Natural Hazards Flashcards
what is a natural hazard
a natural hazard is a natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage destruction and death
what is an atmospheric hazard
this is created in the atmosphere by the movement of air and water weather
what is a geological hazard
this is created by the movement of the earths tectonic plates or surface rocks and soil tectonics
what is a hydro logical hazard
this is created by rivers seas or oceans
what is a risk
this is the chance of probability of being affected by natural event. People who chose to live close to a river may be at risk
what is vulnerability
how susceptible a population to the damage
what factors increase the risk from a natural hazards
in poor parts of the world poverty may force people to live in risky areas
when a river floods it deposits fertile sits on its floodplain
over 50 percent of the worlds population now live in city’s
in a warmer world the atmosphere will have more energy leading yo more intense storms
what is the structure of the earth
its made of four layers the inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
what is the inner core
the inner core is solid made of iron + nickle it is 1260 km thick and 6000 degrees
what are the characteristics of the outer core
2220 k + 4400 degrees
what are the characteristics of the mantle
2900 km and 500-900 degrees
what are the characteristics of the crust
the crust is 8-56 km thick made of hard rock
what are the two types of crust
oceanic and continental
what are the characteristics of the oceanic crust
5-10 km
more dense than the continental
subbducts and destroyed when made by continental crust
less than 200 million years old
what are the characteristics of the continental crust
20-70 km thick
less dense than the oceanic
cannot be destroyed
up to 3.8 billion years old
what is the plate tectonic theory
in 1912 Alfred Wagner proposed the theory of continental drift. he stated that the continental were slowly drifting apart around the earth
how do the continents fit together
the continents fit together like a jigsaw to form a super continent called Pangaea. this slowly split up over 250 million into 2 continents Gondwanaland and Laurasia and family’s it is today
how did Alfred Wigner prove his theory of continental drift
he did this by tarveling across the world to find similarities in the fossils he found
how is the molten magma heated
it is heated by convection currents which occur inside the mantle this is caused by the rising heat from the core. as the currents move the magma it cools on the crust and drags it causing movement of tectonic plates
what are the names of all of the tectonic plates
north american
south american
pacific plate
Nazca plate
African plate
Eurasian plate
indo Australian plate
what is an earthquake
a sudden or violent movement within the earth crust
what is a plate margin
the border between tectonic plates
where are earthquakes and volcanoes usually distributed
they are found on plate margins specifically the right hand side of the Eurasian going down the indo Australian
what is the moment magnitude scale
The Moment Magnitude Scale measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake event. It is calculated using a formula that includes the rigidity of the rock affected, the distance moved and the size of the area where movement takes place.it is measured on a scale from 1-8 being a bad earthquake
what is the size difference of rated 5 to a rated 7
its 100x larger it times by 10 after each number
what is a convergent boundary
this is where continental plates are moving towards each other. They are both of a similar density so no plate is subducted The two plates collide and the crust of both plates becomes crumpled and uplifted causing mountain and earthquakes and example of this is the Himalayas
what is a conservative plate margin
this is two plates moving past each other one plate could be moving faster than the other or in a different direction. friction is built up due to friction and it is released causing large earthquakes an example is the pacific and american plate this causes earthquakes
what is a constructive palate margin
this is where plates are moving apart due to convection currents magma rises up and creates new land a ridge is formed by the cooling magma volcanoes are created along the ridge from rising magma an example in the mid Atlantic ridge formed from the Eurasian plate earthquakes and volcanoes are made
what is a destructive plate margin
plates are moving towards each other oceanic plate in denser so it sub-ducts under the continental plate. The plate melts as it pushed into the mantle. The magma rises back towards the surface of the continental plate. Nazca plate sub ducting plate under south american Andes mountain earthquakes and volcanoes are made
what is a primary effect
things that happen immediately as a result of an earthquake
what is a secondary effect
things that happen as a result of the primary earthquake often in hours days weeks after
what is an example of primary effects
buildings falling
roads breaking
landslide
people dying
what is an example of a secondary effect
loss of electricity
emergency response
rebuilding
what is a short term response
this is a response which happens quickly like emergency services
what is a long term response
an example of a long term response is people setting up shelters
where is Chile located
Chile is located in south america west of Argentina in the south pacific ocean. It is located on a destructive plate margin ( Nazca and south american)
what is the GDP of Chile
24,500
what were the primary effects of the 2010 Chile earthquake
47 were dead
power line down
emergency services were sent immediately
tsunami warnings
buildings shook for 10-30s
8.8 on ricter scale
schools and ports were destroyed
cost 30 billion pounds
What are the secondary effects of the 2010 Chile earthquake
large after shocks
fire in chemical plants
1500 km of damaged roads by landslides
what were the immediate responses of the 2010 earthquakes
emergency services
international help
power and water restored to 90%
what were the long term responses of the 2010 Chile earthquake
government launch a housing reconstruction
president announced it could take 4 years for Chile to recover
where is Nepal located
Nepal is located in South Asia and shares territorial borders with India and China with an area of 147,181 square kilometers and a population of approximately 30 million.. 7.9 rating on the Richter scale
what were the primary effect of the Nepal earthquake in 2015
houses falling down
shallow earthquake
cracks in the road
buildings destroyed
what were the secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake 2015
avalanches 250 people were killed
injury
found dead bodies
what were the short term responses of the Nepal earthquake of 2015
Over 100 search and rescue responders
emergency services
air ambulances
Turkish came and help
what are the long term responses of the 2015 earthquake
the army’s brought supplies
India and China provided over $1 billion of international aid.
how do you live in hazardous areas
by building resistant buildings
by monitoring volcanoes/ natural hazards
teach people about natural hazards
however volcanoes come with fertile land
ensure there are warning systems
How do you reduce the risk of tectonic hazards
by using a seismometer, remote sensing
what is a seismometer
it is an instrument that responds to ground motion such as those caused by earthquakes volcanic eruptions and explosions
what is remote sensing
scientific analysis of the earths surface using satellite imagery
what is the greenhouse effect
The retention of heat in the atmosphere caused by the build-up of greenhouse gases.
what is climate change
this is the name given to the decade long increase in global temperature since the 1940s
what is the evidence for climate change over the years
moutain glaicers are melting
sea ice cover is deacreasing
low lying islands are being taken over by sea
global sea levels increasing volume due to increasing melting ice caps
the timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and bird immigration is changing
weather pattern are changing
what is global warming
global warming is the name given to the decade long increase i global temperature
what are natural causes of climate change
orbital change
solar activity’s
volcanic activity
eruption of mount tambora
what is orbital change
there are two types of orbital change
eccentricity=deviation of a curve or orbit from circularity. changes from circula to eliptical this matches the patterns of the galcias
Axial tilt= this is where the angle between the planet’s rotational axis and its orbital axis 24.5 to 21.5 degrees
what is precession= this is a complete wobble cycle it takes about 26000 years this makes days longer in certain areas
what solar activity causes natural climate change
having high sunspot activity can cause results in the release of methane and carbon dioxide from stores in the oceans and icecaps, and these greenhouse gases can then produce additional warming.
how do volcanoes effect climate change
the idea when a volcano erupts the temperature will drop
who is mulutin milankovitch
he was a Serbian geophysicist he studied the earth orbit identify three cycles that he believed affected the earths climate
what was the erruption of mount tambora
the erruption in 1815 was the largest erruption in th world for over 1600 years the ash and sulfuric acid caused the average temperature to drop by 0.4 degrres celcius and 1816 became the year without a summer
what are the effects of climate on refugees
100000 of peole are being/ will displace due to sea levels
extreme weather
less safe drinking water
storm surges
wildfires
what are the environmental effects of climate change
sea levels rises
droughts
greater storms
dead animals
increase temperature
wild fires
ice melting
loosing 3x amount of ice
3-6 degrees hotter
what percentage does co2 make up green house gasses
60%
what is distribution
where on the earths surface tropical storms occur
what is frequency
how often tropical storms occur
what is intensity
how powerful a tropical storm is
what are the methods of monitoring
hydrology= measuring gas levels in water
remote sensing= satellites detect heat changes
sesmicity= seismographs record earthquake
ground deformation= changes in volcano shape
geophysical measurement= detect changes in gravity
what is a risk assessment
A qualitative or quantitative approach to determine the nature and extent of disaster risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of exposure and vulnerability that together could harm people, property, services, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend.
how do we manage man made contributions to climate change
by using renewable energy
electric transport/community transport
co2 reduction by planting more trees and carbon capture
what is carbon capture
Carbon capture and storage is a process in which a relatively pure stream of carbon dioxide from industrial sources is separated, treated and transported to a long-term storage location. For example, the carbon dioxide stream that is to be captured can result from burning fossil fuels or biomass
what is mitigation
reduce or eliminate the long term risk
what is adaptation
actions taken to adjust to natural events
how can climate change be managed
alternative energy souses of energy
change in agricultural systems
carbon capture
managing water supply’s
planting trees
reducing risk from rising sea levels
international agreements
what are the examples of international agreements
2015 pairs agreement 195 countries
2005 Kyoto protocol 170 countries
what are some renewable energy sources
hydro
solar
wind
what are some examples of mitigation
carbon capture
alternative energy sources
planting trees
international agreements
what are some example of adaptation
change in agricultural systems
managing water supply
reducing risk from rising sea levels
how will climate change effect distribution of tropical storms
it will increase the distribution as the climate increase will lead to a larger movement of storms from the north to the south
how will climate change effect infrequence of tropical storm
the number of hurricane since 1860 in the north Atlantic six of the ten most active and happened in the mid 1900s so it has increased
how will climate change effect the intensity of a tropical storm
hurricane intensity in the north Atlantic has risen in the last 20 years. This appears to be linked in sea surface temperatures
what is the GNI of the Philippines
3,340 despite having larger population
what is the HDI of the Philippines
0.67 (115th)
where is the Philippines located
it is located in south east Asia north of the equator. It is surrounded by the pacific ocean and is east of the Indian ocean
what were the key dates during typhoon Haiyan
2nd November 2013= typhoon start in the pacific
3rd November 2013= it moves west turn to depression
4th November 2013 = haiyan becomes tropical
5th November 2013= rapid intensification winds up to 175 mph
7th November 2013 = made landfall on the Philippines
10-11th= reaches Vietnam and intensity decreases
what were the primary effects of typhoon haiyan
6300 people killed/ drowned
40000 houses destroyed
90% of taco-ban destroyed
what ere the secondary effects of typhoon haiyan
flooding caused landslides
shortages of food and water
looting broke out in taco ban
what were the immediate responses of typhoon haiyan
international government aid agencies responded quickly with supplies
US aircraft carries and helicopters assisted
1200 evacuation center were set up
UK sent shelter kits
what were the long term responses of typhoon haiyan
homes have been rebuilt away from dangerous areas
cash for work programs set up
rice and fish farming re established
what is a storm surge
where masses of water were pushed by the wind
why are richer countries more safe when under a tropical storm
they have greater funding for protection and for emergency supplies if anything bad happens
how do you reduce the effect of tropical storms
by monitoring/ predicting for tropical storms
by increasing protection = with reinforced windows, sea walls, storm drains to take away flood water
roof that collect water and get rid of it safely
planning= raise awareness, prepare individuals, create individual family plans
preparation tips= survival kit, emergency plan, how to use the kit
what is the NHC ( natural hazards)
national hurricane center
what is the UK weather roundabout
this is where several different masses of weather are coming from different directions we gwt storms from the south west and we get Atlantic ether from the north west and winter weather from the east
what is the GNI of the UK
£42040
what is the HDI of the UK
0.907 ranked 14th
what were the key points of time In the Somerset floods
lots of rainfall
high tides
storm surges
river had not been dredged for 20 years
bad water flow
west January since 1910
what were the social impacts of the UK somerset flood of 2014
protests
houses completely flooded
valuables lost
over 600 houses folded
16 farm evacuated
temporary housing was needed
what were the economic impacts of the somerset floods
farms destroyed
10 million in flood damages
over 14000 acres of land under water
railways shut
what were the environmental impacts of the 2014 somerset floods
farms destroyed
heavily contaminated floodwaters with sewage and oil
large amounts of debris
water had to be pumped back into rivers
what were the immediate responses to the somerset 2014
emergency water pumps
70 pumps
as flood waters spread out home owners cut off floods used boats and volunteers weer used to help others
what were the long term responses to the somerset floods of 2014
8 km of river were dredged to increase river capacity
road levels have been increased
communities now with flood defenses
tidal barrage at bridgwater
where is somerset located
south west England in an area of low lying land
Can extreme weather events be blamed on climate change
no single extreme weather event can be blamed on climate change but scientists do believe that this trend could be linked to a warming world
why might extreme weather event be increasing
an increase in global temperature
atmospheric circulation
more energy in the atmosphere
what proof is there that there has been a change in the usuall weather overvtime in the uk
2003= heatwave 38.5
2007-2009= floods
2009-2010= heavy snow -18.7
2013/14= floods wettest winter
2015-2016 floods wettest and warmest months
2019 hottest December 18.7
2020 storm Bella from north Atlantic
2022 heatwave 40.3
how are long periods of weather made
the jet stream could become stuck causing long periods of the same weather type such as heatwaves
What is solar insulation
a measure of energy on a certain area
how is isolation concentrated
its concentrated over a smaller surface area
the earth is curved which means what when talking about heating
its harder to heat as it has a larger surface area and the sun like to heat smaller areas
what are the names of each circulation cell
polar, ferrel, hadley
what degrees are the polar cells located
90 degrees north and 90 degrees south
what degrees are the ferele cells located
30 degrees north and 30 degrees south
what degree are the hadley cell located
o degrees
how does the polar cell work
the cold air travelling south from the poles meet the warm air travelling north
how does the ferrel cell work
this cell works a s a result of the other two cells like a gear warm air rising in the polar cells drag warm air in the ferrel and hadley
how does the hadley celll work
air at the equator rises cools and forms clouds which create rain air also beings to sink and create high pressure
what are key things to remember about atmospheric circulation
warm air rises and contains moisture
when the warm air rises into the atmosphere it cools so it condenses and forms clouds
cold air sinks and is dry
sinking air creates areas of high pressure at the surface of the earth
at the earth surface air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
HIGH IS DRY
what is the process of a tropical storm being made
a strong movement of air draws water vapor up fro the warm ocean surface
the evaporated air cools as it rises and condenses from towering thunderstorm clouds
as the air condenses it releases heat which powers the storm and draws up more water
several smaller thunder clouds join together to form a giant spinning storm. when a surface winds reach average of 120km per hour the storm officially becomes tropical
the storm now develops an eye as its center where air descends rapidly. The outer edge of they eye is the eye wall where most of the intense weather conditions are
as the storm is carried across by winds it strengthens
on reaching land the storms energy supply is cut off friction of the land slows it down and it begin to weaken.
what temperature does the ocean surface temp have to e for a tropical storm
27 degrees
how are tropical storms measured
using the saffir Simpson scale
what is the worst a tropical storm can be on a saffir simpson scale
5
what is a natural hazard
these are events which are perceived to be a threat to people the built enviroment and the natural enviroment. Natural events often end in disaster
what is a geophysical hazard
caused by earths proceses. They can be caused by interbal earth processes of tectonic activity or by external processes of geomorphical orignin involving most movemnt
what is a hydrological hazard
this is caused by the occurence movement and distribution of surface and underground water this is driven by water bodies
what is an atmospheric hazard
processes operaiting in the atmosphere resultinng in extreme weather or atmospheric conditions
what are charcteristics of a natural hazard
clear origin of causes
distinctive effect
little or no warning
exposure may be involuntary
What is a natural disaster
this is where a natural hazard interacts with a vulnaerable populaition
what is the natural dissatster modle called
this is dreggs modle
what is a risk
This is the exposure of people to a hazardous event. Presenting a potential threat to themselves, their possesions and the built enviroment in which they live in
why might people choose to live in an area of risk
due to fertile soil
cheaper place for peopleto live
to gather reasearch
they are unsure of the risk they are at
the peoples family have always lived there
there is a changing levle risk in the area they live in
What is the definition of vulnerability
This means that the potential for loss. Some people are more vulnerable than others. This is determind by underlying state of human development. Including ineqaulitys in income oppotunity and political power
Why is the inner core still hot
The primordial heat left over from the earths formaition and radiogenic heat produced by radio active decay. 4.6bn years ago
why do we have gravitaitional feilds
This is because the outter core of the earth moves around the inner core therefore creating a gravitaitional feild
what percentage of the earths volume is the mantle
84% of the earth is the mantle
what are the two layers of the crust called
the lithosphere is the crust is the rigged upper section
The ansenosphere is the beneath layer of the crust
what are the 4 types of plate boundaries
destructive
constructive
conservative
collision
what is risk perception
Risk perception refers to people’s beliefs, attitudes, judgments, and feelings toward risk,
what is hazard perceptions
This is the way in which someone understands or interprets a hazard. People tend to respond to hazards depending on their understanding
what is the equation for risk
frequency or magnitude x vulnerability x capacity to cope
What is fatalism
Accepting the hazards are a natural event that we can have little control over and losses have to be accepted
what is prediction
This perception suggests that hazards are predictable and that they ca be better understood by scientific research. Better technology, comunicaition and warning can be given to reuce these risks
what was the evidence for continental drift
jigsaw pattern of continents
glacial rock deposists
glacial straitions
rock sequences
fossil branchipods were found in different areas
fossil remains
what is ridge push
At constructive boundaries the uppwelling of material creates a buyancy effort that produces the ocean ridge whuch stands 2-3 km above the ocean floor. Here the plates experience a force which is a result of gravity acting down the slope of the ridge this causes small earthquakes
what is slab pull
At destructive plate margins the force is the pull down of the cold dense subduting plate as it sinks into the mantle. This gravity generated force pulls the slab down
what are the most developed theories
This occurs at constructive plate margins where palates pull away from each other allowing magama/lava to push into the created gap. Iron particles in the lava aligne with magnetic feilds it the solidifies. However every 400,000 yeasr polarity changes at regular intervals. This is mirrored on each side.
what are convection currents
Convection currents this causes molten rock deep within the mantle to rise. The magma cools siks and is heated forced to rise this is called a convection cell. Crust is getting destroyed in some places
what is oceanic crust
basalt and grabbo
what is continenetal crust
granite more complex, silicone,aluminium and oxygen
what are the pros of the park model
How qaulity of life is impacted by hazardous event.
How a range of movement startegies can be used over time from before and after the event
the importance of roles of emergency relife agencies and rehab
different areas affected may have been different response curves, depending on the levee of preparedness
whata re the cons of the park model
It is ciritisiesed for not acounting different levles of economic development or including other isses
Th model dress not consider that a hazard event can have differeing effects across a country
what would an individuals reponse be in the case of a natural hazard
staying with family or friends
ensuring they know the plan incase of emergency
helping at charities/search and rescue
what would local comunites responses be to a natural hazard
Ensuring that their is a paln and the people in their comunity known what the paln is
Evacuation warnings would be sent
how would National governments respond to a natural disaster
warning systems
buiding protection like surge walls
evacuation warnings
what are internatinal agencies doing in a response
sending aid in the from of food etc
providing transport
What is the hazard management cycle
This cycle illustrates the ongoing process by which governements,businesses and society plan for and recuce the imapct of disasters , reactr during and imediatly after the event
how do gas emissions occur
as magma rises into the magma chambers gases escape for the depressurising magma
what does gas emissions indicate
If its qaulity in escaping volcanic gas increases this can signal the start of an erruptive sequence
how does ground deformaition occur
The ground swells as the lava rises. This is due to the movement of magma within the lithosphere
what does ground deformaition indicate
The swelling of the volcano signals that magma has collected near the surface. To find this out they measure the tilit of the volcano
how does thermal monitoring happen
Both magma movements. changes in gas releases and hydrothermal activity can lead to thermal emmisivity changes at the volcanos surface
what can thermal monitoring indicate
this is shown by gas relases
how are satellite images and remote sensing happening
remote sending is the use of satellites to detect things about the earth surface
what does remote sensing and staellites help indicate
This is usefull as it helps if there is any thermal activity occuring such as swelling
how does mass moevment and failures show volcanic activity
Monitoring mass moevments such as mud slide s and pyroclastic flows These can be monitored to show evidence of past activity and to suggest if upwelling magma is deforming the land above.
how doe we measure seismic activity
this is a better way to bet long term predictions scientists can use sisemic waves to show if a volcano is getting ready to errupt
how does seismic activity indicate an erruption
many volcanos an increasing intensity in frequecy and sixe of earthquakes
how do we calculate ground water changes
manually using a dipper or automatically by pressure transaucer
how does ground water changes indicate volcanic activity
volcanic activity genrally causes crustal deformaition
what are the primary effets of a volcanic erruption
pyroclastic flows
volcanic gas
lava flows
tephra
what are the features of a pyroclastic flow
very hot 800c
gas and tephra mixture
destroyed pompeii
up to 500 mph
what are the features of volcanic gas
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide and chlorine are affected
whata are the key features of volcanic lava
stream of molten rock
distance can varry depending on viscosity
what are the key features of tephra
soldi material of different sizes big and small
volcanic ash can spread thousands of miles from the volcanic source
what are the secondary effects of a volcano
lahars
acid rain
tsunamis
landslides
flooding
climate change
what are the key features of lahars
melted snow and ice combined with volcanic ash
liquid when it moves but it sets solid
How is acid rain made
volcano emits gases which include sulphur when combined with atmospherci moisture
what is a landslide
large mass of rock and soil whcih falls or slides flow down the volcano under the force of gravity
how can ash impact cliamte change
cliamte change is impacted when ash is put up into the atmosphere this can reduce global temperatures by blocking uv 1816 the year without summer is an example
where is the Eyjafjallajokull volcano located
it is located in iceland inbetween the northamerican plate and the eurasian plate.
what does Eyjaljallajokull stand for
Eyja= island
jjalla= mountain
jokull=glacier
what type of volcano is the Eyjafjallajokull
it is a stratavolcaano
(a composite)
what are the tectonics of Ejafjalljaokull
on a constructive plate margin
baslaltic lava
stratavolcano
ridge push
bisected by the north atlantic ridge
This is diverging 2.3 meters each year
what were the impact of the Eyjafjallajokull erruption
flights across the world were cancelled due to ash being sent 9km into the atmosphere
flooding=Heat from the erruption melted part of the galceir which caused mass flooding
There was distruption to flooding= as to protect animals they had to go inside
there was a decline in air qaulity
lahards due to mud and meltwater mixing together
2.8 million tonnes of carbon was emiited into the atmosphere
europe lost 2.6 billion gdp due to the erruption
what landforms are found at constructive plate margins
along ocean ridges and rift valleys
what happens at a destructive plate margin
where a plate subdcts below the other
what happens at hotspost/ magma plumes
A mantle plume is an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma.
what scale are volcanos measured on
Volcanic explosivity index
what number does the Volcanic explosivity index go up to
1-8
1 being not very explosive and 8 being very explosive
what are the main types of lava you can find at volacanos
what are the key features of Basaltic Andesite Lava
Silica content: This lava has a moderate silica content, generally between 52-57%.
Viscosity: More viscous than basalt, which means it flows slower and can contribute to more explosive eruptions.
Eruption style: Although basaltic andesite can produce lava flows, it also traps gases more easily, which can cause explosive activity, as seen in Eyjafjallajökull’s eruptions.
this can be found at destructive plate margins
when was the indian ocean tsunami
it wa on december 26 2004
how did the indian ocean tsunami come about
an earthquake of magnitude 9.1 displaced the ocean floor off the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
what are some of the key effects the indian ocean tsunami caused
there was a death toll of over 230,000 people across all of the countries it affected
70% of coastline infastructure was completley destoryed
it left 1.7million homeless and
600,000 people in aceh lost their livelehoods
cholera and malria merged after the earthquake
what were the long and short term responses to the indian ocean tsunami
search and rescue operations
the us deployed 12600 personel as a part of their unified assistance
thailand helped by setting up foresnic operations to help identify the bodies
by 2009 they had spent 7 billion just in indonesian infastructure
they built an indian ocean warning suctent whihc cost 125 million
when was the mt erapi erruption in indonesia
it was in 2010
where is mt merapi located
it is a volcanic mountain located near the center of the island near the center of the island of java in inodnesia
what were the techtonica of the volcano
it is located on the euraisian and indo austrailian plate margin whihc is a destructive plate margin. It is a stratavolcano
what were the impact of the mt merapi erruption
over 350 people were killed including mbah mardijan who was the traditiona gardian of the volcano
nearly 400,000 people were displaced because of the volacano
pyroclastic flow caused several villages to be destroyed
tourism massivly reduced which had a large econmoic impact
what were the short and long term responses to the mt merapi erruption
there was mass evacuation of over 350,000 residents ho were within the volcanos danger zone
emergency help centers were built in school and military builings
goveremnet began to rubild the destroyed infastructure which costed in rhe relams of 450 million pounds
Where is eyjafjallajokull located
It is located in Iceland
When did eyjafjallajokull erupt
The spring of 2010
What are the tectonic features of eyjafjallajokull
It is on a construction plate margin
It is a shield volcano
It is ridge push which is diverging 2.3 Mm per year
What were the impacts of this eruption
Flights across the world were cancelled as ash was out 9km into the atmosphere which had a huge economic impact
There was flooding in the area due the melting of the glacier which was above the volcano
2.8 million tonnes of carbon was emitted
What were the responses to the eyjafjallajokull eruption
Evacuation of 800 people
Airspace was closed
There are no improve regulations and instructions for air travel if this is to happen again where 9 airspace blocks will replace 27
What is the location of hati
Located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean
What are the tectonics of hati
Hati is located on the North American and carbiean plate on a divergent plate boundary
7.0
What were the impacts of the hati earthquake
Casualties were estimated 250,000
1.5millon were left homeless
Cholera outbreak which killed 10,000
1 million people displaced
Infrastructure was destroyed
What were the responses to the hati earthquake
Financial aid was provided which summed up to 13 billion pounds
Termporaray camps were made for those who were displaced
Us military sent 20,000 troops to help
Where is Christchurch located
New Zealand South Island in Canterbury
What were the tectonics of the Christchurch’s earthquake
Conservative plate margin
Indo Australian and pacific plate margin
Magnitude 6.3
What were the tectonics of the Christchurch eruption
Conservative plate margin
Indo Australian and pacific plate margin
Magnitude 6.3
What were the impacts of the earthquake in christchurch
115 casualties
Ground liquification occurred causing buildings and stuff to sink
People develop ptsd
Population decline in the area
What were the responses to the Christchurch earthquake
Search and rescue operations
International assistance from Australia and Japan’s
Australia sent 300 personnel
Medical support were overwhelmed
what is tephra
tephra are large peiece of rocks edjected from the volcano
What is the benioff zone
This is where the oceanic plate beigns to melt 100k below the surface and it comepletly destroyed 700km called the benioff zone f
what are features of rhylotic lava
destructive plate margins is where it is found
cooler lava
high viscosity
high gas content
high silica content
an exmaple of where it can be found is at yellowstone
what is the distribution of tropical storms
tropical storms are formed along the tropics 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator.
what direction do tropical storms tend to move
west ward
what conditions do tropical storms form in
low pressure areas with wet coditions
what sea temperature does it need to be to form a tropical storm
27 degrees
what scale are tropical storms measured on
the Saffir Simpson scale
is the saffir simpson scale logarithmic
yes it is roughly logarithmic
what are the category wind sped for Saffir Simpson scale
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
Category 1. Wind (mph): 74 - 95. Damage: Minimal - No significant structural damage, can uproot trees and cause some flooding in coastal areas.
Category 2. Wind (mph): 96 - 110. …
Category 3. Wind (mph): 111 - 129. …
Category 4. Wind (mph): 130-156. …
Category 5. Wind (mph): greater than 156.
how does climate change affect tropical storms
frequency is remaining the same or will slightly decrease however the intensity will increase
intensity will increase due increasing sea temp
distribution will increase due to sea
what are some primary hazards of tropical storms
high winds
heavy rainfall
strom surge
what is a case study where there were very high winds
hurricane irma
2017 hurricane
flooding due to heavy rain
category 4 hurricane
developed on the 30th august near cape Verde islands
seismometer noticed the storm
130mph winds
what is a case study where there was very heavy rainfall
hurricane Harley
1000mm rain fall over eastern Texas
the emergency services were struggling
what is the biggest storm surge case study
Hurricane Katrina
late august 2005
storm surge of 20-30 feet
levees broke leading to more significant damage
category 3 earthquake
what was the locaition/path of hurricane mathew
first it hit hati moved past cuba and the bahamas then hit coastal areas of florida, georga, south carolina and north carolina
what were the key facst of hurricane matthew
hit hati from the 3rd-5th of october
the gdp per capita in hati is 730 compares with 39,500 in florida
life expectancy in Florida is 15 years older
literacy is 31% more
what were the primary impacts of hurricane matthew in the US
it caused 49 deaths in the us
over 2 million people were evacuated
catastrophic inland flooding
caused an estimated 10 billion in damages
2.5 million people lost there power
infrastructure damage
what were the secondary impacts of hurricane matthew on the US
Lots of small business affected in various areas
a significant number of insurance claims were filled
leading to financial strain
soil and water pollution
flooding in wildlife
what were the primary imapcts of hurricane matthew
over 546 people were confirmed dead through some estimates place the death tall much higher
175,000 people were displaced
nearly 200,000 homes were damaged/destroyed
southern Hati agriculture sector was nearly obliterated
fishing boats and equipment were destroyed
river overflowed and strom surges inducted
what ere the secondary impacts to hurricane Matthew on hati
resurgence of cholera which they have been battling since 2010
their was destruction of crops causing people to loose there live hoods
Hati economy was already struggling and this made it worse
they became dependant on aid from other coutries
what are the conditions which encourage wildfires
dry conditions
strong winds
prevailing winds
Hot temperatures
wind strengths
A.N others
populations of the area
vegetations- eucalyptus produces a flammable resin
climates
what are the positive effects of wildfires
fires clear vegetations and aid seed germination
it can stimulate the growth of certain plants
can rid an area paricites
some species are pyrophytic (withstand fire)
what is a wildfire
a wildfire is an uncontrolled fire which breaks out in a natural environment
what are the different types of wildfires
surface= most commnen burn along the forrest floor
crown= spreads across tree canopies
ground= burns beneath ground layers of dry organic pete
ladder effect = describes the process of fires from the forrest floor
what is the distribution of wildfires
wildfire are distributed in countries mainly australia, USA, canada, southern europe, central africa however they can be found anywhere
what are the three parts of a fire triangle
heat, fuel, oxygen
what are the different cause of wild fires
climate
lightning
and by humans eg arson and accidents
what was the distribution of the australian wildfries of 2019/2020
the distribution of the wildfires was across the whole of australia with the least being in new south wales
what wre the key facts about the australian wildfires in 2019/2020
kiled 34 people
burned 186,000 sqaured km
destroyed over 5900 buildings
killed an estimated one billion animals
caused extinction
what were the impacts of wildfires in australia
killed 34 people
caused people to flee to the sea to escape the fire
military planes were being deployed to provide aims to comunities
destroyed over 5900 buildings
18.6 million hectares of burnt land
3 billion animals killed or displaced
900 million tonnes of co2 pollution
445 premature deaths
what are airdrops and how were they effective and disadvantages
air drops were short term
water/ sand get is dropped onto wildfires
howevere they need to be aware with of the wind
this was effective
howevere expensive
what are wildland fire engines and what are there advantages and disadvantages
water and foam and chamilcals are used
3000 liters of water
four wheel drive
what are smoke jumpers
they are firefighters they parachute directly into the wildfire with axes and small amounts of faire
what are control lines
these are used to reduce the amount of fuel avaliable for the fire by cutting stuff down both long and shirt term
what is backfiring
backfiring used by burning areas of land ahead of the fire and use up the fuel
this reduce the fuel for the fire
howevere killed wildlife
what are evacuations
clearing people from areas of danger
this is short term
removes people from the danger
kills wildlife as we arent evacuaiting wildlife
Removing dead leaves and branches from the fire
voulnteer groups help to remove dead branches to reduce fuel
long term project
what is gis
these are geographical imformaition systems
help map areas of danger
when was the kobe earthquake
it happened in january 1995
what are the basic facts of the kobe earthquake
it was the first major strike in kobe in 400 years
kobe has a populaition of 1.5 million
economic damage was 100 billion which is 2.5 % of japans gdp
6000 people killed 35,000 injured
1/4 million homeless
only 3% of buildings were ensured
a typhoone hit 6 months after the earthquake making hard for the city to recover
train line collapsed
struck before rush hour
what was the risk and vulnerability of kobe earthquake
this city was vulnerable due to the plate boundaries it was on a convergent plate boundary on the eaurasian, pacific and philippine sea
due to subduction fault lines are made which can act as a plate margin aswell
kobe is a major port
it was a shallow earthquake
it was at risk of soil liquifaction because f sea
what were the responses to the kobe earthquake
70% of water siurces were gone making it hard to fight 35 differnt fires
highly critised for their response due to them being sent out 5 hour after the event and only 200 were sent out
further 4 more days
took until june for public services reintroduce
they declined international help
hard to find jobs in kobe as business didnt reopen
48,000 housing units were supplied for homeless
where is the philippines
the philippines is an archipeligo of 7100 islands. it is located in southern eastern asia between south china sea and pacific ocean. the two largest islands are luzon and mindanao
what is the capital of the philippines
it is manila. manila is a multi cultural capital with a populaition of 1.7 million
what is the official language of the philippines
Filipino is the official language of Manila however due to the growing number of foreign habitants they are slowly becoming fluent in English, Korean and Chinese.
why are there freqeut earthquakes i the philippines
The philipines is surrounded by numerous differnt plate margins and subduction zones. these different plate margins all affect the philipines due to the seismic and volcanic hazards that thye can cause. The philipines has slowly be created by the converging and diverging plate margins
why are there so many earthquakes which c=are not caused by plate margins
in the philippines there are numerous fault lines which can ofetn act like plate margins. Fault lines are where there has been a crack in the tectonic plate these can create earthquakes because of the elastic strain it generates
What is an example of an earthquake which has occured in the philippines
Bohol earthquake isa an earthquake which occured in 2013 in a place call bohol province whihc is in central visays =. This earthquake was cuased by the now named fault line the north bohol fault. This fault line was undiscovered until this earthquake therfor making ther location of the earthquake a suprise. This earthquake caused over 200 deaths and significant damage to infastructure surrounding the area.
very shallow earthquake
magnitude of 7.2
73,000 structures damaged/ destroyed
how do the philippines remain prepared for earthquakes through several different measures
They have numerous building codes that are set by the national building code of the philippines to ensure that structures are safe. They are designed to promote the use of sesmic technology
WHat are th facts of volcanos in the philippines
In the philippines there are around 300 volcanos 24 of which are still active there are so many volcao due to the countrys locaition along the pacfic ring of fire
What are the facts about mount pinatumbo
This erruption occured in zambales luzon in 1991 this erruption is known as one of that largest volcanic erruptions of the 20th century. This ejected 10 billion tons of magma and ash and 15 million tons of sulfur dioxide casuing global cooling. This erruption caused a caldera o be formed and it displace thousnads of residents. This has led to widespred leahars for years due to heavy rains mixing with ash deposits. this erruption l;ed to 800 deaths
what is typhoon bopha an exmaple of
Typhoon bopah wasa catagory 5 typhoon that made landfall in midanao a reigon less acustomed to strong typhoons. wind speeds reahced 175 mph accopanyoing high rains and floods. This caused 1067 deaths and left over 800 poeple missiong and displaced 6 million. destoyed tens of thounsands of buillindgs aswell as farms. this typhoon troggered the government to imporve warning sytemsn
how are the philippines prepared for natural hazards
the philippines have many ways in whch the remain prepared for natural hazrds for exmaple they do comunoty training and regular drills where they will go to shelterstherfor increasig awenrss of these earthquakes. they have also devloped typhoon resisnt builidngs
how do they respond to natural hazards
in the philippines they have a few rapid response mechanisms for exmaple they have deployment of resources and personnel during disasters vid the national disaster risk reduction and manaement plan
what are the key features of sndesite lava
Andesite magma commonly erupts from stratovolcanoes as thick lava flows, some reaching several km in length. Andesite magma can also generate strong explosive eruptions to form pyroclastic flows and surges and enormous eruption columns. Andesites erupt at temperatures between 900 and 1100 °
what are magma plumes
a magam plumes is a collum of hot buyoant magma that rises from deep within the earths mantle towards the surface. These plumes create hotspots leading to volcanic activity far away from plate boundaries. a good example of this is hawaii and Yellowstne
how are magama plumes formed
magma plumes originate deep in the earths mantle due to heat and buoyancy differences. this is done by the mantle heating, thermal expansion occuring, plume formaition, then melting near the surface and finally volcanic activity
what is thermal expansion
hotter mantel is heated by the earths core creating temperatire difference
thermal expansion
hotter material expands becoming less dense and starts rising
what is the asthenosphere
this is the upper section of the mantle
what is the lithosphere
the lithosphere is the crust and upper mantle which form the tectonic plates
what is gravitational sliding
elevated altitudes of oceanic crust at ridges at divergent plate boundaries create a slope which oceanic plates slide down
what is holmes hypothesis
holmes 1930s said that the earth inetranal radioactive heat was a driving force of convection currents in the mantle which could ove tectonic plates
what is seafloor spreading
in the 1960s there was a discovery that there are magnectic strips in the sea bed palaeomagnetic signals from ast revearslas of the earths magnetic feild prove that the new crust by a process of seafloor spreading at mid ocean ridges
