  • in premes because surfactants are not created
    until the last few weeks of gestation
  • CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure to keep lungs open
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23
Q

muscles in normal breathing

A
  • diaphragm doing 70% of work

- parasternal and external intercostal muscle to expand chest out

24
Q

forced inhalation accessory muscles

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • pectoralis minor
  • scalene
25
Q

forced exhalation muscles used

A
  • internal intercostal muscle

- abdominal muscle

26
Q

spirometry

A

method for measuring pulmonary functioning

27
Q

tidal volume

A

volume inhaled/exhaled during normal breathing, very small, 300-500mL

28
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A
  • volume of air inhaled during forced inhalation
  • 3L
  • does not include tidal volume
29
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A
  • max volume of air exhaled during forced exhalation
  • 1L
  • does not include tidal volume
30
Q

forced vital capacity FVC

A

IRV + ERV + TV

- max air in lungs - min air ini lungs during forced inhalation and exhalation

31
Q

total lung capacity

A
  • max volume of air in lungs

- includes 1L of residual volume

32
Q

FEV1

A
  • max amount of air exhaled during forced exhalation
33
Q

functional residual capacity

A
  • ERV + residual volume

- volume in lungs after normal exhalation

34
Q

inspiratory capacity

A
  • max amount of air that can be inhaled after normal expiration
35
Q

residual volume

A

1L

- volume of air always in lungs

36
Q

FEV1 test, reading, metrics and results

A
  • read right to left
  • calculated as a percentage with normal = 80%
  • FEV1/FVC is a useful metric
37
Q

apnea

A

lack of breathing

- think sleep apnea

38
Q

dyspnea

A

labored breathing

39
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing

40
Q

hyperventilation - CO2 levels and 2 characterizations

A

low CO2 levels

  • tachypnea - fast breathing
  • hyperpnea = deep breathing
41
Q

tachypnea

A

fast breathing

42
Q

hyperpnea

A

deep breathing

43
Q

kussmal breathing - cause and characterization

A
  • due to diabetic ketoacidosis

- both tachypnea and hyperpnea

44
Q

hypoventilation - CO2 levels

A
  • high Co2 levels

- slow and shallow breathing

45
Q

normal breathing rate

A

10-12 breaths / minute

46
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of lungs

47
Q

obstructive disorders - exhalation/inhalation harder, main symptoms, 2 main examples, effect on FEV, FVC, and FEV/FVC ratio

A
  • exhalation harder since there is a lot of inflammation and constriction and lungs must constrict during exhalation
  • COPD and asthma
  • normal FVC but low FEV< thus low FEV/FVC ratio
  • inflammation, bronchioconstriction, airwasy narrowed, collapsed, or obstructed
48
Q

restrictive disorders - effect on FEV, FVC, and FEV/FVC ration, main example

A
  • harder to inhale, like typing a belt around your chest
  • low FVC and normal FEV = high FEV/FVC ration
  • pulmonary fibrosis
49
Q

asthma

  • 2 class of drugs
  • main symptom and is exhalation/inhalation harder
  • type of disorder
  • cause
A
  • wheezing during exhalation
  • obstructive, exhalation is harder
  • inflammation often due to allergies = atopic asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness
  • bronchiodilators = inhibitory, beta 2 receptor agonists
  • corticosteroids that are antiinflammatory
50
Q

emphysema

  • type of disorder
  • effect on lungs and how its leads to inhalation/exhalation harder
A
  • obstructive, exhalation harder
  • caused by smoking
  • inflammation and alveoli destruction –> larger alveoli.
  • based on laplace law: less surface tension and less pressure makes it harder to exhale
51
Q

COPD

  • type of disorder
  • main effects
  • 2 related disorders
A
  • emphysema and chronic bronchitis

- alveolar destructions, inflammation, narrowing of airways

52
Q

cor pulmonale

A
  • COPED –> blood vessels in lungs have more resistance –> pulmonary hypertension –> right heart hypertrophy –> right ventricular failure
53
Q

bronchitis and emphysema - ways to remember

A
  • bronchitis = blue bolus, blue because low O2, barrel chested because hard to exhale
  • emphysema = pink pucker, pursed lips and hunched over to make exhalation easier, pin because well oxygenated
54
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

  • effects
  • type of disorder
  • 3 types / causes
A
  • more collage in stroma of lungs, less compliant
  • harder to inhale, restrictive
  • asbestosis, silicosis, anthracosis
55
Q

law of laplace - pressure, surface tension, and radius

A
  • increase surface tension = increased pressure

- smaller radius = increased pressure

56
Q

law of laplace and size of alveoli

A
  • larger alveoli (due to emphysema) have lower pressure making it harder to exhale

Physiology (25 decks)

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