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Physiology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

RMP range of cells

A

-65 to -85

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2
Q

RMP of neuron

A

-70

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3
Q

2 causes of RMP

A
  • fixed anions and uneven concentration of ions across cell
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4
Q

dendrites

A

receive signal and transmits it to cell body

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5
Q

axon hillock

A

part of neuron cell body where axon binds - generates the action potential

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6
Q

cell body

A

metabolic center of neuron and houses nucleus

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7
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between axon terminal and dendrites of neuron, neurotransmitters are released here

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8
Q

proprioreceptors

A

receptors in muscle or joints that sense and send information about relative body position

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9
Q

flow of neuron stimulation and action potential generation

A

Na+ LGIC opens –> Na+ depolarization wave to axon hillock –> Na+ VGIC in axon hillock opens and causes depolarization –> action potential conducts down axon

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10
Q

factors affecting amount of depolarization

A

amount of Na+ entering, how long LGIC is open, how much neurotransmitter in cleft and how long it remains

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11
Q

threshold of neuron

A

-55, after this action potential cannot be stopped

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12
Q

cause of graded potential

A

Na+ LGIC opens and Na+ comes in and causes depolarization OR Cl- LGIC opens and Cl- comes in causing hyperpolarization

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13
Q

cause of steep depolarization

A

Na+ VGIC in axon/axon hillock opens, Na+ enters

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14
Q

cause of repolarization

A

slower opening of K+ VGIC, K+ exits cells and repolarizes, Na+ VGIC also closed

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15
Q

cause of after hyperpolarization of action potential

A

hyperpolarization by K+ continually exiting cell

Na+/K+ restores RMP

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16
Q

graded potential

A

graded, 2 types EPSP and IPSP

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17
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory, graded potential, caused by LGIC for Na+ opening and depolarization

18
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory, graded potential, caused by LGIC Cl- openinng and Cl- enters cells and causes hyperpolarization

19
Q

2 ways intensity of sitmulus is encoded

A

frequency of action potential

recruitment = number of neurons that are sending action potentials

20
Q

why refractory period is important

A

otherwise action potential can go one after another and muscles in perpetual contraction = tetany, diaphragm paralyzed

21
Q

cause of absolute refractory period

A

Na+ VGIC: closed –> open –> inactive –> open, during absolute period Na+ VGIC are inactive so cant be opened

22
Q

cause of relative refractory period

A

Na+ VGIC going from inactive to closed, some can those go to open phase but also harder since K+ exiting cell caused hyperpolarization

23
Q

convergence vs divergence

A 
convergence = many presynaptic --> 1 postsynaptic 
divergence = 1 presynaptic --> many postsynaptic
24
Q

spatial summation vs temporal summation

A 
spatial = multiple presynaptic synapse at different location generate EPSP to 1 postsynaptic and they build up to reach threshold 
temporal = 1 presynaptic generates many EPSP close together and it builds up
25
Q

EPSP vs action potential

A

EPSP = graded, stimulated by Na+ through LGIC, max depolarizaiton = 0, summation, no refractory period
action potential = not graded (all or nothing), stimulated b Na+ through VGIC, max depolarization = +40, refractory period

26
Q

CNS vs PNS

A 
CNS = brain and spine  
PNS = everything else
27
Q

glial cells

A

support cells - umbrella term for many cells

28
Q

nucleus vs ganglion

A 
nucleus = cell bodies in CNS  
ganglion = cell bodies in PNS
29
Q

tract vs nerve

A 
tract = axons in CNS  
nerve = axons in PNS
30
Q

sensory neuron

A

sensory receptor –> brain

31
Q

somatic motor neuron

A

brain –> skeletal muscle, voluntary movement

32
Q

LMN and UMN

A

lower motor neuron: body in CNS and axon goes to sketal muscle
upper motor neuron - an internneuron - brain to LMN

33
Q

interneuron aka associatoin neuron

A

completely in CNS

34
Q

autonomic motor neuron

A

CNS –> innervates organs, glands, smooth muscles

35
Q

myelination of CNS vs PNS

A 
CNS = oligodendrocytes, wraps around multiple axons 
PNS = schwann cells, wraps around 1 axon
36
Q

microglia

A

phagocytotic cells - like macrophages

37
Q

astrocytes

A

support / caretaker cells for neurons, dilates blood vessel so more nutrients arrive,

38
Q

2 factors affecting conduction speed

A

myelination and large diameter increases conduction rate

39
Q

SNARE complex

A

protein complex that docks vesicle with neurotransmitter to the side of plasma membrane preventing it from randomly releasing neurotransmitter, activated by Ca2+ synaptotagmin

40
Q

synaptotagmin

A

protein that is able to change conformation SNARE if Ca2+ activates it

41
Q

flow of neurotransmitter release

A

Ca2+ VGIC opens –> Ca2+ enters cell –> binds to synaptotagmin –> complex causes SNARE to release vesicle with neurotransmitter

42
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

breaks down ACh to acetate and choline which is taken back up by presynaptic neuron to be reused, prevents ACh from staying in synaptic cleft and overstimulating

Physiology (25 decks)

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