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rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a drainage basin

A

the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

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2
Q

what is watershed

A

the edge of a drainage basin

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3
Q

what is a conlfluence

A

where 2 rivers meet

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4
Q

what are tributaries

A

small rivers conecting to the main river

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5
Q

what is the source

A

the start of a river

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6
Q

what is the mouth

A

the end of a river

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7
Q

what is a meander

A

a bend in a river

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8
Q

what is scree slope

A

loose debris or material that is left over from erosion

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9
Q

what is a convex slope

A

carved and round slopes. goes from less to more steep

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10
Q

what is a fluvial

A

the physical interaction of flowing water and the natural channels of rivers and streams (flow)

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11
Q

what is discharge

A

the volume of water in a river

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12
Q

what is velocity

A

the speed of something

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13
Q

what is the main thing that happens in the upper course

A

predominatly erosion

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14
Q

what is the main tning that happens in the middle course

A

transportaition

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15
Q

what is the mian thinfg that happesn in the lower course

A

lots of depositions

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16
Q

what does verticle erosion do and where does it occur

A

upper course
steep graidient
narrow river

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17
Q

what does lateral erosion do and where does it occur

A

occurs in the middle course
gentle gradient
normal river

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18
Q

what does attriition do and where does it occur

A

lower course
very gentle gradient
wide river

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19
Q

what does the bradshaw modle describe

A

how a river’s characteristics vary between the upper course and lower course of a river.

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20
Q

what are the six different types of erosion

A

hydralic action
abrasion
attrition solution
vertical erosion
lateral erosion

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21
Q

what are the four different types of transportaition

A

traction
slatation
suspension
solition

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22
Q

where are v shaped valleys formed

A

they are formed in the upper course or a river due to the verticle erosion causing it to carve into the rock

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23
Q

what are interlocking spurs

A

The river cuts down into the valley. If there are areas of hard rock which are harder to erode, the river will bend around it. This creates interlocking spurs. When viewed from downstream, these spurs appear to be locked together.

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24
Q

how are water falls created

A

water falls form in an area where a river flows over harder rock with overlays of sofetr rock

the less resistant rock is the eroded and over time a plunge pool is created hydraulic action causes the plunge pool to undercut the more resistant rock above

the overhang of the resisnat rock can no longer support its own weight due to gravity and weathering so it collapses

the debris from the collapsed averhang speeds up erosion through abrasionthe water fall retreates

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25
Q

what is a gorge

A

A deep, narrow passage that usually has a river running through it..

26
Q

how are gorges formed

A

they are formed when waterfalls retreate over time

27
Q

how are meanders formed

A

as a river goes around a bend most of the water is pushed towards the outside. This causes an increased speed and therefor erosion through hydraulic action and abraison.

the lateral erosion on the outside bend casuses undercutting the bank from the river cliff

water on the inner bend is slowercausing the water to slow down and deposite material

the build up of the deposited sediment is known as the slip off slope

28
Q

what is the thalweg

A

the fastest part of the river

29
Q

what are the charcteristics of the outside bend of a meander

A
30
Q

what are floodplains made out of

A

they are made out of alluvian a sediment which is deposited by a river when it floods making it very fertile

31
Q

where are levees found

A

in the lower river section

32
Q

how are levees formed

A

first there has to be a flood when it floods the river leaves the channle the watre therefor looses energy as a result of deposition occurs heavier sediments are deposited first nearer the river bank causing a hole to ba made which is known a s a levees these build up over mnay floods

33
Q

how are estuarys formed

A

as the river approcahes the sea thevelocity and enrgy deacreases as the risibg tide block the river water this causes the increased deposition of sediment creating mudflat and saltmarch enviroment

34
Q

what features are created by erosion

A

wtaerfalls
gorges
v shaped valleys
interlocking spurs

35
Q

what features are created by deposition

A

levees
flood plains
estuarys

36
Q

what features are created by both deposition and erosion

A

menaders and ox bow lakes

37
Q

how does the drainage basin system work

A

precipitation trees ca intercept the wter ehich is where transpiraition and evapouration occurs

otherwise it is stored in the surface it then in infilltrates into the soil which is where it can go to the river or the gets prelocated to ground wter sources which then flos to the river undergorund

38
Q

what are some factors that affect flooding

A

no vegitaition
bad drainage
heavy rainfall
saturated ground

39
Q

what is precipitaition and how can it affcet flooding

A

it is a physical factor
this can cause rivers to overflow and flood
torential rain can lead to sudden flash floods

40
Q

what are steep slopes and how does it affect flooding

A

it is a physical factor
in moutain enviroments steep slopes encourage a rapid transfer in water towards river channles

41
Q

what is urbanisaition and how does it affct flooding

A

this is a h8uman factor
this is where citys buildup in infastructure this cause a large amount of impermeable rock being used this causes the water to stay on the surfcae as the gorund cant soak it up

42
Q

what is deforrestaition and how does it affect flooding

A

this is a human factor
a large percentage of water that flows is soaked up by trees or various vegitation if you remove this there will be floods

43
Q

what is agricuklture and how does it affcet flooding

A

this is a huamn factor in arable farming soil is often exposed to the elements for long periods of time this can lead to poor surface run off

44
Q

what is geology and how does it affcet flooding

A

this is a physical factor
impermeable rock such as shale and clay encourage water flow overland and in its channles.This speeds up water flow and makes flooding more likly

45
Q

what is a floodhydrograph

A

this shows how a rivers discharge changes in repsoe to a precipitaition event

46
Q

what is the lag time on a flood hydrograph

A

the time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

47
Q

what is the rising limb in a flood hydrograph

A

represents the rise of water after a period of rain

48
Q

what is the falling limb in a flood hydrograph

A

represnts the reduction in the amount of rainfall reaching the river channle

49
Q

what are the two types of flood hydrograph

A

flashy and subdued

50
Q

what are the charcteristics of a flashy flood hydrograph

A

small basin
high drainage density
impermeable rock
urbanisaition is the land use
they have steep relife
saturated soil
heavy rain fall intensity

51
Q

what are the charcteristics of a subdued flood hydrograph

A

large drainage basin
low drainage denisty
permebale rock
forrest are the land use
gentle relife
dry soil
low ranfall intenisty

52
Q

what is the main differneces in hard and soft engineering methods

A

hard engineering is
exspensive
often unattractive
often need maintainance
can disrupt people lives

where as soft engineering
cheaper
sustainable
less disruptive
works with nature

53
Q

what are some examples of hard engineering that is used to prevent flooding

A

dams and resivours
channles straightening
embankments
flood relife channles

54
Q

what are the bennefits of channle straightening

A

its speeds up water flow
and prevents flooding of vulnerable areas

55
Q

what are the negatives of channle straightening

A

un attractive and unattural

56
Q

what are the positives of embankments

A

cheaper
more sustainable
looks more natural

57
Q

what are the negatives of embankments

A

exspenive and unatural

58
Q

what are some examples of of soft engineering in rivers

A

river restoraition
planting trees
flood plain zooning

59
Q

what is river restoraition

A

whre the course of a river has been change artificially
this is a natural

60
Q

what is flood plain zoning

A

this restricts differnr land uses and certain locaition

61
Q

what happened at banbury flood manegment scheme

A

located in the cotsworlds north of oxford banbury experienced a history of devastaiting floods this led to the closure of the town railway staition. More than 150 homes and buissness where affected so in 2012 they spent 18.5 million on a 2.9 km earth embankment and they raised the a361 to prevent the road from dlooding

Geography (12 decks)

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