Physiology > Lecture 13 Respiratory System Part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Respiratory System Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

daltons law

A

total pressure of gas mixture is the sum of each gas partial pressure

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2
Q

percent of O2 in air

A

21%

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3
Q

pressure at sea level

A

760 mmHg

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4
Q

pressure H2O in wet air

A

47 mmHg

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5
Q

PO2 in wet air vs dry air - include calculations

A
  • wet = .21(760-47) = 150mmHg
  • dry = .21(760) = 159 mmHg
  • not a large difference
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6
Q

at sea level

  • atmospheric pressure
  • PO2 in air
  • PO2 in alveoli
  • PO2 arterial
A
  • 760mmHg
  • 159 PO2 in air
  • 105 PO2 in alveoli (large decrease because O2 is removed so quickly in lungs)
  • 100 PO2 arterial
  • think of PO2 alveoli as pressure pushing O2 into blood vessels of lungs
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7
Q

affect of altitude on air pressure

A

increased altitude decreases air pressure

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8
Q

arterial PO2 at 10k and 20k

A
  • 10k = 65mmHg

- 20k = 35mmHg

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9
Q

henry’s law aka 3 factors effecting gas movement

A
  • solubility of gas in liquid (CO2 is more soluble)
  • partial pressure of gas (this is the determining factor)
  • temperature - more can be dissolved in cold liquid
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10
Q

dissolve/free O2

  • what is it a good measure of
  • amount in blood
  • what does it depend on
A
  1. 3ml/100ml
    - very little and depends on PO2
    - good measure of lung function
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11
Q

total O2 content

  • what does it depend on
  • amount in blood
A

20ml/100ml

- depends on hematocrit

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12
Q

why do we intubate/ventilate people

A
  • ventilation only increases hemoglobin saturation from 97-100%
  • increases dissolved O2 which can be used by cells
  • cells cannot use bound O2
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13
Q

increase in hemoglobin saturation from intubation/ventilation

A

97 to 100%

not much!

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14
Q

PCO2 pressure in veins and arteries - specific numbers

A
  • veins = 46mmHg

- arteries = 40 mmHg

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15
Q

what happens if pressure in pulmonary circulation is too high

A
  • high pressure –> fluid leaves capillaries causing pulmonary edema –> short of breath and cant lay down
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16
Q

ventilation perfusion matching - how is this opposite of systemic circulation

A
  • pulmonary capillaries and arteries dilate in more ventilated area of lungs (more O2 means more O2 to be absorbed by more blood)
  • in systemic circulation, more O2 means the area has enough blood –> vasconstriction –> blood shunting to other areas where blood is needed
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17
Q

apex vs base of lungs - ventilation vs perfusion

A
  • apex = overventilated and under perfused

- based = underventilated and overperfused

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18
Q

hemoglobin structure

A
  • 4 polypeptides 2 alpha and 2 beta

- 1 heme group on each polypeptide

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19
Q

heme group structure and 6 bonds

A
  • porphoryin ring with a metallic ion in the center
  • in this case Fe
  • 4 bonds to N to attach to prophoryin ring, 1 attaches to polypeptide, 1 attaches to oxygen
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20
Q

oxyhemoglobin and deoxyheomglobin, what type of iron

A
  • oxyhemoglobin when O2 attached, deoxyhemoglobin when no O2 attached
  • Fe2+ ferrous ion
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21
Q

oxyhemoglobin saturation - definition and normal value

A

oxyhemoglobin / total hemoglobin - normally 97%

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22
Q

methemoglobin - what type of iron, mechanism to make i able to carry oxygen

A
  • Fe3+, cannot bind to O2

- methemoglobin reductase to convert Fe3+ to Fe2+

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23
Q

carboxyhemoglobin

A
  • CO bound, bond is 200x stronger than oxygen
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24
Q

anemia

A
  • low hemoglobin
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25
polycythemia - definition and absolute vs relative
- relative = transient, could be due to dehydration | - absolute = more RBC made due to hypoxia, high altitude, infection, smoking
26
erythropoietin
- hormone made by kidneys to increase RBC production in red bone marrow
27
oxygen dissociation curve and importance of plateau
- x axis = PO2, y axis = oxyhemoglobin saturation | - plateau means that life at high elevation is supported
28
Bohr effect and relation to increased metabolism
- as pH decreases and more acidic graph shifts right and hemoglobin affinity is lowered - increased metabolism = more acid produced adn more O2 reelased
29
temperature, oxygen dissociation curve, and increased metabolic activity
- high temp = curve shifted to the right, affinity for oxygen decreases
30
CO2, oxygen dissociation curve, and increased metabolic activity
-high CO2 shifts curve to the right, lowers oxygen affinity, CO2 produced during metabolism so more O2 released
31
2,3 DPG - where does it come from, what conditions cause it, mechanism and affect on hemoglobin
- intermediate in glycolysis/anaerobic respiration | - binds to beta polypeptide and causes change that decreases O2 affinity so more O2 released
32
fetal hemoglobin
- 2 alpha and 2 gamma - 2,3 DPG cannot bind to gamma so it has higher affinity for O2 - this way O2 is transferred from maternal to fetal blood
33
sickle cell anemia - hemoglobin type and affect - sickle cell crisis - heterozygous vs homozygous for trait
- hemoglobin S due to 1 amino acid change - during hypoxia the hemoglobin polymerize causing sickle shaped RBC that have a shorter life span and cannot fit through blood vessels - sickle cell crisis = wide spread ischemia and whole body pain - heterozygous = sickle cell trait, occasional crisis - homozygous = sickle cell disease, many crisis and constant need for blood transfusions
34
thalassemia and 2 types
- common in mediterranean people | - alpha/beta thalassemia based on if alpha/beta polypeptide cannot be made properly
35
myoglobin and comparison to hemoglobin
- only found in muscle - higher affinity for O2 and only releases O2 when O2 is very low - only carries 1 O2 vs the 4 that hemoglobin carries
36
different forms of CO2 in body and percentage distribution
- dissolved 20% - carbaminohemoglobin 10% - bicarbonate 70%
37
CO2 and bicarbonate chemical equation
CO2 + H2O --> carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyzes reaction --> carbonic acid --> freely dissociates to H+ and bicarbonate ion
38
why CO2 is a volatile acid
- can be released /exhaled
39
chloride shift
- in tissues - CO2 produced in tissues --> enters RBC and becomes bicarbonate --> bicarbonate leaves RBC and goes into blood and Cl- goes in so RBC is electrically neutral
40
reverse chloride shift
- in lungs | - bicarbonate enters RBC to be converted to CO2 --> Cl exits RBC so that RBC is electrically neutral
41
le chatliers principle
- for a reaction that can occur in both directions, reaction moves from higher concentration to lower concentration
42
acid production and 2 systems that maintain pH
- produced by metabolic reactions - kidneys/renal system release H+ in urine - respiratory system and bicarbonate buffering gets ride of H+ as CO2
43
respiratory acidosis and causes
- hypoventilation (high CO2 concentration) --> H+ builds up - caused by opioids and heroin which decrease breathing rate
44
respiratory alkalosis and causesa
- hyperventilation, low CO2 and H+
45
metabolic acidosis and 2 causes
- high H+ due to metabolic causes --> high CO2 in blood --> brain increases rate of breathing - diabetes - lots of acidic ketone bodies made, cause s kussmal breathing that is tachypnea and hyperpnea - bicarbonate loss through diarrhea so H+ cannot be buffered
46
metabolic alkalosis
- too much bicarbonate so not enough H+ in blood
47
3 respiratory control centers
- rhythmicity center in MO | - pneumotaxic and apneustic center in pons
48
rhythmicity center - 2 type of neurons and function
- inspiratory neurons innervate LMN that control inspiratory muscles like diaphragm - expiratory neurons inhibit inspiratory neurons - exhalation is passive
49
apneustic center
- excites inspiratory neurons causing inhalation
50
pneumotaxic center
- inhibits apneustic center ultimately leading to exhaation
51
peripheral chemoreceptor location, what is monitored, and through what nerve is information sent
- located in aortic and carotid bodies - monitors blod CO2, H+, and O2 - sends information to rhythmicity cente via vagus nerve
52
central chemoreceptors - location
- located in MO
53
describe connection between other parts of the brain and rhythmicity center
- other parts of brain send info to rhythmicity center explaining why thoughts, emotions, and visual information can cause changes in breathing rate
54
voluntary breathing - what parts of the brain are involved
- frontal cortex sends commands directly to LMN | - autonomic responses can override voluntary breathing control
55
blood brain barrier - can H+ and CO2 pass through?
- CO2 can pass through but H+ cannot
56
central chemoreceptor vs peripheral chemoreceptor - how do they detect hypoventilation and how long does it take
- peripheral: stimulated by H+ - central - stimulated by CO2 which crosses blood brain barrier and is then converted to H+ - central has a larger affect but takes a longer amount of time
57
total minute volume - definition and normal amount
- amount of volume exhaled in a minute - tidal volume * breath per minute - 4L/minute
58
PCO2 range and link to rhythmicity cente r
PCO2 = tight range of 40mmHg +- 2 | - rhythmicity center tries to regulate this amount in the blood
59
effect of PCO2 vs PO2 on ventilation - describe the graph
- overall PCO2 has a much larger effect - as PCO2 rises total minute volume gradually then steeply rises - total minute volume only increases when PO2 is very low and even then it doesnt increase that much
60
hypoxic drive - when does it occur and what is the mechanism
- PO2 = 70mmHg = 10k altitiude | - carotid bodies respond directly to low O2
61
why is there greater sensitivity to CO2 then O2
- high CO2 = high H+ = acidic and protein denaturation
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