Upper Limb Anatomy Flashcards
whats the only thing attaching upper limb to axial skeleton
clavicle
what are the bones of the upper limb
shoulder girdle humerus radius/ulnar wrist (radio-carpal joint) carpus hand
what helps to deepen the glenoid process
labrum to deepen it and try to increase stability
like a golf ball sitting on a t
whats a ‘sprung shoulder’
dislocation of the AC joint (acromioclavicular)
which muscles move the shoulder girdle
superficial extrinsic muscles of the back
trapezius
how to test trapezius
shrug shoulders
where is the origin of the trapezius
spinous processes T12
what pathologies is the glena-humeral joint susceptible to
OA/RA
dislocation
adhesive capsulitis
what is adhesive capsulitis
frozen shoulder
seen in diabetics and post-trauma
external rotation is the first thing to go
what does the labrum do
u creases capture of the humeral head to increase stability
susceptible to labral tears
who gets slap tears in the labrum
people with throwing injuries
slap tears occur where the biceps tendon anchors to labrum
what are the 4 rotator cuff muscles
subscapularis (anterior)
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
what nerve innervates the supraspinatus muscle and function
suprascapular nerve C5-C5
abducts arm
what nerve innervates infraspinatus and function
suprascapular nerve
externally rotates arm
what nerve innervated theres minor and what is its function
externally rotates arm
ancillary nerve (C5/C6)
what nerve innervated subscapularis and what is its function
upper and lower sub scapular
internally rotates the arm
pathologies that affect the rotator cuff
tears (treat with analgesia, physio and steroids)
impingment
what does the deltoid do and what nerve innervates it
abducts the arm
innervated by axillary nerve
where does the short head of the biceps brachia originate
coracoid process
where does the long head of the biceps originate
labrum/glenoid
where does the biceps insert
tuberosity of the radius
what nerve innervates the biceps
musculocutaneous nerve
function of the biceps
flexes elbow
supinates forearm
what pathologies are the biceps susceptible to
tendonitis
what side is the radial head on in the elbow joint
always lateral
what does the radial head articulate with in the elbow
capitulum
what pathologies is the elbow susceptible to
OA/RA
dislocation
ulceration
fracture
most common reason for elbow replacements
rheumatoid arthritis
v rare
most common dislocation in the elbow
ulnar moves posteriorly
what do children elbows look like
Olecronon only partly formed
growth plates visible
what bursa is commonly inflammed
olecranon bursa
used to be called students bursitis
ligaments of the elbow
medial collateral
lateral collateral
annular ligament
where do all the extensor muscles of the forearm (dorsal compartment) insert
the lateral epicondyle
what are the extensor muscles of the forearm susceptible to
Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)
type of tendonitis
what is the common site or origin for the flexor muscles of the forearm
medial epicondyle
golfer’s elbow
what membrane is between the ulnar and radius
interosseous membrane
when do the ulnar and radius cross over
in pronation
what are the bones of the hand
scaphoid some lunate lovers triquetrum try pisiform positions trapezium that trapeziod they capitate cannot hamate handle
what is the wrist joint susceptible to
OA
RA
fractures
dislocations
most common type of wrist fracture
distal radius fracture
dorsally displaced
dinner fork deformity
what bone in the hand has a retrograde (doubles back on itself) blood supply
scaphoid makes it susceptible to avascular necrosis
Same as the femoral head
what type of scaphoid fracture is more likely to head
distal
where do you feel for a scaphoid fracture
anatomical snuff box
what does your thumb not have that the other fingers have
intermediate phalange
what are the two groups of hand muscles
intrinsic and extrinsic
intrinsic muscles
within the hand itself
responsible fro fine motor functions
extrinsic muscles
located in anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm
control finger flexion and extension and movement of the wrist
what do the thenar muscles do and what are they called and whats their innervation
moves thumb
opposes pollicis
flexor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis braves
innervated by median nerve
what do the hypothenar muscles do and what are they called
and what innervation
move the little finger
abductor digits minimi
ulnar nerve
what do the interossei muscles do
move all the fingers
all flex MCPJand extend IPJ
ulnar nerve innervation
what do the lumbrical muscles do (x4)
one for each finger
crucial to dinger moment
link extensor and decor tendons
lateral 2 innervated by median nerve
medial 2 innervated by ulnar nerve
extrinsic muscles of the hand
flexor tendons
flexor pulleys
what does the flexor digitorum superficial do
extrinsic flexor of fingers
flexes fingers at PIP joints
innervated by median nerve
passes through carpal tunnel
what does flexor digitorum profundus do
flexes fingers at DIP joints
innervated by median nerve
passes through carpal tunnel
what are the flexor pulleys
annular ligaments
cruciate pulleys
susceptible to triggering
what is the palmar fascia
separated the palmar muscle bellies and flexor tendons from skin
susceptible to hypertrophy and fibrosis (dupuytrens contractor)
what vessels arterial supply the hand
radial artery and ulnar artier (come from the brachial artery)
how are the ulnar and radial digit artery names
by the side of the digit theyre closer to
what are the 3 peripheral nerves of the hand
median
ulnar
radial
what muscles does the median nerve supply
flexors of forearm
LOAF muscles
abductor pollicis brevis (test)
what are the 2 types of compressive neuropathies in the upper limb
cubital tunnel syndrome at elbow
carpal tunnel syndrome at wrist
what happens in cubital tunnel
ulnar nerve compressed
what happens in carpal tunnel
median nerve compressed
what is the brachial plexus
network of the ventral rami of the lower four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve roots
goes through neck, axilla into the arm
give off the peripheral nerves that supply upper arm and forearm and hand
what sections is the brachial plexus split into
roots trunks divisions cords branches
watch youtube video on it bc u need to know it
