Lecture 5 CNS Flashcards
grooves vs elevated fold names
grooves = sulcus, elevated fold = gyrus
list 5 cerebrum lobes
temporal, occipital, parietal, frontal, insula
temporal lobe function
auditory centers, combines information from cochlea with visual information
occipital lobe function
vision and eye movement
insula function
processes sensory info like (perception, self awareness, pain, temperature) and causes autonomic responses
corpus collosum
tract (bundle of axons) that connects left and right hemispheres on the cerebrum
central sulcus location
between parietal and frontal lob
postcentral gyrus
somatosensory cortex, sensory information from periphery processed here
precentral gyrus
motor cortex, sends motor movement commadns to various body parts
4 functional regions of the brain
- precentral gyrus
- postcentral gyrus
- Broca’s area
- Wernicke’s area
anatomical methods of visualizing brain
CT - uses xrays
MRI using magnets and protons
metabolic/functional methods of visualizing brain
fMRI and PET (detect blood flow and glucose ussage)
aphasia
inability to use language due to abnormality ini the brain
dysarthria
inability to produce language due to muscle abnormality
Wernicke function and location
parietal lobe, processes adds meaning to words and spoken, written, or sign language
name of aphasia due to Wernicke damage and symptoms
sensory / wernicke aphasia = word salad, gibberish, language does not make sense since words cannot be assigned meanings
Brocas area function and location
frontal lobe, places words in the right order, correct syntax and grammar
name of aphasia due to Broca’s and symptoms
motor / Broca’s aphasia - speech makes sense but syntax and grammar are incorrect
path of speech production
thoughts in frontal crotex –> Wernickes to find the correct words –> Broca create full sentences with correct grammar and syntax –> precentral gyrus sends motor commands to vocal muscles
arcuate fasculus
connects Wernicke –> Broca
limbic system, alternate name and function
rhinecephalon = smell brain
- emotions! all primitive emotions, little connections to cerebral cortex explaining why its hard to control emotions
amensia
loss in memory
retrograde vs anterograde amensia
retrograde = cant remember things in the distant past (years ago) anterograde = cant remember recent things (name of someone you just met)
declarative vs nondeclaratiev amnesia
- declarative = can say it out loud
- nondeclarative = an action (like typing your shoe)
prefrontal cortex role in memory
location of short term memory
hippocampus role in memory
consolidates memory
memory consolidation
short term memory –> long term memory
2 types of declarative memory
semantic = facts, episodic = events
3 major parts of brain for memory
hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, amygdala
emotion effect on memory formation
can make memory stronger or repressed (traumatic memories can be well remembered or repressed)
stress effect on memory formation
fear related experiences are memorized by amygdala, other memories in hippocampus are harder to retrieve and form, hippocampus and amygdala have receptors for cortisol
PTSD and affect on brain/memory formation
hippocampus atrophy
long term potentiation
long term physical changes in the brain
reverberating / recurrent circuits
part of short term/working memory, circuit of neurons continuously fired to keep piece of information in the mind but once disrupted information is lost
2 glutamate receptors
NDMA and AMPA
NMDA ligands and how voltage is generated
glutamate and glycine/serine, AMPA opens and Na+ enters causing depolarization
synaptic changes in LTP flow
glutamate binds to AMPA –> AMPA opens and Na+ enters causing depolarization –> glutamate, voltage, and glycine/serine cause Mg+ blocking NMDA to be removed –> Ca2+ and Na+ enters –> Ca2+ calmodulin complex forms –> Ca2+ calmodulin dependent kinase activated –> AMPA receptors added –> increased sensitivity to glutamate
AND
- kinase –> CREB transcription factor activated –> dendritic growth
NO function
presynaptic NT, releasedby postsynaptic and gas freely enters neuron and causes more glutamate to be released
3 factors explaining how stimulating a synapse frequently increases excitability
- more AMPA receptors
- dendritic growth
- NO increases glutamate released
endocannabinoid function
- GABA inhibits presynaptic neuron
- endocannabinoids inhibit GABA
exogenous cannabinoids
- may improve learning at low doses both otherwise impairs learning
neural stem cells location
- hippocampsu
neurogenesis and function
formation of new neurons, may be part of learning
2 factors that help and 2 that inhibit learning
- exercise and exposure to a variety of stimulus at a young age
- age and stress
agnosia vs apraxia
- agnosia = cant recognize face
- apraxia = cant recall how to do things
2 characteristics of alzhimers
beta amyloid plaques (extracellular) and neurofibrilary tangles (intracellular)
what type of neurons are lost in alzheimers and where
cholinergic fibers in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex
beta amyloid plaques aka senile plaques formation
APP (amyloid precursor protein) a normal transmembrane protein –> normally cleaved –> beta-amyloid fragment aggregates and causes plaques
- senile plaques are found in old people but are more abundant in those with alzhiemers
Tau protein and neurofibrilary tangle normal function and formation
- tau protein normally supports microtubules which provide structures for intracellular transport
- tau aggregates and causes tangles, microtubules are weakened
3 factors increasing risk of alzhiemers
- mitochondrial oxidative stress –> apoptosis
- excitotoxicity –> apoptosis
- APOE4 allele
2 treatment for alzhiemers
- glutamate antagonist to prevent excitotoxicity
- AchE inhibitor so Ach increased in synaptic clef
dementia definition
- permanent and progressive cognitive decline
- alzhiemers is the most common type of dementia
thalamus
sensory relay center (except for smell) amplifies information and sends to cortex
RAS primary function
awareness /alertness
arousal/wakefulness
- aware of oneself and surroundings
- RAS is active, sensory information traveling up through spine –> brain stem –> cortex
caffeine and benadryl affect on RAS
caffeine activates RAS, benadryl inhibits RAS
hypothalamus main fucntion
maintains homeostasis by regulating the autonomic nervous system - all things essential for life like (hunger, thirst, body temperature, sleep, emotions, endocrine system) - headquarters of the brain!
