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Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a natural hazard

A

a natural hazard is a natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage destruction and death

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2
Q

what is an atmospheric hazard

A

this is created in the atmosphere by the movement of air and water weather

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3
Q

what is a geological hazard

A

this is created by the movement of the earths tectonic plates or surface rocks and soil tectonics

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4
Q

what is a hydro logical hazard

A

this is created by rivers seas or oceans

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5
Q

what is a risk

A

this is the chance of probability of being affected by natural event. People who chose to live close to a river may be at risk

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6
Q

what is vulnerability

A

how susceptible a population to the damage

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7
Q

what factors increase the risk from a natural hazards

A

in poor parts of the world poverty may force people to live in risky areas

when a river floods it deposits fertile sits on its floodplain

over 50 percent of the worlds population now live in city’s

in a warmer world the atmosphere will have more energy leading yo more intense storms

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8
Q

what is the structure of the earth

A

its made of four layers the inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

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9
Q

what is the inner core

A

the inner core is solid made of iron + nickle it is 1260 km thick and 6000 degrees

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10
Q

what are the characteristics of the outer core

A

2220 k + 4400 degrees

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of the mantle

A

2900 km and 500-900 degrees

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of the crust

A

the crust is 8-56 km thick made of hard rock

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13
Q

what are the two types of crust

A

oceanic and continental

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of the oceanic crust

A

5-10 km
more dense than the continental
subbducts and destroyed when made by continental crust
less than 200 million years old

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of the continental crust

A

20-70 km thick
less dense than the oceanic
cannot be destroyed
up to 3.8 billion years old

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16
Q

what is the plate tectonic theory

A

in 1912 Alfred Wagner proposed the theory of continental drift. he stated that the continental were slowly drifting apart around the earth

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17
Q

how do the continents fit together

A

the continents fit together like a jigsaw to form a super continent called Pangaea. this slowly split up over 250 million into 2 continents Gondwanaland and Laurasia and family’s it is today

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18
Q

how did Alfred Wigner prove his theory of continental drift

A

he did this by tarveling across the world to find similarities in the fossils he found

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19
Q

how is the molten magma heated

A

it is heated by convection currents which occur inside the mantle this is caused by the rising heat from the core. as the currents move the magma it cools on the crust and drags it causing movement of tectonic plates

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20
Q

what are the names of all of the tectonic plates

A

north american
south american
pacific plate
Nazca plate
African plate
Eurasian plate
indo Australian plate

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21
Q

what is an earthquake

A

a sudden or violent movement within the earth crust

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22
Q

what is a plate margin

A

the border between tectonic plates

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23
Q

where are earthquakes and volcanoes usually distributed

A

they are found on plate margins specifically the right hand side of the Eurasian going down the indo Australian

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24
Q

what is the moment magnitude scale

A

The Moment Magnitude Scale measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake event. It is calculated using a formula that includes the rigidity of the rock affected, the distance moved and the size of the area where movement takes place.it is measured on a scale from 1-8 being a bad earthquake

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25
Q

what is the size difference of rated 5 to a rated 7

A

its 100x larger it times by 10 after each number

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26
Q

what is a convergent boundary

A

this is where continental plates are moving towards each other. They are both of a similar density so no plate is subducted The two plates collide and the crust of both plates becomes crumpled and uplifted causing mountain and earthquakes and example of this is the Himalayas

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27
Q

what is a conservative plate margin

A

this is two plates moving past each other one plate could be moving faster than the other or in a different direction. friction is built up due to friction and it is released causing large earthquakes an example is the pacific and american plate this causes earthquakes

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28
Q

what is a constructive palate margin

A

this is where plates are moving apart due to convection currents magma rises up and creates new land a ridge is formed by the cooling magma volcanoes are created along the ridge from rising magma an example in the mid Atlantic ridge formed from the Eurasian plate earthquakes and volcanoes are made

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29
Q

what is a destructive plate margin

A

plates are moving towards each other oceanic plate in denser so it sub-ducts under the continental plate. The plate melts as it pushed into the mantle. The magma rises back towards the surface of the continental plate. Nazca plate sub ducting plate under south american Andes mountain earthquakes and volcanoes are made

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30
Q

what is a primary effect

A

things that happen immediately as a result of an earthquake

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31
Q

what is a secondary effect

A

things that happen as a result of the primary earthquake often in hours days weeks after

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32
Q

what is an example of primary effects

A

buildings falling
roads breaking
landslide
people dying

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33
Q

what is an example of a secondary effect

A

loss of electricity
emergency response
rebuilding

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34
Q

what is a short term response

A

this is a response which happens quickly like emergency services

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35
Q

what is a long term response

A

an example of a long term response is people setting up shelters

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36
Q

where is Chile located

A

Chile is located in south america west of Argentina in the south pacific ocean. It is located on a destructive plate margin ( Nazca and south american)

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37
Q

what is the GDP of Chile

A

24,500

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38
Q

what were the primary effects of the 2010 Chile earthquake

A

47 were dead
power line down
emergency services were sent immediately
tsunami warnings
buildings shook for 10-30s
8.8 on ricter scale
schools and ports were destroyed
cost 30 billion pounds

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39
Q

What are the secondary effects of the 2010 Chile earthquake

A

large after shocks
fire in chemical plants
1500 km of damaged roads by landslides

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40
Q

what were the immediate responses of the 2010 earthquakes

A

emergency services
international help
power and water restored to 90%

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41
Q

what were the long term responses of the 2010 Chile earthquake

A

government launch a housing reconstruction

president announced it could take 4 years for Chile to recover

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42
Q

where is Nepal located

A

Nepal is located in South Asia and shares territorial borders with India and China with an area of 147,181 square kilometers and a population of approximately 30 million.. 7.9 rating on the Richter scale

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43
Q

what were the primary effect of the Nepal earthquake in 2015

A

houses falling down
shallow earthquake
cracks in the road
buildings destroyed

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44
Q

what were the secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake 2015

A

avalanches 250 people were killed
injury
found dead bodies

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45
Q

what were the short term responses of the Nepal earthquake of 2015

A

Over 100 search and rescue responders
emergency services
air ambulances
Turkish came and help

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46
Q

what are the long term responses of the 2015 earthquake

A

the army’s brought supplies
India and China provided over $1 billion of international aid.

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47
Q

how do you live in hazardous areas

A

by building resistant buildings

by monitoring volcanoes/ natural hazards

teach people about natural hazards

however volcanoes come with fertile land

ensure there are warning systems

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48
Q

How do you reduce the risk of tectonic hazards

A

by using a seismometer, remote sensing

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49
Q

what is a seismometer

A

it is an instrument that responds to ground motion such as those caused by earthquakes volcanic eruptions and explosions

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50
Q

what is remote sensing

A

scientific analysis of the earths surface using satellite imagery

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51
Q

what is the greenhouse effect

A

The retention of heat in the atmosphere caused by the build-up of greenhouse gases.

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52
Q

what is climate change

A

this is the name given to the decade long increase in global temperature since the 1940s

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53
Q

what is the evidence for climate change over the years

A

moutain glaicers are melting

sea ice cover is deacreasing

low lying islands are being taken over by sea

global sea levels increasing volume due to increasing melting ice caps

the timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and bird immigration is changing

weather pattern are changing

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54
Q

what is global warming

A

global warming is the name given to the decade long increase i global temperature

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55
Q

what are natural causes of climate change

A

orbital change
solar activity’s
volcanic activity
eruption of mount tambora

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56
Q

what is orbital change

A

there are two types of orbital change

eccentricity=deviation of a curve or orbit from circularity. changes from circula to eliptical this matches the patterns of the galcias

Axial tilt= this is where the angle between the planet’s rotational axis and its orbital axis 24.5 to 21.5 degrees

what is precession= this is a complete wobble cycle it takes about 26000 years this makes days longer in certain areas

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57
Q

what solar activity causes natural climate change

A

having high sunspot activity can cause results in the release of methane and carbon dioxide from stores in the oceans and icecaps, and these greenhouse gases can then produce additional warming.

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58
Q

how do volcanoes effect climate change

A

the idea when a volcano erupts the temperature will drop

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59
Q

who is mulutin milankovitch

A

he was a Serbian geophysicist he studied the earth orbit identify three cycles that he believed affected the earths climate

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60
Q

what was the erruption of mount tambora

A

the erruption in 1815 was the largest erruption in th world for over 1600 years the ash and sulfuric acid caused the average temperature to drop by 0.4 degrres celcius and 1816 became the year without a summer

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61
Q

what are the effects of climate on refugees

A

100000 of peole are being/ will displace due to sea levels

extreme weather

less safe drinking water

storm surges

wildfires

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62
Q

what are the environmental effects of climate change

A

sea levels rises
droughts
greater storms
dead animals
increase temperature
wild fires
ice melting
loosing 3x amount of ice
3-6 degrees hotter

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63
Q

what percentage does co2 make up green house gasses

A

60%

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64
Q

what is distribution

A

where on the earths surface tropical storms occur

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65
Q

what is frequency

A

how often tropical storms occur

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66
Q

what is intensity

A

how powerful a tropical storm is

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67
Q

what are the methods of monitoring

A

hydrology= measuring gas levels in water
remote sensing= satellites detect heat changes
sesmicity= seismographs record earthquake
ground deformation= changes in volcano shape
geophysical measurement= detect changes in gravity

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68
Q

what is a risk assessment

A

A qualitative or quantitative approach to determine the nature and extent of disaster risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of exposure and vulnerability that together could harm people, property, services, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend.

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69
Q

how do we manage man made contributions to climate change

A

by using renewable energy

electric transport/community transport

co2 reduction by planting more trees and carbon capture

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70
Q

what is carbon capture

A

Carbon capture and storage is a process in which a relatively pure stream of carbon dioxide from industrial sources is separated, treated and transported to a long-term storage location. For example, the carbon dioxide stream that is to be captured can result from burning fossil fuels or biomass

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71
Q

what is mitigation

A

reduce or eliminate the long term risk

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72
Q

what is adaptation

A

actions taken to adjust to natural events

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73
Q

how can climate change be managed

A

alternative energy souses of energy
change in agricultural systems
carbon capture
managing water supply’s
planting trees
reducing risk from rising sea levels
international agreements

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74
Q

what are the examples of international agreements

A

2015 pairs agreement 195 countries
2005 Kyoto protocol 170 countries

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75
Q

what are some renewable energy sources

A

hydro
solar
wind

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76
Q

what are some examples of mitigation

A

carbon capture
alternative energy sources
planting trees
international agreements

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77
Q

what are some example of adaptation

A

change in agricultural systems
managing water supply
reducing risk from rising sea levels

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78
Q

how will climate change effect distribution of tropical storms

A

it will increase the distribution as the climate increase will lead to a larger movement of storms from the north to the south

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79
Q

how will climate change effect infrequence of tropical storm

A

the number of hurricane since 1860 in the north Atlantic six of the ten most active and happened in the mid 1900s so it has increased

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80
Q

how will climate change effect the intensity of a tropical storm

A

hurricane intensity in the north Atlantic has risen in the last 20 years. This appears to be linked in sea surface temperatures

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81
Q

what is the GNI of the Philippines

A

3,340 despite having larger population

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82
Q

what is the HDI of the Philippines

A

0.67 (115th)

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83
Q

where is the Philippines located

A

it is located in south east Asia north of the equator. It is surrounded by the pacific ocean and is east of the Indian ocean

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84
Q

what were the key dates during typhoon Haiyan

A

2nd November 2013= typhoon start in the pacific
3rd November 2013= it moves west turn to depression
4th November 2013 = haiyan becomes tropical
5th November 2013= rapid intensification winds up to 175 mph
7th November 2013 = made landfall on the Philippines
10-11th= reaches Vietnam and intensity decreases

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85
Q

what were the primary effects of typhoon haiyan

A

6300 people killed/ drowned
40000 houses destroyed
90% of taco-ban destroyed

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86
Q

what ere the secondary effects of typhoon haiyan

A

flooding caused landslides
shortages of food and water
looting broke out in taco ban

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87
Q

what were the immediate responses of typhoon haiyan

A

international government aid agencies responded quickly with supplies

US aircraft carries and helicopters assisted

1200 evacuation center were set up

UK sent shelter kits

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88
Q

what were the long term responses of typhoon haiyan

A

homes have been rebuilt away from dangerous areas

cash for work programs set up

rice and fish farming re established

89
Q

what is a storm surge

A

where masses of water were pushed by the wind

90
Q

why are richer countries more safe when under a tropical storm

A

they have greater funding for protection and for emergency supplies if anything bad happens

91
Q

how do you reduce the effect of tropical storms

A

by monitoring/ predicting for tropical storms

by increasing protection = with reinforced windows, sea walls, storm drains to take away flood water

roof that collect water and get rid of it safely

planning= raise awareness, prepare individuals, create individual family plans

preparation tips= survival kit, emergency plan, how to use the kit

92
Q

what is the NHC ( natural hazards)

A

national hurricane center

93
Q

what is the UK weather roundabout

A

this is where several different masses of weather are coming from different directions we gwt storms from the south west and we get Atlantic ether from the north west and winter weather from the east

94
Q

what is the GNI of the UK

A

£42040

95
Q

what is the HDI of the UK

A

0.907 ranked 14th

96
Q

what were the key points of time In the Somerset floods

A

lots of rainfall
high tides
storm surges
river had not been dredged for 20 years
bad water flow
west January since 1910

97
Q

what were the social impacts of the UK somerset flood of 2014

A

protests
houses completely flooded
valuables lost
over 600 houses folded
16 farm evacuated
temporary housing was needed

98
Q

what were the economic impacts of the somerset floods

A

farms destroyed
10 million in flood damages
over 14000 acres of land under water
railways shut

99
Q

what were the environmental impacts of the 2014 somerset floods

A

farms destroyed

heavily contaminated floodwaters with sewage and oil

large amounts of debris

water had to be pumped back into rivers

100
Q

what were the immediate responses to the somerset 2014

A

emergency water pumps

70 pumps

as flood waters spread out home owners cut off floods used boats and volunteers weer used to help others

101
Q

what were the long term responses to the somerset floods of 2014

A

8 km of river were dredged to increase river capacity

road levels have been increased

communities now with flood defenses

tidal barrage at bridgwater

102
Q

where is somerset located

A

south west England in an area of low lying land

103
Q

Can extreme weather events be blamed on climate change

A

no single extreme weather event can be blamed on climate change but scientists do believe that this trend could be linked to a warming world

104
Q

why might extreme weather event be increasing

A

an increase in global temperature
atmospheric circulation
more energy in the atmosphere

105
Q

what proof is therebthat there has been a change in the usuall weather overvtime

A

2003= heatwave 38.5
2007-2009= floods
2009-2010= heavy snow -18.7
2013/14= floods wettest winter
2015-2016 floods wettest and warmest months
2019 hottest December 18.7
2020 storm Bella from north Atlantic
2022 heatwave 40.3

106
Q

how are long periods of weather made

A

the jet stream could become stuck causing long periods of the same weather type such as heatwaves

107
Q

What is solar insulation

A

a measure of energy on a certain area

108
Q

how is isolation concentrated

A

its concentrated over a smaller surface area

109
Q

the earth is curved which means what when talking about heating

A

its harder to heat as it has a larger surface area and the sun like to heat smaller areas

110
Q

what are the names of each circulation cell

A

polar, ferrel, hadley

111
Q

what degrees are the polar cells located

A

90 degrees north and 90 degrees south

112
Q

what degrees are the ferele cells located

A

30 degrees north and 30 degrees south

113
Q

what degree are the hadley cell located

A

o degrees

114
Q

how does the polar cell work

A

the cold air travelling south from the poles meet the warm air travelling north

115
Q

how does the ferrel cell work

A

this cell works a s a result of the other two cells like a gear warm air rising in the polar cells drag warm air in the ferrel and hadley

116
Q

how does the hadley celll work

A

air at the equator rises cools and forms clouds which create rain air also beings to sink and create high pressure

117
Q

what are key things to remember about atmospheric circulation

A

warm air rises and contains moisture

when the warm air rises into the atmosphere it cools so it condenses and forms clouds

cold air sinks and is dry

sinking air creates areas of high pressure at the surface of the earth

at the earth surface air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

118
Q

HIGH IS DRY

A
119
Q

what is the process of a tropical storm being made

A

a strong movement of air draws water vapor up fro the warm ocean surface

the evaporated air cools as it rises and condenses from towering thunderstorm clouds

as the air condenses it releases heat which powers the storm and draws up more water

several smaller thunder clouds join together to form a giant spinning storm. when a surface winds reach average of 120km per hour the storm officially becomes tropical

the storm now develops an eye as its center where air descends rapidly. The outer edge of they eye is the eye wall where most of the intense weather conditions are

as the storm is carried across by winds it strengthens

on reaching land the storms energy supply is cut off friction of the land slows it down and it begin to weaken.

120
Q

what temperature does the ocean surface temp have to e for a tropical storm

A

27 degrees

121
Q

how are tropical storms measured

A

using the saffir Simpson scale

122
Q

what is the worst a tropical storm can be on a saffir simpson scale

A

5

123
Q

what is a natural hazard

A

these are events which are perceived to be a threat to people the built enviroment and the natural enviroment. Natural events often end in disaster

124
Q

what is a geophysical hazard

A

caused by earths proceses. They can be caused by interbal earth processes of tectonic activity or by external processes of geomorphical orignin involving most movemnt

125
Q

what is a hydrological hazard

A

this is caused by the occurence movement and distribution of surface and underground water this is driven by water bodies

126
Q

what is an atmospheric hazard

A

processes operaiting in the atmosphere resultinng in extreme weather or atmospheric conditions

127
Q

what are charcteristics of a natural hazard

A

clear origin of causes
distinctive effect
little or no warning
exposure may be involuntary

128
Q

What is a natural disaster

A

this is where a natural hazard interacts with a vulnaerable populaition

129
Q

what is the natural dissatster modle called

A

this is dreggs modle

130
Q

what is a risk

A

This is the exposure of people to a hazardous event. Presenting a potential threat to themselves, their possesions and the built enviroment in which they live in

131
Q

why might people choose to live in an area of risk

A

due to fertile soil

cheaper place for peopleto live

to gather reasearch

they are unsure of the risk they are at

the peoples family have always lived there

there is a changing levle risk in the area they live in

132
Q

What is the definition of vulnerability

A

This means that the potential for loss. Some people are more vulnerable than others. This is determind by underlying state of human development. Including ineqaulitys in income oppotunity and political power

133
Q

Why is the inner core still hot

A

The primordial heat left over from the earths formaition and radiogenic heat produced by radio active decay. 4.6bn years ago

134
Q

why do we have gravitaitional feilds

A

This is because the outter core of the earth moves around the inner core therefore creating a gravitaitional feild

135
Q

what percentage of the earths volume is the mantle

A

84% of the earth is the mantle

136
Q

what are the two layers of the crust called

A

the lithosphere is the crust is the rigged upper section

The ansenosphere is the beneath layer of the crust

137
Q

what are the 4 types of plate boundaries

A

destructive
constructive
conservative
collision

138
Q

what is risk perception

A

Risk perception refers to people’s beliefs, attitudes, judgments, and feelings toward risk,

139
Q

what is hazard perceptions

A

This is the way in which someone understands or interprets a hazard. People tend to respond to hazards depending on their understanding

140
Q

what is the equation for risk

A

frequency or magnitude x vulnerability x capacity to cope

141
Q

What is fatalism

A

Accepting the hazards are a natural event that we can have little control over and losses have to be accepted

142
Q

what is prediction

A

This perception suggests that hazards are predictable and that they ca be better understood by scientific research. Better technology, comunicaition and warning can be given to reuce these risks

143
Q

what was the evidence for continental drift

A

jigsaw pattern of continents

glacial rock deposists

glacial straitions

rock sequences

fossil branchipods were found in different areas

fossil remains

144
Q

what is ridge push

A

At constructive boundaries the uppwelling of material creates a buyancy effort that produces the ocean ridge whuch stands 2-3 km above the ocean floor. Here the plates experience a force which is a result of gravity acting down the slope of the ridge this causes small earthquakes

145
Q

what is slab pull

A

At destructive plate margins the force is the pull down of the cold dense subduting plate as it sinks into the mantle. This gravity generated force pulls the slab down

146
Q

what are the most developed theories

A

This occurs at constructive plate margins where palates pull away from each other allowing magama/lava to push into the created gap. Iron particles in the lava aligne with magnetic feilds it the solidifies. However every 400,000 yeasr polarity changes at regular intervals. This is mirrored on each side.

147
Q

what are convection currents

A

Convection currents this causes molten rock deep within the mantle to rise. The magma cools siks and is heated forced to rise this is called a convection cell. Crust is getting destroyed in some places

148
Q

what is oceanic crust

A

basalt and grabbo

149
Q

what is continenetal crust

A

granite more complex, silicone,aluminium and oxygen

150
Q

what are the pros of the park model

A

How qaulity of life is impacted by hazardous event.

How a range of movement startegies can be used over time from before and after the event

the importance of roles of emergency relife agencies and rehab

different areas affected may have been different response curves, depending on the levee of preparedness

151
Q

whata re the cons of the park model

A

It is ciritisiesed for not acounting different levles of economic development or including other isses

Th model dress not consider that a hazard event can have differeing effects across a country

152
Q

what would an individuals reponse be in the case of a natural hazard

A

staying with family or friends

ensuring they know the plan incase of emergency

helping at charities/search and rescue

153
Q

what would local comunites responses be to a natural hazard

A

Ensuring that their is a paln and the people in their comunity known what the paln is

Evacuation warnings would be sent

154
Q

how would National governments respond to a natural disaster

A

warning systems
buiding protection like surge walls
evacuation warnings

155
Q

what are internatinal agencies doing in a response

A

sending aid in the from of food etc
providing transport

156
Q

What is the hazard management cycle

A

This cycle illustrates the ongoing process by which governements,businesses and society plan for and recuce the imapct of disasters , reactr during and imediatly after the event

157
Q

how do gas emissions occur

A

as magma rises into the magma chambers gases escape for the depressurising magma

158
Q

what does gas emissions indicate

A

If its qaulity in escaping volcanic gas increases this can signal the start of an erruptive sequence

159
Q

how does ground deformaition occur

A

The ground swells as the lava rises. This is due to the movement of magma within the lithosphere

160
Q

what does ground deformaition indicate

A

The swelling of the volcano signals that magma has collected near the surface. To find this out they measure the tilit of the volcano

161
Q

how does thermal monitoring happen

A

Both magma movements. changes in gas releases and hydrothermal activity can lead to thermal emmisivity changes at the volcanos surface

162
Q

what can thermal monitoring indicate

A

this is shown by gas relases

163
Q
A
164
Q

how are satellite images and remote sensing happening

A

remote sending is the use of satellites to detect things about the earth surface

165
Q

what does remote sensing and staellites help indicate

A

This is usefull as it helps if there is any thermal activity occuring such as swelling

166
Q

how does mass moevment and failures show volcanic activity

A

Monitoring mass moevments such as mud slide s and pyroclastic flows These can be monitored to show evidence of past activity and to suggest if upwelling magma is deforming the land above.

167
Q

how doe we measure seismic activity

A

this is a better way to bet long term predictions scientists can use sisemic waves to show if a volcano is getting ready to errupt

168
Q

how does seismic activity indicate an erruption

A

many volcanos an increasing intensity in frequecy and sixe of earthquakes

169
Q

how do we calculate ground water changes

A

manually using a dipper or automatically by pressure transaucer

170
Q

how does ground water changes indicate volcanic activity

A

volcanic activity genrally causes crustal deformaition

171
Q

what are the primary effets of a volcanic erruption

A

pyroclastic flows
volcanic gas
lava flows
tephra

172
Q

what are the features of a pyroclastic flow

A

very hot 800c
gas and tephra mixture
destroyed pompeii
up to 500 mph

173
Q

what are the features of volcanic gas

A

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide and chlorine are affected

174
Q

whata are the key features of volcanic gas

A

stream of molten rock
distance can varry depending on viscosity

175
Q

what are the key features of tephra

A

soldi material of different sizes big and small

volcanic ash can spread thousands of miles from the volcanic source

176
Q

what are the secondary effects of a volcano

A

lahars
acid rain
tsunamis
landslides
flooding
climate change

177
Q

what are the key features of lahars

A

melted snow and ice combined with volcanic ash

liquid when it moves but it sets solid

178
Q

what are the key features of acid rain

A

volcano emits gases which include sulphur when combined with atmospherci moisture

179
Q

what is a landslide

A

large mass of rock and soil whcih falls or slides flow down the volcano under the force of gravity

180
Q

how can ash impact cliamte change

A

cliamte change is impacted when ash is put up into the atmosphere this can reduce global temperatures by blocking uv 1816 the year without summer is an example

181
Q

where is the Eyjafjallajokull volcano located

A

it is located in iceland inbetween the northamerican plate and the eurasian plate.

182
Q

what does Eyjaljallajokull stand for

A

Eyja= island
jjalla= mountain
jokull=glacier

183
Q

what type of volcano is the Eyjafjallajokull

A

it is a stratavolcaano
(a composite)

184
Q

what are the tectonics of the volcano

A

on a constructive plate margin

baslaltic lava

stratavolcano

ridge push

bisected by the north atlantic ridge

This is diverging 2.3 meters each year

185
Q

what were the impact of the Eyjafjallajokull erruption

A

flights across the world were cancelled due to ash being sent 9km into the atmosphere

flooding=Heat from the erruption melted part of the galceir which caused mass flooding

There was distruption to flooding= as to protect animals they had to go inside

there was a decline in air qaulity

lahards due to mud and meltwater mixing together

2.8 million tonnes of carbon was emiited into the atmosphere

europe lost 2.6 billion gdp due to the erruption

186
Q

what landforms are found at constructive plate margins

A

along ocean ridges and rift valleys

187
Q

what happens at a destructive plate margin

A

where a plate subdcts below the other

188
Q

what happens at hotspost/ magma plumes

A

A mantle plume is an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma.

189
Q

what scale are volcanos measured on

A

Volcanic explosivity index

190
Q

what number does the Volcanic explosivity index go up to

A

1-8
1 being not very explosive and 8 being very explosive

191
Q

what are the main types of lava you can find at volacanos

A
192
Q

what are the key features of Basaltic Andesite Lava

A

Silica content: This lava has a moderate silica content, generally between 52-57%.
Viscosity: More viscous than basalt, which means it flows slower and can contribute to more explosive eruptions.
Eruption style: Although basaltic andesite can produce lava flows, it also traps gases more easily, which can cause explosive activity, as seen in Eyjafjallajökull’s eruptions.

193
Q

when was the indian ocean tsunami

A

it wa on december 26 2004

194
Q

how did the indian ocean tsunami come about

A

an earthquake of magnitude 9.1 displaced the ocean floor off the Indonesian island of Sumatra.

195
Q

what are some of the key effects the indian ocean tsunami caused

A

there was a death toll of over 230,000 people across all of the countries it affected

70% of coastline infastructure was completley destoryed

it left 1.7million homeless and

600,000 people in aceh lost their livelehoods

cholera and malria merged after the earthquake

196
Q

what were the long and short term responses to the indian ocean tsunami

A

search and rescue operations

the us deployed 12600 personel as a part of their unified assistance

thailand helped by setting up foresnic operations to help identify the bodies

by 2009 they had spent 7 billion just in indonesian infastructure

they built an indian ocean warning suctent whihc cost 125 million

197
Q

when was the mt erapi erruption in indonesia

A

it was in 2010

198
Q

where is mt merapi located

A

it is a volcanic mountain located near the center of the island near the center of the island of java in inodnesia

199
Q

what were the techtonica of the volcano

A

it is located on the euraisian and indo austrailian plate margin whihc is a destructive plate margin. It is a stratavolcano

200
Q

what were the impact of the mt merapi erruption

A

over 350 people were killed including mbah mardijan who was the traditiona gardian of the volcano

nearly 400,000 people were displaced because of the volacano
pyroclastic flow caused several villages to be destroyed

tourism massivly reduced which had a large econmoic impact

201
Q

what were the short and long term responses to the mt merapi erruption

A

there was mass evacuation of over 350,000 residents ho were within the volcanos danger zone

emergency help centers were built in school and military builings

goveremnet began to rubild the destroyed infastructure which costed in rhe relams of 450 million pounds

202
Q

Where is eyjafjallajokull located

A

It is located in Iceland

203
Q

When did eyjafjallajokull erupt

A

The spring of 2010

204
Q

What are the tectonic features of eyjafjallajokull

A

It is on a construction plate margin

It is a shield volcano

It is ridge push which is diverging 2.3 Mm per year

205
Q

What were the impacts of this eruption

A

Flights across the world were cancelled as ash was out 9km into the atmosphere which had a huge economic impact

There was flooding in the area due the melting of the glacier which was above the volcano

2.8 million tonnes of carbon was emitted

206
Q

What were the responses to the eyjafjallajokull eruption

A

Evacuation of 800 people

Airspace was closed

There are no improve regulations and instructions for air travel if this is to happen again where 9 airspace blocks will replace 27

207
Q

What is the location of hati

A

Located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean

208
Q

What are the tectonics of hati

A

Hati is located on the North American and carbiean plate on a divergent plate boundary

7.0

209
Q

What were the impacts of the hati earthquake

A

Casualties were estimated 250,000

1.5millon were left homeless

Cholera outbreak which killed 10,000

1 million people displaced

Infrastructure was destroyed

210
Q

What were the responses to the hati earthquake

A

Financial aid was provided which summed up to 13 billion pounds

Termporaray camps were made for those who were displaced

Us military sent 20,000 troops to help

211
Q

Where is Christchurch located

A

New Zealand South Island in Canterbury

212
Q

What were the tectonics of the Christchurch eruption

A

Conservative plate margin

Indo Australian and pacific plate margin

Magnitude 6.3

213
Q

What were the tectonics of the Christchurch eruption

A

Conservative plate margin

Indo Australian and pacific plate margin

Magnitude 6.3

214
Q

What were the impacts of this earthquake

A

115 casualties

Ground liquification occurred causing buildings and stuff to sink

People develop ptsd

Population decline in the area

215
Q

What were the responses to the Christchurch earthquake

A

Search and rescue operations

International assistance from Australia and Japan’s

Australia sent 300 personnel

Medical support were overwhelmed

216
Q

what is tephra

A

tephra are large peiece of rocks edjected from the volcano

217
Q

What is the benioff zone

A

This is where the oceanic plate beigns to melt 100k below the surface and it comepletly destroyed 700km called the benioff zone f

218
Q

what are features of rhylotic lava

A

destructive plate margins is where it is found

cooler lava

high viscosity

high gas content

high silica content

an exmaple of where it can be found is at yellowstone

Geography (12 decks)

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