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2 MSK > MSK Histology > Flashcards

MSK Histology Flashcards

1
Q

how can skeletal muscles be described

A

striated
unbranched
multinucleate

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2
Q

what do muscle fibres look like

A

long cylanders

nuclei are at the periphery of the fibre just under the cell membrane

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3
Q

what is the cell membrane called in muscle cells

A

sarcolemma

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4
Q

what is skeletal muscle made up of

A

fascicles - individuals bundles of muscle fibres

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5
Q

what is the name of the connective tissue that surrounds to whole muscle

A

epimysium

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6
Q

what is the connective tissue around a single fascicle called

A

perimysium

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7
Q

what is the connective tissue around a single muscle fibre called

A

endomysium

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8
Q

what is inside a muscle fascicle

A

muscle fibres

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9
Q

whats inside a muscle fibre

A

myofibrils

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10
Q

what are myofibrils made up of

A

sarcomeres placed end to end

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11
Q

by definition where does the sarcomere stretch between

A

Z lines

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12
Q

what causes striation in skeletal muscle

A

result of the arrangement of the sarcomeres held in registry with one another across the fibre giving the illusion of transversal stripes

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13
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction

A

the synapse where the axon on the motor neurone terminates

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14
Q

describe type 1 muscle fibres

A 
slow contracting 
depend on oxidative metabolism 
abundant mitochondria and myoglobin 
resistant to fatigue and produce less force 
'red fibres'
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15
Q

describe type 2a muscle fibres

A

intermediate between 1 and 2b
relatively fast contracting
reasonably resistant to disease
relatively uncommon

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16
Q

describe type 2b muscle fibres

A

fast contracting fibres that depend on anaerobic metabolism
very few mitochondria and less myoglobin than type 1 fibres
fatigue relatively easily
produce greater force
‘white meat’

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17
Q

describe cartilage

A

semi-rigid and deformable
permeable
avascular
cells nourished by diffusion through ECM

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18
Q

describe bone

A

rigid
non-permeable
cells nourished by blood vessels that pervade the tissue

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19
Q

what are chondrocytes

A

cells found in cartilage

called chondroblasts when immature

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20
Q

what are the components of the ECM

A

75% water
25% organic material
type 2 collagen
proteoglycan aggregates

21
Q

what is hyaline cartilage

A

most common form of cartilage

blue-white in colour

22
Q

what is elastic cartilage

A

light yellow in colour

addition of elastic fibres make it flexible

23
Q

what is fibrocartilage

A

hybrid between tendon and hyaline cartilage
bands of densely packed type 1 collagen interwoven with rows of chondrocytes
surrounded by ECM
appears white

24
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A 
articular surfaces 
tracheal rings 
costal cartilage 
epiphyseal growth plates 
precursor in fetus to many bones
25
Q

what are the functions of bone

A 
support 
levers for moment 
protection of internal organs 
calcium store
haemopoiesis (blood cell production)
26
Q

what is cauliflower ear

A

when vasculature around the cartilage is damaged so it cant get nourished from diffusion

27
Q

where is involved in blood production after early 20s

A

axial skeleton and limb girdle

28
Q

what is marrow not producing blood

A

yellow marrow

producing fat

29
Q

what makes up bone

A

collagen
bioapatitie (a form of calcium phosphatte- mineral)
water
non-collagen proteins

30
Q

what is cortical bone

A

the outer shell of dense bone which makes up the shaft

31
Q

what is cancellous/trabecular bone

A

occupies the ends of bone

fine meshwork of bone which looks like an aero bar

32
Q

what bone never remodels

A

otic capsule

33
Q

what makes up cortical bone

A

groups of lamellar bone
blood vessels within canal in the middle
canals run both ways through the bone

34
Q

what are osteons

A

groups of lamellar bodies

product of later bone remodelling

35
Q

why do osteons have a lamellar structure

A

lots of different layers overlapping with collagen fibres in different directions to make it stronger

36
Q

what is a key difference between trabecular and compact bone

A

presence of spaces in trabecular bone

37
Q

what are canaliculi

A

tiny channels which allow communication between osteocytes

38
Q

what is the cement line

A

marks the boundary of an osteon

only found in osteons that are formed from remodelling

39
Q

why does trabecular bone lack Haversian canals

A

because the struts are thin, the osteocytes can survive from contact with the marrow spaces

40
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells

A

located on bone surfaces

pool of reserve osteoblasts

41
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells found on the surface of developing bone

42
Q

what are osteocytes

A

bone cell trapped within bone matrix

43
Q

what are osteoclasts

A 
large multibucleated cells 
found on the surface of the bone 
responsible for bone reabsorption 
work together to dissolve the bone 
fuse to form giant cell
44
Q

what happens to bone during remodelling

A

osteoclasts drill out bone to form a tunnel
blood vessels grow into tunnel bringing osteoblasts
osteoblasts start laying down new lamellar bone
process continues until only the Haversian canal remains

45
Q

what do osteoblasts secrete

A

osteoid

a progenitor material which in the extracellular space will become hard as it attracts calcium phosphate crystals

46
Q

what are osteoclasts derived from

A

macrophages

47
Q

where can you add bone to

A

a surface

48
Q

how is early bone lade down in utero

A

quickly
as woven bone
collagen fibres run in all orientations

49
Q

when is woven bone put down

A

when there is a break

then undergoes subsequent remodelling

2 MSK (35 decks)

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