Anatomy of the lower limb Flashcards
what is the bony anatomy of the lower limb
pelvis hip joint femur knee joint ankle joint foot
what is the top of the pelvis called
iliac crest
why are there bumps on bones
for muscle attachment
what makes the hip joint stable
big surface area between femoral head and acetabulum
how many compartments does the knee have and what are they called
3
medial
lateral
patellofemoral
what is the ankle mortis
composed to the lateral malleolus, distal end of the tibia and medial malleolus
what is the joint between the
acetabulum pedis
bum bone
ischium
what is the sacral foramen
holes in fused sacrum that allow exit of sacral nerves
what does the labrum do
stabilised the hip joint
increases the encapsulation of the femoral head
what is the blood supply to the femoral head
MEDIAL (main one) and lateral femoral circumflex artery
small blood supply from obturator artery
extra capsular fracture
does impact blood supply to the hip
what primary muscles flex the hip
iliac
psoas
origin and insertion of the psoas major
origin: transverse processes (L1-L5)
Insertion: lesser trochanter
origin and insertion of the iliac
origin: iliac crest
insertion: lesser trochanter
secondary hip flexors
rectus femoris
sartorius
origin and insertion of rectus femoris
one of the 4 heads of the quadriceps
origin: AIIS
insertion: tibia via patella tendon
origin and insertion of sartorial
origin ASIS
Insertion: tibia
also externally rotates him
what muscles adduct the hip
adductor brevis adductor Longus adductor Magnus pectineus gracilis
common origin and insertion points for the adductors of the hip
origin: inferior pubic rami
insertion: lineament aspera, pectineal line, tibia
clinical issues associated with hip adductors
adductor tendinopathy
osteitis pubis
spasticity in NM conditions
what muscles abduct the hip
gluteus minimus/medius
tensor fascia lata
what muscle extends the hip
gluteus Maximus
origin and insertion of gluteus Maximus
origin: posterior aspect of the ilium/sacrum
insertion: iliotibial tract
what are the hip extensors/knee flexors
biceps femurs
semimembranous
semitendonous
clinical issues involving hip extensors/knee flexors
avulsion/tears
what does lateral hip pain suggest
trochanteric bursitis
what does groin pain suggest
actual hip joint pain
what are the ligaments of the knee
medial and lateral collaterals
anterior crucate
posterior crucate
what do the collateral ligaments do
resist virus/valgus stresses at knee joint
what clinical issues involve the collateral ligaments
tears
what does the ACL do
resists anterior translation of the tibia on the femur
what does the PCL do
resists posterior translation of the tibia on the femur
clinical issues with ACL and. PCL
tears
what are the important functions of the menisci
- shock absorbers
- increase femoral tibial conformity (fit together)
- stabilise knee during movement
- lubricate knee
direction of ACL
direction of hands in pockets
clinical tissues with menisci
tears
radial or bucket handle
extensors of the knee
quadriceps rectus femoris vests intermedius vests medialis vastus lateralis
where do the quadriceps insert
tibia via the patellar tendon
what factors predispose to patella instability
genu valgum (more common in women)
femoral head anteversion
weak quads
ligament laxity
what are leg muscle compartments
bound by thick, fascial compartments
common nerve supply
what are muscle compartment important
can get compartment syndrome (swelling in compartment)
orthopaedic emergency
muscles of anterior compartment of the leg
tibias anterior extensor hallucinate extensor logic extensor digitorum longus peroneus tertius
lateral compartment of the leg muscles
fibularis/peroneus longus/brevis
deep posterior compartment of the leg
tibias posterior
flexor hallucis longus
p[.
what does brevis mean
closer to bone
what does the common perineal nerve (fibular) split into
superficial fibular
deep fibular
what muscles are ankle plantar flexors
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
common insertion for ankle plantar flexors
calcaneus via achilles tendon
clinical issues of achilles tendon
tendinopathy
what are the ankle dorsiflexors
tibias anterior
what are the ankle ligaments
medially: deltoid ligaments
laterally: lateral ligament complex
what is hind foot
talus and calcaneous
mid foot
navicular
cuboid
cuneiforms
what is the forefoot
metatarsals and phalanges
what tendon supports the medial arch
tibias posterior tendon
clinical issues involving medial arch
tibias posterior dysfunction
common in 60s
pain on medial aspect
flattening of foot
what ligament supports the medial arch
spring ligament
what is the planta fascia
thickened fascia on sole of foot
