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2 MSK > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what is an endocrine secretion

A

secretion from groups of cells organised into endocrine glands

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2
Q

where do endocrine glands release secretions

A

into extracellular fluid which then moves into the blood stream

ductless

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3
Q

where do exocrine glands release secretions

A

into ducts

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4
Q

how are hormones transported around the body

A

dissolved in blood

attached to transporters in blood

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5
Q

what is an example of an integrated functional endocrine system

A

hypothalamus releases CRF which acts on cells of the anterior pituitary gland causing it to release ACTH which enters the blood stream and binds to the adrenal cortex leading to production and release of cortisol

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6
Q

how is specificity of hormone signalling achieved

A
  • by chemical distinct hormones
  • specific receptors for each hormones
  • distinct distribution of receptors across target cells (localised)

every cell can be exposed to a hormone but only selective cells will respond - ones with the receptors

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7
Q

what are the 7 classical endocrine organs in the body

A 
Pituitary gland 
thyroid gland 
parathyroid gland 
adrenal glands 
pancreas 
ovaries  
testis
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8
Q

what are the different types of hormone

A

modified amino acids
steroids
peptides
proteins

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9
Q

what is an example of a modified amino acid hormone

A

adrenaline

thyroid hormones

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10
Q

what is an example of steroid hormones

A 
cortisone 
progesterone 
testosterone 
aldesterone 
-one
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11
Q

what is an example of peptide hormones

A

ACTH
ADH -anti-diuretic
oxytocin

-derived from larger precursor proteins

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12
Q

what is an example of a protein hormone

A

insulin

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13
Q

what is autocrine signalling

A

cell is signalling to itself

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14
Q

what is paracrine signalling

A

cell signals other cells close to it

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15
Q

what is endocrine signalling

A

cell signals travel via molecules transported by the BLOOD to target distant cells

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16
Q

what’s an example of overlap between different types of chemical signalling

A

somatostatin

paracrine in pancreas but endocrine in brain

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17
Q

how potent are hormones

A

vv potent as they exist at a very low concentration in the body

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18
Q

hormones can have an effect on multiple specific targets true/false

A

true

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19
Q

only one hormone can have an effect on a target true/false

A

false

multiple hormones can affect the same target

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20
Q

how is the biological response caused by a hormone initiated

A

active receptor engages in signal transduction cascade causing amplification of the original signal

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21
Q

the speed/onset/duration of hormone action variable true/fasle

A

true

seconds - days

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22
Q

how is hormone signalling terminated

A

by enzyme-mediated metabolic inactivation in the liver or at sites of action

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23
Q

what is the complementary action of hormones

A

when several hormones work together to produce the same effect

eg. adrenaline, cortisol and glucagon all contribute to the body in short term exercise

24
Q

what is an antagonistic action of hormones

A

when hormones oppose each other

eg. insulin vs glucagon

25
Q

what does insulin do

A

lowers plasma glucose level by stimulating glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue and inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glyconeogenesis

26
Q

what does glucagon do

A

increased glucose level by stimulating glycogenolysis and and gluconeogenolysis but does not antagonise glucose uptake (adrenaline does)

27
Q

when are amines released

A

in response to stimuli by Ca++ dependent exocytosis

28
Q

how is adrenaline/amines stored

A

as a pre-synthesised hormone

29
Q

what makes amines easy to transport around the body

A

its hydrophilic nature allows it to dissolve in blood

30
Q

how are peptides and protein hormones stored

A

as presynthesied hormones formed from long precursor proteins

31
Q

when are peptide and protein hormones released

A

in response to stimuli by Ca++ demented exocytosis

32
Q

how are peptides transported in blood

A

freely due to hydrophilic nature

33
Q

how are steroids stored

A

synthesised and released on demand

in order for cell to release a steroid hormone the signal must initiate synthesis

34
Q

how are steroid hormones transported around the body

A

hydrophilic so 90% transported in plasma bound to proteins

only the 10% which is unbound which is biologically active - only this can cross the capillary role - rest is confined to the plasma

35
Q

is steroid release quicker or slower than peptide hormone releases

A

slower as they need to be synthesised first

36
Q

what do carrier transport proteins do

A

increase amount transported in blood
provide reservoir of hormone
extend half life of hormone in circulation

37
Q

what are 3 important specific carrier proteins

A

cortisol-binding globulin
thyroxine-binding globulin
sex steroid-binding globulin

38
Q

2 important general carrier proteins

A

albumin - binds many steroids and thyroxine

transthyretin - binds thyroxine and some steroids

39
Q

how do carrier proteins help to maintain constant concentration of free lipophlillic hormone in blood

A

as the free hormone in the plasma is removed by crossing the capillary wall, it is replaced by hormone which is already bound to the carriers in blood

40
Q

why is it only free hormone that can initiate biological response

A

because the carrier protein cant cross the capillary wall

41
Q

what is the primary determinant of plasma concentration of hormone

A

the rate of secretion

42
Q

what is the classic example of the control of secretion of hormone

A

HPA axis

cortisol negatively feed backs on the pituitary and hypothalamus glands

negative feedback maintains plasma concentration at a set level

43
Q

how does the neuroendocrine system affect hormones

A

stress

elicits sudden burst in secretion in response to a specific stimulus

44
Q

what is the general pattern of hormone secretion

A

diurnal (circadian) rhythm

secretion fluctuates as a function of time

45
Q

how do u work out the plasma concentration of a hormone

A

it = the rate of secretion - rate of elimination

46
Q

what is the most common routes of hormone elimination

A

local metabolism by liver

excretion by kidney

47
Q

what are the 3 main types of hormone receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptors
Receptor Kinases
Nuclear receptors

48
Q

what activates G-protein couples receptors

A

amines and some proteins. peptides

located at surface of cell bc these proteins are hydrophilic

49
Q

what activates receptor kinases

A

proteins/ peptides

located at the surface of the cell bc these proteins are hydrophilic

50
Q

where are the nuclear receptors found

A

inside the cell either in cytoplasm or nucleus

51
Q

where are class 1 nuclear receptors found and what activated them

A

in the cytoplasm- bound to heat shock proteins - unbind and move to nucleus when activated

steroids activate them

52
Q

where are class 2 nuclear receptors found what activated them

A

in the nucleus

activated by lipids

53
Q

what activates hybrid class nuclear receptors

A

thyroid hormone

54
Q

look at g-protein coupled receptor pathway

A

look at adrenaline pathway

angiotensin 2 pathway

55
Q

what is an example of signalling via receptor kinases

A

the receptor for insulin

absence of insulin - no signalling
when insulin binds - beta subunits gain enzymatic activity by increase of tyrosine kinase activity- allows the receptor to phosphorylate itself - allows binding of insulin receptor substrate proteins which signals to protein kinase B producing metabolic effects

2 MSK (35 decks)

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