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Physiology > Lecture 5 CNS > Flashcards

Lecture 5 CNS Flashcards

1
Q

grooves vs elevated fold names

A

grooves = sulcus, elevated fold = gyrus

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2
Q

list 5 cerebrum lobes

A

temporal, occipital, parietal, frontal, insula

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3
Q

temporal lobe function

A

auditory centers, combines information from cochlea with visual information

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4
Q

occipital lobe function

A

vision and eye movement

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5
Q

insula function

A

processes sensory info like (perception, self awareness, pain, temperature) and causes autonomic responses

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6
Q

corpus collosum

A

tract (bundle of axons) that connects left and right hemispheres on the cerebrum

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7
Q

central sulcus location

A

between parietal and frontal lob

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8
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

somatosensory cortex, sensory information from periphery processed here

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9
Q

precentral gyrus

A

motor cortex, sends motor movement commadns to various body parts

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10
Q

4 functional regions of the brain

A
  • precentral gyrus
  • postcentral gyrus
  • Broca’s area
  • Wernicke’s area
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11
Q

anatomical methods of visualizing brain

A

CT - uses xrays

MRI using magnets and protons

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12
Q

metabolic/functional methods of visualizing brain

A

fMRI and PET (detect blood flow and glucose ussage)

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13
Q

aphasia

A

inability to use language due to abnormality ini the brain

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14
Q

dysarthria

A

inability to produce language due to muscle abnormality

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15
Q

Wernicke function and location

A

parietal lobe, processes adds meaning to words and spoken, written, or sign language

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16
Q

name of aphasia due to Wernicke damage and symptoms

A

sensory / wernicke aphasia = word salad, gibberish, language does not make sense since words cannot be assigned meanings

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17
Q

Brocas area function and location

A

frontal lobe, places words in the right order, correct syntax and grammar

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18
Q

name of aphasia due to Broca’s and symptoms

A

motor / Broca’s aphasia - speech makes sense but syntax and grammar are incorrect

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19
Q

path of speech production

A

thoughts in frontal crotex –> Wernickes to find the correct words –> Broca create full sentences with correct grammar and syntax –> precentral gyrus sends motor commands to vocal muscles

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20
Q

arcuate fasculus

A

connects Wernicke –> Broca

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21
Q

limbic system, alternate name and function

A

rhinecephalon = smell brain

- emotions! all primitive emotions, little connections to cerebral cortex explaining why its hard to control emotions

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22
Q

amensia

A

loss in memory

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23
Q

retrograde vs anterograde amensia

A 
retrograde = cant remember things in the distant past (years ago) 
anterograde = cant remember recent things (name of someone you just met)
24
Q

declarative vs nondeclaratiev amnesia

A
  • declarative = can say it out loud

- nondeclarative = an action (like typing your shoe)

25
Q

prefrontal cortex role in memory

A

location of short term memory

26
Q

hippocampus role in memory

A

consolidates memory

27
Q

memory consolidation

A

short term memory –> long term memory

28
Q

2 types of declarative memory

A

semantic = facts, episodic = events

29
Q

3 major parts of brain for memory

A

hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, amygdala

30
Q

emotion effect on memory formation

A

can make memory stronger or repressed (traumatic memories can be well remembered or repressed)

31
Q

stress effect on memory formation

A

fear related experiences are memorized by amygdala, other memories in hippocampus are harder to retrieve and form, hippocampus and amygdala have receptors for cortisol

32
Q

PTSD and affect on brain/memory formation

A

hippocampus atrophy

33
Q

long term potentiation

A

long term physical changes in the brain

34
Q

reverberating / recurrent circuits

A

part of short term/working memory, circuit of neurons continuously fired to keep piece of information in the mind but once disrupted information is lost

35
Q

2 glutamate receptors

A

NDMA and AMPA

36
Q

NMDA ligands and how voltage is generated

A

glutamate and glycine/serine, AMPA opens and Na+ enters causing depolarization

37
Q

synaptic changes in LTP flow

A

glutamate binds to AMPA –> AMPA opens and Na+ enters causing depolarization –> glutamate, voltage, and glycine/serine cause Mg+ blocking NMDA to be removed –> Ca2+ and Na+ enters –> Ca2+ calmodulin complex forms –> Ca2+ calmodulin dependent kinase activated –> AMPA receptors added –> increased sensitivity to glutamate

AND

  • kinase –> CREB transcription factor activated –> dendritic growth
38
Q

NO function

A

presynaptic NT, releasedby postsynaptic and gas freely enters neuron and causes more glutamate to be released

39
Q

3 factors explaining how stimulating a synapse frequently increases excitability

A
  • more AMPA receptors
  • dendritic growth
  • NO increases glutamate released
40
Q

endocannabinoid function

A
  • GABA inhibits presynaptic neuron

- endocannabinoids inhibit GABA

41
Q

exogenous cannabinoids

A
  • may improve learning at low doses both otherwise impairs learning
42
Q

neural stem cells location

A
  • hippocampsu
43
Q

neurogenesis and function

A

formation of new neurons, may be part of learning

44
Q

2 factors that help and 2 that inhibit learning

A
  • exercise and exposure to a variety of stimulus at a young age
  • age and stress
45
Q

agnosia vs apraxia

A
  • agnosia = cant recognize face

- apraxia = cant recall how to do things

46
Q

2 characteristics of alzhimers

A

beta amyloid plaques (extracellular) and neurofibrilary tangles (intracellular)

47
Q

what type of neurons are lost in alzheimers and where

A

cholinergic fibers in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex

48
Q

beta amyloid plaques aka senile plaques formation

A

APP (amyloid precursor protein) a normal transmembrane protein –> normally cleaved –> beta-amyloid fragment aggregates and causes plaques
- senile plaques are found in old people but are more abundant in those with alzhiemers

49
Q

Tau protein and neurofibrilary tangle normal function and formation

A
  • tau protein normally supports microtubules which provide structures for intracellular transport
  • tau aggregates and causes tangles, microtubules are weakened
50
Q

3 factors increasing risk of alzhiemers

A
  • mitochondrial oxidative stress –> apoptosis
  • excitotoxicity –> apoptosis
  • APOE4 allele
51
Q

2 treatment for alzhiemers

A
  • glutamate antagonist to prevent excitotoxicity

- AchE inhibitor so Ach increased in synaptic clef

52
Q

dementia definition

A
  • permanent and progressive cognitive decline

- alzhiemers is the most common type of dementia

53
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay center (except for smell) amplifies information and sends to cortex

54
Q

RAS primary function

A

awareness /alertness

55
Q

arousal/wakefulness

A
  • aware of oneself and surroundings

- RAS is active, sensory information traveling up through spine –> brain stem –> cortex

56
Q

caffeine and benadryl affect on RAS

A

caffeine activates RAS, benadryl inhibits RAS

57
Q

hypothalamus main fucntion

A

maintains homeostasis by regulating the autonomic nervous system - all things essential for life like (hunger, thirst, body temperature, sleep, emotions, endocrine system) - headquarters of the brain!

Physiology (25 decks)

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