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urban issues and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

what does rural mean

A

a countryside with low population

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2
Q

what does urban mean

A

a built up area with a lot of people living there

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3
Q

what does migration mean

A

to move from a country and live in another

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4
Q

what does urbanization mean

A

the increasing proportion of people moving from rural to urban areas

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5
Q

how has the global urban population rapidly increase since 1950

A

since 1950 only 30% lived in city’s it is now projected to be 70% in 2050

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6
Q

what is a mega city

A

this is a city with 10 million plus people in it

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7
Q

what is an example of a mega city

A

London

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8
Q

where are the percentage of mega city’s located

A

in Asia,

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9
Q

what is natural increase

A

this is where the birth rate exceeds the death rate

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10
Q

what are the challenges faced by mega city’s

A

accommodating slums/ homeless
rubbish
huge traffic problems
diseases spread

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11
Q

where is Rio situated

A

On the Brazil Atlantic coastline in south america. Brazil is located on the east coast with 10 orderings countries including Bolivia and Peru

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12
Q

what is the importance of Rio internationally

A

the main airport is in Rio and gets you into all of the main business in Brazil

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13
Q

what is the importance of Rio locally

A

attracts 1 million people to carnival has a population of 6.5 million

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14
Q

what are the four zones in Rio

A

north= used for travel and favellas
south= tourists, wealthy area
central = histrocical and business
and west=lower class

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15
Q

how has Rios population changed

A

it has changed from 4 million to 10 million

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16
Q

what factors push you away from rio

A

schools are poor
liitle to no healthcare
low quality of life
poor harvests due to droughts
no ownership of land
mechanization taking farm workers jobs

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17
Q

what factors pull you towards Rio

A

better job chances
more entertainment
improved quality of life
better education
better chance in life
electricity and water

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18
Q

how has the literacy rate changed in rio since 1993 to 2011

A

it has decreased by three percent

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19
Q

how has education in Rio changed

A

all forms of education have improved from it was in 1933 to how it is currently. it has improved by about 30%

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20
Q

what is economic decline

A

this is the process of an area or company slowly declining in money sanitation and employees

low personal income
less access to food and safe water
hunger and poor sanitation
disease malnutrition
depleted workforce

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21
Q

what is the access to health care like in Rio

A

it is poor and unequal 2013 only 55% of the city had a local clinic and in the favelas of Santa Marat the nearest hospital id 13km away. life expectancy varies between 45 and 80

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21
Q

why has Rios favelas grown

A

thy have grown due to an increase in migration and due to natural increase.

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22
Q

what are the problems with favellas

A

construction= hard to build ,very limited access to water and electricity
,open sewers, hard to build houses on slope

crime= drug gangs, Red command, drag cartels, drug trafficking, weapons

services= no public services, police brutality, many homes with illegal electricity connection

health=population density over 37000 per km
infant mortality
waste cannot be disposed off

unemployment= no government
unemployment as high as 20%
average income may be as less than 75%

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23
Q

what was the favela bario project

A

this was the project which was put in place to improve the standard of living in favellas by improving infrastructure

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24
Q

what did they do in favela bario project

A

they fixed buildings to hill to prevent landslides
new health, leisure, education facilitates instillation of a cable car to the center of ipannea so resident can get to work
100% morgages for people to pay for homes

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25
Q

was favela bario a successful project

A

literacy rates have improved due to schools
people can travel easier as roads are wider and safer
the taxes from residents to improve services

however rents have increased pushing poor out of the city
the project has obly helped one favela
unempolyment is till very high

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26
Q

how is the uks population set up

A

the uks population is distributed unevenly. England has a higher population density than Scotland or wales. The southeast of England has the highest population density for example london has iver 5000 people per square kilometer. whereas in northern Scotland there is less that 25 per square km

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27
Q

why is the uks population distributed unevenly

A

this is due to its changing weather patterns across the uk, The north east of the uk is often cold arctic winds and the south west has tropical winds and is very warm. furthermore it is more dense in the south due o the higher amount of jobs and better paid jobs

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28
Q

what is employment in the uk like

A

it is unevenly distributed
the avergae icome in 35000
in the Scottish highlands it is 20000
and in some parts of wales and north west england it is 17000

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29
Q

where is london located

A

London is located in the south east of england. The city has a tidal river callled the river Thames running through it making easy transport of goods

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30
Q

what is the population of london

A

8.9 million

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31
Q

what is the average of life expectancy in London

A

79

32
Q

What is the life expectancy of the uk

A

78

33
Q

What is the average house price in the London

A

525000

34
Q

What is the average hose price in uk

A

249000

35
Q

What is the average income of the uk

A

35,000

36
Q

What is the average income of the uk

A

27756

37
Q

What is the importance of London nationally

A

London is the is capital city where the government is based

London generates 22% of the uks GDP

London is a transport hub

38
Q

What is the importance of London internationally

A

London is describe as a world city

Attracts investors

Most visited city’s

39
Q

What opportunities are there in London

A

Better health care
Better jobs
Higher income
Tourism
Entertainment
Multi cultural

40
Q

What is the cycle of urban decline

A

deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment and maintenance

41
Q

Where is Stratford located

A

Stratford is a town in East London, England, within the London Borough of Newham. Part of the Lower Lea Valley, Stratford

42
Q

Why did London win the bid for the olympics

A

Local communities would benefit

London is a global city

London is well connected

43
Q

Why did Stratford need regeneration

A

Landfill sites witting the view of housing

Crime rate was high

Perceptions of the area were unfavourable

Most deprived area in London

44
Q

What were the economic reason for regeneration in Stratford

A

Bad transport
Bad road conditions
Little jobs
Very little industry

45
Q

What are the environmental reasons for regeneration in Stratford

A

Little green space in the lower Lea valley

Abandoned land and overgrown and contaminated

River lea polluted with plastics

46
Q

How was Stratford regenerated

A

New homes were rebuilt
New and improved transport
By 2030 10,000 homes will be built
New academy for 2000 pupils
Water way cleared
New walking and cycling route created
9 billion in provate investment
Sports equipment

47
Q

What are the problems before the regeneration of stratford

A

They could get marooned without canals

Very bad smell

Dead things in the canal

Chemicals in land

Struggle to go to school

48
Q

What are the problems after regeneration

A

Overcrowding
No to much building space
Hard to get shopping due to entertainment
Services get overwhelmed

49
Q

How do you live sustainably

A

Meeting need of the present without compromising the needs of the future

50
Q

How does London live sustainably

A

Borris bikes
Verticals farming
Queens jubilee tree plantings

51
Q

What are sustainable features which are used in Freiburg

A

Positive buildings
bicycle usage
trams
high insulation
solar pannles
no cars in the city
carbon free houses
solar and Geo thermal energy

52
Q

where is freiberg located

A

it is in the south west of Germany on the western edge of the back near Switzerland

53
Q

how does freiburg preserve energy

A

they use renewable sources and is aimed to be completely sustainable bu 2050

54
Q

how do freiburg sustianbly use water

A

they have created flood basins for flood and rai water to be collected

55
Q

why has urban traffic increased

A

some people have multiple cars
people commute further distances

56
Q

what are the damaging effects of increased urban traffic

A

air pollution
overcrowding
noise pollution
road damages
danger of accident rises
heath problems increase such as asthma

57
Q

how do we manage traffic

A

improve public transport
toil charges/ congestion charges
reduce or exclude traffic by creating traffic free zone

58
Q

what is London super highway and how does it work

A

cycle paths from external London into central London to make it safe and more appealing for tourists

it reduces congestion and air pollution by reducing the cars on the road and reducing air pollution
‘’
was this a successful scheme yes and no as there are often arguments between cars and bikes and often traffic jams

59
Q

what is the congestion charge and how did it work

A

it was introduced in 20003 to reduce the amount of traffic in central London this was done by placing a 15 charge to enter London with your car which caused a 10% reduction

it was successful as it decreased traffic however people with less money who had to travel would have to pay still

60
Q

what was the challenge with housing in London

A

London is very unequal billionaires live in close proximity to the very poor. house prices are more expensive in london than anywhere else in the Uk.

how do we sole this problem we could build on green feils sites and build on brownfield sites or a run down industry area

61
Q

what was the challenge with health care in london

A

in poor parts of london there is lower life expectancy than in the richer areas

we can improve health care by making it more accesable and reduce work force

62
Q

what is the problem with education in the london

A

Bad school get the lowest number of gcse points per year

poor education is bad ass the pupils from those schools will struggle to get jobs

63
Q

what is the problem with air pollution in the uk

A

there are dense road network so lost of cars

we could improve this with electric cars or bikes

64
Q

why is waste disposal bad in London

A

1/4 of the waste goes to landfill
our waste is sometimes sent to other parts of the world

this can be solved by recycling more and using less packaging

65
Q

whats urban sprawl

A

the rapid extention of geographic extent of cites

66
Q

what is urban deprivation

A

a standard of living below that of the majority in a particular society that involves hardship

67
Q

what is urban decline

A

its population loss and the concentartion in cities of major social economic and enviromental problems

68
Q

what is the access to health care like in rio

A

is poor and equal only 55% of the city have local health care

they set up health care places and went into the favels to find any diseases they found 20 since thin infant mortalitt has deacreased

69
Q

what is the problem with air pollution in rio

A

fumes from heavy traffic were often released along with pollutants from factories

new toll roads into city center to reduce congestion making roads one way during rush hour

70
Q

what was the problem of inadequate electricity in Rio like

A

the whole city often deals with blackouts and favellas often are illegaly connected to power lines

this has been fixed by installing 60 km of new power lines and by building a nuclear generator yy

71
Q

why are the crime rates in rio so high

A

in 2013 police were sent into the favellas to retake them from drug gangs

police have taken care of crime and dominated complexo do alemano and 30 smaller favellas

72
Q

why is traffic congestion so bad in rio

A

this is caused by the increased usegae of cars

it has been fixed by one way roads during ruch hour and more public cycle paths

73
Q

what is the access to education like in Rio

A

only half of Rios children are educated beyond 14

they have fixed this by encouraging locals to volunteer in school and have opended a uni

74
Q

what is the water like in rio

A

guanabura bay had 200 tonnes of raw sewage dumped on it and 50 tonnes of industrial waste

they have fixed this problem by installing 300km of pipes in 2014

75
Q

how is wealth spread across rio

A

in rio 1% of the richer people earn 12% of total income 50% of the poorer people only earn 13% of total income

this can be fixed by introducing tax relief

76
Q

how do rio manage waste disposal

A

most waste is dumped which how cholera is common in the favellas

this can be fixed by creating a power plant and using the waste as fuel

77
Q

what is employment like in Rio

A

in some parts of the city unemployment is close to 40%

this can be fixed by keeping children in school and creating more jobs

78
Q

what are squatter settlements like in rio

A

there are 2 million squatter settlements in rio 1000 favelas

to reduce these we could put in a sefl help scheme where local authority help improve houses

Geography (12 decks)

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