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Physiology > Lab 8 Endocrine > Flashcards

Lab 8 Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine axis basic pattern

A

hypothalamus –> pituitary –> gland –> final hormone

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2
Q

posterior pituitary - alternate name and hormones secreted

A
  • neurohypophysis because of neural origin

- ADH and oxytocin storage and release

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3
Q

place where ADH and oxytocin made

A
  • supraoptic nucleus = ADH
  • paraventricular nucleus = oxytocin
  • both are located in hypothalamus
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4
Q

ADH function, alternate name, and flow

A
  • at high concentrations works as vasoconstrictor = vasopressin
  • kidney reabsorb more water
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect rise in osmolality –> ADH released –> kidneys reabsorb more water –> osmolality decreases
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5
Q

oxyotocin function

A

1) bonding between adults, children, and animals due to receptors in the brain
2) milk ejection from mammary glands
3) uterine contraction and labor

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6
Q

how is ADH and oxytocin brought to the posterior pituitary

A

hypothalamoi - hypophyseal tract = axon bundle in CNS

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7
Q

trophic hormones definition and affect if there is too much or too little

A
  • trophic = nourishes a gland
  • too much = hypertrophy and hyperplasia
  • too little = atrophy
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8
Q

list all trophic hormones

A
  • FSH and LH
  • prolactin
  • growth hormone
  • TSH
  • ACTH
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9
Q

hypothalamus releasing and inhibiting hormones

A
  • GnRH
  • PIH
  • GHRH
  • TRH
  • CRH
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10
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A
  • brings releasing / inhibiting hormones from primary capillaries in hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
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11
Q

negative feedback of endocrine system

A
  • end hormones made by glands inhibit hormones from hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
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12
Q

galactorrhea cause

A

prolactin secreting tumor in anterior pituitary –> inappropriate milk secretion in men, women, and children

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13
Q

2 hormones that don’t use negative feedback

A

prolactin and growth hormone

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14
Q

prolactin axis

A

PIH prolactin inhibiting hormone –> reduces prolactin secretion –> prolactin stimulates milk production

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15
Q

hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis

A

TRH –> TSH –> T3 and T4

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16
Q

permissive hormone

A

thyroid hormone is permissive meaning it is necessary for other hormones to work

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17
Q

functions of thyroid hormone

A

metabolism, growth and development, heat generation

18
Q

iodine deficiency and symptoms

A

iodine deficiency –> T3/T4 cannot be made –> low T3/T4 –> high TSH and TRH –> goiter aka thyroid swelling

19
Q

thyroid follicle structure

A
  • single layer of thyroid follicular cells

- inside is colloid and filled with thyroglobulin protein

20
Q

T3/T4 production pathway

A

iodide (from diet, dairy, seafood) taken in to thyroid follicular cells –> iodide and thyroglobulin released into colloid –> iodide converted to iodine –> iodine binds to tyrosine on thyroglobulin to make MIT and DIT –> MIT and DIT combine to form T3/T4 still bound to thyroglobulin

21
Q

T3/T4 release pathway

A

TSH stimulates follicular cells to take up T3/T4 –> T3/T4 cleaved off of thyroglobulin –> T3/T4 enter blood and bind to carrier proteins, thyroglobulin is recycled

22
Q

hyperthyroidism symptoms

A
  • always hot, nervous, excited, high heart rate, weight loss
23
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms

A
  • always cold, weight gain, lethargy, low heart rate
24
Q

parafollicular cells

A

cells between follicles of thyroid that make calcitonin which decrease about of calcium in blood

25
Q

name of carrier protein for thyroid hormone

A

thyroid binding globulin

26
Q

percent of T3 vs T4

A

90% T4

10% T3

27
Q

percent of bound thyroid hormone vs free

A

99% bound
<1% free
amount of free depends on concentration of hormones, carrier, and their chemical interaction

28
Q

workflow of thyroid hormone / mechanism

A
  • hydrophobic –> genomic mechanism
  • T4/T3 enters cell –> T4 converted to T3 –> binds to receptor in cell –> receptor hormone complex forms heterodimer with retinoic acid –> gene expression modified
29
Q

parathyroid gland shape, location, and main function and effects

A
  • 4 beans on back of thyroid
  • creates parathyroid releasing hormone which increases blood calcium
    1) increases calcium reabsorption in kidneys
    2) activates vitamin D so more calcium can be absorbed from food
    3) stimulates bone resorption = break down
30
Q

pancreas main function

A
  • 99% acinar cells, exocrine production and secretion of pancreatic juices into duodenum of small intestines
31
Q

alpha cells - hormone and effects

A

glucagon, released during low blood sugar

- gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis (to increase free fatty acids)

32
Q

beta cells - hormone and effects

A
  • insulin when high blood sugar
  • skeletal muscle cells and fat cells take in glucose, amino acids
  • STORE
33
Q

type 1 diabetes

A
  • autoimmune attack of beta cells so body cannot produce insulin
34
Q

stages of follicle maturation

A

primordial follicle –> primary follicle –> secondary follicle –> graffian follicle

35
Q

FSH and LH effect on ovaries

A

FSH –> estrogen released from granulosa cells –> follicle maturation
LH –> ovulation

36
Q

corpus luteum function

A
  • releases progesterone so endometrial lining thickens and vascularizes
37
Q

granulosa cells - location and function

A
  • surrounds egg, secretes estrogen to promote maturation of follicle
38
Q

stroma vs parenchymal cells

A
  • stroma = connective tissue

- parenchymal = cells / portion that does actual function of the tissue

39
Q

seminiferous tubules - structure and brief function

A
  • places where sperm are made

- as sperm mature move towards center of tubulues

40
Q

interstitial cells of Leydig - stimulation and what does it produce

A
  • found in between seminiferous tubules

- LH –> interstitial cells of Leydig –> testosterone production

41
Q

sperm production - where and describe process

A
  • seminiferous tubules
  • FSH stimulates sperm maturation
  • sperm mature and move closer to center of tubules

Physiology (25 decks)

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