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Physiology > Lecture/Lab 11 Blood Pressure / Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Lecture/Lab 11 Blood Pressure / Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

elasticity vs compliance

A
  • elasticity = how much recoil

- compliance = amount of expansion

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2
Q

elasticity and compliance - passive/active dilation/constriction and intrinisic/extrinsic property

A
  • passive dilation and constriction

- intrinsic property

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3
Q

3 layers of arteries and veins

A
  • tunica externa = connective tissue
  • tunica media = smooth muscle
  • tunica interna = endothelial cells, sqamous, elastin, subendothelial collagen layer
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4
Q

layers of capillaries

A

trick question - there are only endothelial cells

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5
Q

large arteries, main properties and why

A
  • muscular and elastic
  • during systole/diastole expand and contract to accomodate changes in blood volume
  • ^helps blood pressure from fluctuating too much
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6
Q

small arteries and arterioles - many properties and why

A
  • muscular

- heavily innervated by sympathetic system –> smooth muscle innervation –> vasoconstriction and increase bp

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7
Q

arteriovenous anastomoses

A
  • arterioles bypass capillaries and go straight to venules
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8
Q

venous return meaning

A

return of deoxygenated blood to heart

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9
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

contraction and movement of muscles in lower extremetieis squeezes blood up veins towards the heart. 1 way valves prevent blood from flowing back

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10
Q

respiratory pump

A
  • inhalation –> negative pressure –> blood pulled up the chest
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11
Q

veins - main characteristics

A
  • high compliance, thin, holds majority of blood, low blood pressure
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12
Q

TPR and main cause

A
  • total pressure that heart has to pump against

- mainly caused by small arteries and arterioles

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13
Q

3 alternate name for vessels and why

A
  • resistance vessels = small arteries and arterioles because they contribute most to TPR
  • capacitance vessels = veins because they hold 2/3 of blood
  • exchange vessels = capillaries because exchange occurs here
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14
Q

preload and afterload

A
  • preload = EDV, work before contraction

- afterload = TPR, work downstream from the heart

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15
Q

hypertension effects on heart

A

hypertension = increased TPR –> left ventricle works harder and hypertrophies –> smaller lumen and decreased cardiac output –> congestive heart failure

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16
Q

precapillary sphincters

A
  • sphincters before capillaries

- constriction = less blood in capillaries and higher bp upstream

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17
Q

3 types of capillaries (just list them)

A
  • continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous
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18
Q

continuous capillaries - characteristics and where

A
  • sown together by gap junctions which have intercellular channels for small molecule transfer
  • muscle, lung, adipose tissue
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19
Q

fenestrated capillaries - characteristics and where

A
  • very permeable and wide intercellular pores for filtration
  • kidneys, intestines, and glands
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20
Q

discontinuous capillaries - characteristics and where

A
  • large gaps between cells

- liver, spleen, and bone marrow so produced RBC can escape

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21
Q

stroke volume and 3 factors

A
  • contractility
  • EDV aka preload
  • TPR aka afterload
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22
Q

ejection fraction

A

stroke volume / end diastolic volume

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23
Q

frank starling law of the heart

A

increased EDV –> increased stretch of heart muscle –> increased contracility –> increased stroke volume and cardiac output

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24
Q

cardiac output formula

A

cardiac output (volume / minute) = heart rate (beat / minute) * stroke volume (volume / beat)

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25
Q

chronotropic effect meaning

A
  • effects heart rate
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26
Q

parasympathetic chronotropic effect and mechanism

A

Ach –> M2 muscarinic receptor –> K+ enters –> hyperpolarization –> harder to reach threshold and decreased heart rate

27
Q

sympathetic chronotropic effect and mechanism

A

epi/norepi –> beta 1 adrenergic receptor –> cAMP increases –> HCN opens faster and steeper pacemaker potential –> increased heart rate

28
Q

inotropic effect meaning

A
  • effects contractility
29
Q

parasympathetic inotropic effect and mechanism

A

NONE

30
Q

sympathetic inotropic effect and mechanism

A
  • increases contractility by direct innervation of myocardial cells
31
Q

sympathetic effect on venous return

A
  • increases venous return

sympathetic –> mass activation –> venoconstriction –> increased blood pressure and venous return

32
Q

blood volume effect on venous return

A

increased volume increases venous return

33
Q

2 pressures exerted by fluids

A

hydrostatic (away) and oncotic (towards)

34
Q

BHP, BOP, IOP, IHP

A
  • BHP = blood hydrostatic pressure, pushes against walls of vessels
  • BOP = blood oncotic pressure aka blood colloid pressure, pulls liquid into blood vessels
  • IOP = interstitial fluid oncotic pressure pulls iiquid out of blood vessels
  • IHP = interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into vessels
35
Q

forces affecting reabsorption vs filtration

A
  • reabsorption = BOP and IHP

- filtration = BHP and IOP

36
Q

arterial side vs venule side filtration vs reabsorption

A
  • arterial = filtration higher

- venule = reabsorption higher

37
Q

what accounts for filtration force being higher than reabsorption force

A
  • some interstitial fluid filtered out through lymphatic system
38
Q

edema

A

build up of fluid in interstitial space causing swelling

39
Q

elephantiasis

A

parasitic infection blocks lymph nodes and drainage causing swelling due to build up of fluids in interstitial space

40
Q

hypoalbuminemia - flow

A

liver disease –> less albumin production –> decrease in BOP –> less reabsorption and edema

41
Q

albuminuria flow

A

kidney disease –> albumin in urine –> BOP decrease and less reabsorption –> edema

42
Q

myxedema flow

A
  • hypothyroidism

- higher IOP –> more filtration and edema

43
Q

right congestive heart failure flow

A
  • pitting edema, fluid back up in veins
44
Q

left congestive heart failure and flow

A
  • pulmonary congestion
45
Q

3 triggers for RAA system

A

hypovolemia, hypotension, and hyponatremia

46
Q

RAA flow

A

baroreceptor in aortic arch or carotid artery –> renin enzyme activated –> angiotensinogen in liver –> angiotensin 1 –> converted by ACE enzyme in lungs to angiotensin 2 –> many effects

47
Q

3 main affects of angiotensin 2

A
  • direct vasconstriction to increase bp
  • stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex so that Na+ and water are reabsorbed by kidneys
  • thirst center in hypothalamus stimulated –> increased blood volume and pressure
48
Q

ACE inhibitors

A
  • prevents conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

- very powerful drug for hypertension

49
Q

angiotensin 2 receptor blockers

A
  • blocks receptors for angiotensin 2, also very powerful hypertension drug
50
Q

ANP effects

A

atria natriuretic hormone

  • endogenous hormone that increases urine production and decrease blood volume to decrease bp
  • inhibits aldosterone
  • also causes vasodilation to decrease bp
51
Q

2 main factors effecting BHP and blood flow - how do radius and stroke volume/contractility relate

A
  • volume and pressure from opposite directions
  • smaller radius = increased pressure and increased BHP
  • increased stroke volume and contractility = increased volume and increased bp
52
Q

Poiseuilles Law - numerator vs denominator, what are the 4 variables, which remain constant, effect of radius

A
  • law for blood flow
  • numerator = directly proportional, radius and change in blood pressure DP
  • denominator = inversely proportional, length of blood vessel and viscosity
  • only radius changes
  • radius effect = r^4
53
Q

baroreceptor reflex flow and reflex tachycardia

A

baroreceptor in arotic arch / c arotid artery detect drop in bp –> information coded as frequency of AP sent to MO –> sympathetic system activated –> increased heart rate and reflex tachycardia

54
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A
  • going from lying to standing cause dangerous drop in bp

- no compensatory mechanism or baroreceptor reflex

55
Q

laminar vs turbulent flow

A
  • laminar = quiet and layered, highest velocity in the center
  • turbulent = noisy, caused by obstruction
56
Q

taking blood pressure steps

A

inflate cuff greater then systolic pressure so blood vessel collapsed and no sounds heard –> decrease pressure until just lower then systolic, blood squirts out and sounds are heard –> decrease pressure until just under diastolic where all sounds stop

57
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic bp - diastolic bp

58
Q

mean arterial pressure and why

A

diastolic bp + 1/3 pulse pressure

  • diastolic is longer then systolic
  • MAP = average pressure of blood flow through system
59
Q

systolic and diastolic BP range

A 
systolic = 100-120 mmHg 
diastolic = 60-80mmHg
60
Q

prehypertension

A

120-140/80-90

61
Q

hypertension stage 1

A

140-160/90-100

62
Q

hypertension stage 2

A

160-180/100-110

63
Q

hypertension urgency and possible effect

A

> 180/>110

- can cause hemorrhagic stroke

Physiology (25 decks)

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