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Geography > Coasts and rivers > Flashcards

Coasts and rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

what is systems thinking

A

systems thinking is particuarlly usefull to help understand how natural landscapes work and humans interact with them. It is used to simplify and help make sense of complex things.

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2
Q

what is it called when matter or energy is added

A

input

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3
Q

what is it called when energy or matter leaves a sysstem

A

output

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4
Q

what is it called when matter or energy builds up

A

stores

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5
Q

what is it called when there is a movement of energy in a system

A

the flows

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6
Q

what is the limit of a system called

A

the boundarie

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7
Q

what are they key features of an open system

A

Open systems have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with its surroundings.

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8
Q

what are the key features of a closed system

A

A closed system is a system in which only energy is transferred with its surroundings.

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9
Q

what is a dynamic equilibrium

A

when input and outputs are balanced

in reality there are samll variaition are so small that the inputs and outputs are balanced

for example in drainage basins the amount of water varries

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10
Q

what is poitive feedack

A

This amplifies the change ininput and output

this means the systems responds by increasing the effect of the change moving the system further from the origonal state

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11
Q

what is negative feedback

A

the counteracts the change in inputs or outputs

the system responds by deacreasing the effect of the change keeping the system closer to previous state

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12
Q

what are the 5 spheres

A

hydrosphere
cryosphere
atmosphere
biosphere
lithosphere

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13
Q

what is transfer flow

A

the movement of matter from one store to another

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14
Q

what is a store

A

when matter is temporarily held in a store

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15
Q

isolated system

A

No interactions whith anything outside the system boundary. RARE

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16
Q

closed system

A

energy is transfered into and out of the system. All matter is enclosed e.g the global water and carbon cycles

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17
Q

open system

A

Matter and energy can be transfered into and out of the system. ALL matter is enclosed e,g the drainage basin water or woodland

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17
Q

what is positive feedback

A

Where the effect of an action are amplified by changes to theinput/output/process

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18
Q

How are waves formed

A

Created by wind as the crest is pulled up

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19
Q

what causes friction

A

The wind blows on the surface of the water

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20
Q

what type of motion does water move in

A

circular orbit

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21
Q

The amount of energy gaines by the aes depends on what three things

A

wind speed length of lime the wind has been blowing and the distance of open water (fetch)

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22
Q

When waves reach the shallows what does friction do

A

Friction with the seabed slows the base of the wave

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23
Q

does the top of the wave slow down

A

No it becomes highre and steeper until the wave breaks

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24
Q

what is swash

A

swash carries material up the beach stronger in constructive waves

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25
Q

what is backwash

A

Backwash takes material away from the beach this is stornger in destructive waves

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26
Q

what is wave refraction

A

when waves approach a coastline that is not regular shape, they are refreacted and become increasingly parralel to the coastline

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27
Q

when does wave energy become concentrated

A

on the headland causing greater erosion

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28
Q

what is the wavelength

A

the distance between the two peaks of a wave

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29
Q

what is the techincal term forpeak of a wave

A

the crest

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30
Q

what is the wave height

A

the distance from the base of the wave to the crest

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31
Q

what is the technical word from base for a wave

A

the trough

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32
Q

how do waves form

A

created by wind as the crest is pulled up

33
Q

what causes friction

A

the wind blows on the surface of the water

34
Q

what moition do waves move in

A

they move in a circular orbit

35
Q

the amonyut of energy the waves gained depends on what three things

A

wind speed
the lenghth of time the wind has been blowing

36
Q

when the waves reach shallow watter what does friction do

A

Friction with the sea bed slows the base of the wave

37
Q

does the top of the wave ever slow down

A

no it gets higher and steepoerunti it breaks

38
Q

what are the key features of high energy coastlines

A

large headlands
potential sand banks
deep bay
more frequent and destructive
deep water
long fetch
high erosion rates
low deposition rates

39
Q

what are the key features of a low energy coastline

A

small gentle waves
frequent constructive waves
shallow water
gentle winds
short fetch
low erosion rate
high deposition rate

40
Q

what are sediment cells

A

in theory sediment cells are regarded as closed systems from which nothing is gained or lost

41
Q

what happens to largere sediemnt cells

A

they are arranged into smaller sub cells to make it easier to study and manage

42
Q

what happens within a sediment cells

A

sediment moves around the cell but never leves the cell

43
Q

what factors affect erosion

A

wave steepness
geology
human activity
beach presence
coastal configuraition
sea depth
the fetch

44
Q

what is geology

A

the study of rocks

45
Q

what is lithology

A

this refers to the charcteristics of rocks

46
Q

what are marine processes in relaition to erosion

A

operates upon the coastline and involve the erosion of the coastline by the action of the sea

47
Q
A
48
Q

What is a sediment cell

A

Sediment cells, also known as littoral cells, are reaches of shoreline that encompass the intertidal and nearshore movement of sediment

49
Q

What is traction

A

Pebbles are rolled along the sea bed eroding them in high energy conditions

50
Q

What is Saltation

A

Small stones are bounced along the sea bed and the beach

51
Q

What is suspension

A

Very small particles of sand and silt are carried along by moving water

52
Q

Solution

A

Solution means it slowly gets dissolved

53
Q

What is weathering

A

Weathering weakens cliffs and makes them more vulnerable to erosion

54
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

Caused by chemical changes rainwater that is slightly acidic slowly dissolved away the rock

55
Q

Mechanical weathering is what

A

Physical dintigraition or break of exposed rock without any changes it it’s chemical composition

56
Q

what is biological weathering

A

this is simply the distigraition of rock because of animals plants and or microbes

57
Q

what is a rock fall

A

a rock fall is when fragments of rock fall away from the cliff face due to weathering

58
Q

what is a landslide

A

rocks are blown off and slide down the hgill bring down more as it falls

59
Q

what is a mud slide

A

this is when saturated soil flows down the slope

60
Q

mass movements are impacted by what

A

they are all impacted by gravity

61
Q

what are the different forms of deposition

A

marine deposition
areolian deposition

62
Q

what type o coastline are headlands fromed at

A

discordent

63
Q

what i an example of a headland and bay in the uk

A

swanage

64
Q

where are cliffs and wave cut platfroms found

A

they are found at concordent coastlines

65
Q

what is an example of a wav cut platform in the uk

A

kimmerage bag has a wave cut platform

66
Q

what is an example of an arch whcih has developed into a stack

A

durdle door

67
Q

how do tombolos form

A

A tombolo is formed when a spit connects the mainland coast to an island.

68
Q

what are barrier islands

A

a barrier island is a long thin sandy stretch of sand arientated parallele to the mainland which thereofr protects the main isalnd from the full force of storms

69
Q

what is a slat marsh

A

Saltmarshes are coastal wetlands that are flooded and drained by the tides. They’re boggy and marshy as their soils are composed of deep mud and peat. They’re found in most parts of the world where there’s low-lying land and a temperate climate.

70
Q

what is the final plant succesor in the uk

A

it is an oak tree

71
Q

what is the order of dune colours

A

embryo dune
fore dune
yellow dune
grey dune
dune slack
and finly the climax

72
Q

what are the inputs of a sand dune

A

supply of sand strong onshore winds, large tidal range, obstacles to trap sand, vegitaition growth

73
Q

how anre sand dunes formed

A

it is done by sand blown/sallated onshore by strong wids at low tide

74
Q

how long does it take for embryo dunes to mature

A

400 years

75
Q

how do tides and tidal ranges affect the coastline

A

Tides increase the rate of coastal erosion. Where tidal range is low, for example, in the Mediterranean, wave energy is less and many cliff faces are unaffected by marine processes. due to the rsie ad fall of water

76
Q

why are narrower estuaries at a greater risk from tides than wider

A

this is due to it beig easier to be eroded 5677io;

77
Q

what is it called when the earth sun and moon line up and their power combines to make exseptinally high tides

A

spring tides

78
Q

what is a neap tide

A

A neap tide—seven days after a spring tide—refers to a period of moderate tides when the sun and moon are at right angles to each other.

79
Q

what are rip currents

A

rip currents are strong surface currents which run perpendicular to the shore. they can be very dangerous to surfers and swimmers as they can move very fast taking them out into the ocean from the breaking waves they often form between sandbars or other physical features

80
Q
A

Geography (12 decks)

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