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2 MSK > Joint Physiology > Flashcards

Joint Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main types of joint in the body

A

synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous

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2
Q

what are fibrous joints

A

bones united by fibrous tissue
doesn’t allow movement
example: skull bones

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3
Q

what are cartilaginous joints

A

bones united by cartilage
allow limited movement
example: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

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4
Q

what are synovial joints

A

bones separated by a cavity (containing synovial fluid)

united by a fibrous capsule

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5
Q

what is the inside of the fibrous capsule in the synovial joint lines with

A

synovial membrane

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6
Q

what is the synovial membrane

A

vascular connective tissue with capillary networks and lymphatics

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7
Q

what do synovial cells produce and where are they found

A

synovial fluid

found in the synovial membrane

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8
Q

what is a simple synovial joint

A

joint with one pair of articulating surfaces

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9
Q

what is a compound synovial joint

A

more than one pair of articulating surfaces eg. elbow

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10
Q

what is the role of joints during purposeful motion

A

stress distribution

confer stability

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11
Q

what are the functions of synovial fluid

A

lubricated joint
facilitates joint movement- reduces friction
minimises wear and tear
Aids nutrition of articular cartilage
supplies chondrocytes with O2 and removes CO2 and waste products

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12
Q

the synovial fluid is a static pool true/false

A

false

it is continuously replenished and absorbed by the synovial membrane

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13
Q

what gives synovial fluid its high viscosity

A

the presence of hyaluronic acid (mucin) produced by synovial cells

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14
Q

where are the other constituents of synovial fluid derived from

A

dialysis of blood plasma

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15
Q

how does rapid movement change viscosity and elasticity of synovial fluid

A

decreased viscosity
increased elasticity

(this doesn’t work in diseased joints eg. osteoarthritis)

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16
Q

what does normal synovial fluid look like

A

clear and colourless liquid

17
Q

the synovial fluid WBC count increases/decreases in inflammatory and septic arthritis

A

increases

18
Q

when does the synovial fluid turn red

A

in traumatic synovial tap and haemorrhage arthritis

19
Q

what does synovial fluid from a severely inflamed joint look like

A

thin and opaque

20
Q

what are the main functions of articular cartilage

A

prevents wear and tear

distributes the contact pressure to subchondral bone

21
Q

what zones make up articular cartilage

A

superficial, middle, deep, calcified

22
Q

what type of cartilage is the articular cartilage

A

usually hyaline

it is elastic with sponge-like qualities

23
Q

what is the articular cartilage ECM made up of

A 
predominantly water (70%)
20% collagen (mainly type 2) 
proteoglycans (10%)
24
Q

what happens to cartilage water content with age

A

decreases with age

25
Q

what do the proteoglycans do

A

responsible for compressive properties associated with weight baring

26
Q

what cells synthesise, organise and degrade the cartilage ECM

A

chondrocytes

27
Q

how do the articular cartilage cells get nutrients and O2

A

via the synovial fluid as they are avascular

28
Q

what happens when there is a change in the amounts of the 3 major components of cartilage (water, collagen and proteoglycans)

A

the mechanical properties of cartilage would change and joint disease would occur is the rate of ECM degeneration exceeds the rate of its synthesis

29
Q

what are catabolic factors in cartilage matrix turnover

A

segregation of the cartilage matrix

proteolytic enzymes are stimulated and proteoglycan synthesis is inhibited

30
Q

what do anabolic facts in cartilage matrix turnover do

A

stimulate proteoglycan syntehsis and contract the effects of IL1 (a catabolic factor)

31
Q

what are two markers of cartilage degradation

A

serum and synovial keratin sulphate (increased levels)

increased levels of type 2 collagen (Indicated cartilage breakdown)

32
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

when cartilage and synovial composition and function deteriorate with age/ wear and tear

33
Q

what happens in rheumatoid arthritis

A

synovial cell proliferation and inflammation

34
Q

what happens when there are uric acid crystals in the joints

A

gouty arthritis

35
Q

what is soft tissue rheumatism

A

injury and inflammation to periarticular structures

2 MSK (35 decks)

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