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Geography > Uk physical Landscapes > Flashcards

Uk physical Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a human feature

A

a manmade feature such as a town or city

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2
Q

what is physical feature

A

a natural feature such as a mountain lake or river

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3
Q

how is the term relief used in geography

A

it’s used to describe the height above sea level

shapes of landscape features

steepness of slopes

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4
Q

what is the crest of a wave

A

this is the top of the wave

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5
Q

what is the fetch of the wave

A

the distance of open water which the wind can blow

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6
Q

what is a constructive wave

A

a powerful wave with a strong swash that surges up the beach

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7
Q

what is a beach

A

a deposit of sand or shingle at the coast often found at the head of a bay

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8
Q

what is the swash

A

the forward movement of a wave up a beach

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9
Q

what is a destructive wave

A

a wave formed by a local storm that crashes down onto a beach and hasa powerful backwash. The beach is being destroyed as sediment is moved away from the beach

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10
Q

what is backwash

A

the backward movement of water down the beach when a wave has broken

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11
Q

what are the features of constructive waves

A

strong swash
swell waves
arrives at 6-8 waves per minute
deposition occurs through build up of material
gentle sloping wave front
gentle sloping beaches
waves crests far apart
breaking wave spills forward

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12
Q

what are the features of destructive waves

A

strong backwash
steep wave front
arrives 13-15 waves per minute
erosion occurs through removal of materials
steep sloping beaches
wave crests close together
breaking wave plunges downwards

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13
Q

what is weathering

A

Weathering describes the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the Earth

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14
Q

what is erosion

A

Erosion is the process where rocks are broken down by natural forces such as wind or water

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15
Q

what are the four types of erosion

A

abrasion
hydraulic action
attrition
solution

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16
Q

what is biological weathering

A

what is biological weathering this is where the actions of plants and animals break up rocks

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17
Q

what is chemical weathering

A

this is the break up in rocks due to chemical change

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18
Q

what is physical weathering

A

this is the break up of rock without any chemical changes taking placethis is often down by the weather for example the heat fromthe sun

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19
Q

what is abrasion

A

this is rocks grinding over other rocks

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20
Q

what is hydraulic action

A

the pressure of the water being thrown against the cliffs by the wave sometimes forcing water into cracks in the water

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21
Q

what is attrition

A

sand and pebbles carried within the waves are thrown against the cliffs

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22
Q

what is solution

A

solution is a chemical reaction between certain rock types

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23
Q

what is mass weathering

A

this is the downhill movement of material primarily under the influence of gravity

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24
Q

what factors affect coastal landforms

A

some rocks are tough than others and form headlands cliffs and headaches as they are harder to wear down an example of this rock is granite and an example of a softrock is clay

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25
Q

how is a wave cut platform formed

A

weathering weakens the top of the cliff
the sea cut erodes the base of the cliff between high and low areas
the notch increases thes size causing the cliff to collapse
the cliff retreats and leaves a platform
the process repeats

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26
Q

how are headlands and bays formed

A

different types of rocks at the coastline will be eroded at different rates weaker bonds of rocks at the coastline headlands are formed when the sea attacks a section of coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock.

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27
Q

what are hard rocks and coastlines made out of

A

granite
limestone and chalk an example of this is old harry s rocks on the Jurassic coast in swan age

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28
Q

what are some examples of soft rock

A

sand
sandstone
clay
dirt
limestone
dirt

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29
Q

what are the coast with varying types of rocks called

A

discordant coastlines

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30
Q

what are concordant coastlines

A

this is where the rock go in long straight lines they also tend to have fewer bays

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31
Q

what is a sheltered bay

A

A coastal area that is protected from strong winds and large waves

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32
Q

what is solution

A

this is where rock is worn down by chemicals inside the water often from limestone or chalk

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33
Q

what is hydraulic action

A

this is where water is slashed t rocks at high speeds causing it to break down water can also get stuck in the cracks of the rocks causing it to fall off

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34
Q

what is attrition

A

This is where other rocks are used to break down more rocks by bumping against each other

35
Q

what is abrasion

A

this is where rocks scrape along side each other

36
Q

what is long shore drift

A

this is the movement of sediment along a beach this can depend of the wave and wind direction on the day. the sediment is moved in a zig zag movement along the beach

37
Q

what is coastal deposition

A

this take place in areas where the flow of water slows down waves loose energy in sheltered bays. here sediment can no longer be carried or moved and is there for deposited. This explains why beaches are found in bays where the energy of the waves is reduced

38
Q

what are beaches

A

beaches are deposited of sand or shingle at the coast sandy beaches are usually found in sheltered bays

39
Q

where in the UK are the percentage of pebble beaches found

A

in the south of the UK

40
Q

what is a spit

A

a spit is a long narrow finger of and or shingle letting out into the sea. spits form on coasts where there is significant long shore drift the sand moves down the beach causing this formation inside of the spit and the land there is a salty marsh

41
Q

what is a bar

A

a bar is caused where long shore drift goes over a bay causing a lake of fresh water to be created behind it

42
Q

where is swanage located

A

swanage is located on the south coast in the UK it is south east of London

43
Q

what is a dancing ledge

A

because at certain tidal conditions, the waves wash over the horizontal surface and the movement of the water makes the ledge appear to dance.

44
Q

expelling the formation of swan-age

A

different types of rocks are eroded at different rates weaker bands of rocks at the coastline headlands are formed when the sea attacks a section of coast

45
Q

why is swange a popular travel destination

A

because it has a large sheltered bay and a long sandy beach

46
Q

what are some of the characteristics of hard engineering

A

expensive materials and have high

interfere with natural process and can cause destructive effects such as habitat loss

eyesore effect often these are un natural looking

47
Q

what are some characteristics of soft engineering

A

cheaper but require more regular maintenance

works with nature of the environment (e.g. beach nourishment dune regeneration)

can only be see when the management strategy is being put into place

48
Q

what are all of the methods of hard engineering

A

groynes
rock armour
gabions
sea wall

49
Q

what are groynes

A

a low wall or sturdy barrier built out into the sea from a beach to check erosion and drifting.

50
Q

what are the advantages of groynes

A

creates a wider beach which can be popular with tourists

provide useful structures for people interested in fishing

not too expensive it costs 150,000 pounds

51
Q

what are the disadvantages of groynes

A

they can look very ugly as they are unnatural

Groynes prevent sediment being transported to beaches further down the coast and therefore increase the amount of erosion and sediment loss at those beaches.

52
Q

what is rip rap (rock armour)

A

rock or other material used to protect shoreline structures against scour and water, wave, or ice erosion.

53
Q

what are the advantages of rip rap

A

they are relatively cheap (200,000) and easy to maintain

can provide interests to the coast

often used by people for fishing

54
Q

what are the disadvantages of rip rap

A

can be expensive to transport

can be very obtrusive

do not fit with the local geology

55
Q

what are gabions

A

a basket or container filled with earth, stones, or other material and used in civil engineering

56
Q

what are the advantages of gabions

A

cheap to produce and flexible in final design 50,000

they can improve drainage of cliffs by slowing the water

will eventually will become vegetated and merge in with the landscape

57
Q

what are the disadvantages of gabions

A

for a while they look very unattractive

the cages only last 5-10 years before they rust

58
Q

what is a sea wall

A

A structure separating land and water areas

59
Q

what are the advantages of a sea wall

A

effectives at stopping the sea

often has a walkway or a promenade for people to walk along

60
Q

what are disadvantages of a sea wall

A

can look obtrusive and unnatural

very expensive and high maintance costs 100,000

61
Q

what is soft engineering

A

where the natural environment is used to help reduce coastal erosion and river flooding

62
Q

what is beach nourishment

A

this is the addition of sand or shingle to an existing beach to make it higher

63
Q

what are the advantages of beach nourishment

A

they are relatively cheap (300 per km) and easy to maintain

64
Q

what are the disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

needs constant maintance unless structures are built to retain beach

65
Q

what is dune regeneration

A

sand dunes are effective buffers to the sea but can be easily damaged. by adding marram grass the dunes are stabilised and helps them develop

66
Q

what is the advantage of dune regeneration

A

maintains natural coastal environment that is popular with people

cheap 200-2000

67
Q

what are the disadvantages of dune regeneration

A

time consuming

68
Q

what is managed retreat

A

this is allowing the coast to flood areas of low value land and allows nature to take its own course

69
Q

what are the advantages of managed retreat

A

protects other sections of the coast

70
Q

what are the disadvantages of managed retreat

A

the owners of the property such as farmland and other things can be permanently lost or destroyed

71
Q

when is managed retreat used

A

when the land is of low value

when the budget is low

when there is a desire to create a new natural habitat

when defending the coastline becomes too difficult

72
Q

where is merberry nature reserve located

A

on the southern coast of England. The town it is in med berry which is in Portsmouth

73
Q

why did med berry need protecting

A

300 homes were in danger of being flooded

74
Q

what were the three objectives to protecting med berry

A

new natural habitat

sustainainability of flood risks

community involvement

75
Q

how did medberry help the wildlife

A

this helped they bring back animals that used to live there which they were already doing prior to the flood

76
Q

how did the med berry flood involve local people

A

local resident’s were informed of what they were gong to do

77
Q

why would the local people been concerned about managed retreat

A

they would be worried about if it will work or not and if they were safe where they lived

78
Q

what were the environmental benefits of the scheme at medberry

A

slesey now has a 1 in 1000 chance of coastal flooding the best level of protection in the uk

300 hectares of inter tidal habitats are already attracting hundreds of lapwings and there migratory birds

as the scheme is soft engineering in the area looks completely natural now several years have passed

79
Q

what were the economical benefits of the scheme at medberry

A

areas of saltmarsh can now be used for grazing cattle to make saltmarsh beef

tourism one of the main contributors to the local economy is expected to increase

despite the high initial outlay the long term costs are believed to be much cheaper than hard engineering options which would need replacing

the local caravan parks and businesses are now protecting from the threat of erosion and pay les for their insurance

80
Q

what were the social benefits of the scheme at medberry

A

a maintance access point behind the flooded area provide a footpath and cycleway

two new car parks will provide tourists with local access for walking and recreation

local people appreciate their involvement in the consultation process this gave them a sense of ownership of the scheme

81
Q

what are the environmental costs of the scheme at med berry

A

some local people objected to the scheme as they fell less secure with the sea allowed closer to their properties

despite the best efforts of the planners some local species such as badgers have lost their habitats

82
Q

what are the economic costs of the scheme at med berry

A

28 million was considered to be quite expensive considering the land is low value

83
Q

what are the social costs of the scheme at medberry

A

during the works on the scheme newly built infrastructure and heavy machinery put visitors off staying at med berry

84
Q
A

Geography (12 decks)

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