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Anatomy and physiology > upper limb > Flashcards

upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 bones of the upper limb (excluding hand bones)?

A
  1. Clavicle
  2. scapula
  3. humerus
  4. radius
  5. Ulna
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2
Q

What are the three groups of bones in the hands?

A
  1. carpals
  2. metacarpals
  3. Phalanges
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3
Q

What are the two joints in the pectoral girdle?

A

Acroclavicle joint
Gelohumeral joint

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4
Q

What two bones meet in the acroclavicle joint?

A

acromion
Clavicle

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5
Q

What two bones meet in the glenohumeral joint?

A

humerus
scapula

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6
Q

Where is the sternoclaviclar joint?

A

Where the clavicle meets the sternum

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7
Q

Where is the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Between the scapula and the chest wall

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8
Q

is the scapulothoracic joint a true joint?

A

no

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9
Q

Where is the glenoid cavity? what does it house?

A

on the lateral side of the shoulder blade
the head of the humerus

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10
Q

What are the 11 movements of the shoulder joint?

A

Flexion: Raising the upper arm in front of the body
Extension: Moving the upper arm behind the body
Abduction: Moving the arms from the sides of the body outward and up until your arms are parallel to the floor
Adduction: Moving your arms from a position parallel to the floor to your sides
Internal rotation: Inward rotation of the arm toward the body
External rotation: Outward rotation of the arm away from the body
Horizontal abduction: Movement of the upper arm in the horizontal plane
Circumduction: A movement of the shoulder
Scapular elevation: A movement of the shoulder
Scapular depression: A movement of the shoulder
Scapular retraction: A movement of the shoulder
Scapular protraction

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11
Q

From the posterior view, what are the 3 main stabilising muscles of the shoulder joint?

A
  1. rhomboids
  2. trapezius
  3. Levator Scapulae
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12
Q

From the anterior view, what are the two main stabilising muscles of the shoulder joint?

A

serratus anterior
pectoralis minor

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13
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor muscle originate and instert?

A

originates C7 to T1
inserts at the vertebral border of the scapula, above the scapula spine

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14
Q

Where does the rhomboid major originate and insert?

A

Originates T2 to T5
inserts at the vertebral border of the scapula, below its spine

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15
Q

what actions do the rhomboids perform?

A

adducts the scapula and slightly rotates it downwards

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16
Q

Where does the trapezius originate? (3)

A

from the occipital bone, C7 and all of the Thoracic vertebrae

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17
Q

Where does the trapezius insert? (3)

A

the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula

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18
Q

The trapezius helps abduction by ________ the __________

A

rotating
scapula

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19
Q

The upper fibres in the trapezius __________ the _________. This is essential when carrying heavy loads.

A

elevate
scapula

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20
Q

The middle fibres in the trapezius ___________ the ___________. This is useful when combing hair or reaching for a seatbelt.

A

retract
scapula

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21
Q

The lower fibres in the trapezius __________ the _________. this is needed for pulling down.

A

depress
scapula

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22
Q

What does the levator scapulae do?

A

elevates the scapula
slightly rotates the scapula downwards

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23
Q

Where does the seratis anterior originate?

A

upper 8 or 9 ribs

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24
Q

Where does the seratus anterior insert?

A

the medial border of the scapula

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25
Q

What 2 movements does the seratus anterior do?

A
  • rotates the scapula upwards allowing the arm to be raised over 90 degrees
  • protracts the scapula (boxing muscle)
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26
Q

How does the seratus anterior stabilise the shoulder?

A

it stabilises the scapula in rest and exercises, keeping scapula against the ribs

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27
Q

Where does the pectoralis minor originate?

A

3rd to 5th ribs

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28
Q

Where does pectoralis minor insert?

A

the coracoid process of the scapula

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29
Q

How does the pectoralis minor stabilse the scapula?

A

by pulling it downward and anteriorly against the thoracic wall

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30
Q

What is the anagram to remember the rotator cuff muscles?

A

SITS

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31
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A
  1. supraspinatus
  2. Infraspinatus
  3. Teres Minor
  4. Subscapularis
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32
Q

The supraspinatus is the _________ of the rotator cuff muscles. It sits above the spine of the _________ (superior). The supraspinatus initiates ___________.

A

smallest
scapula
abduction

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33
Q

How does the supraspinatus help stabilise the shoulder?

A

By keeping the head of the humerus firmly against the glenoid cavity

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34
Q

The infraspinatus sits underneath the _______ of the ________ (inferior). It is the main ___________ ______ of the shoulder joint. It assists with shoulder ___________ and provides __________.

A

spine
scapula
external rotator
extension
stability

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35
Q

The Teres Minor works with the ____________ to externally rotate the shoulder. It is essential in __________ the shoulder joint.

A

Infraspinatus
stabilising

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36
Q

The Subscapularis’ primary function is ___________ __________ of the _________. It is a major _________ of the shoulder joint.

A

internal rotation
humerus
stabiliser

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37
Q

What are the 5 mover muscles of the upper limb?

A

Deltoid
pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
teres major
coracobrachialis

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38
Q

How does the deltoid move the upper limb? (2)

A

powerful abductor
it assists in forward elevation

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39
Q

What is the largest muscle of the chest wall?

A

Pectoralis major

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40
Q

How does the pectoralis move the arm? (3)

A

it flexes, adducts and medially rotates the arm

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41
Q

latissimus dorsi works with ______ ______ to ________, ____________ rotate and extend the _________________ joint. These muscles also extend the ________.

A

Teres Major
adduct
medially
glenohumeral
humerus

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42
Q

When the lower limb has reduced strength, Latissumus Dorsi can assist with hitching the ________.

A

pelvis

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43
Q

Latissimus Dorsi helps support the hands when using _________. A person using a wheelchair relies on Latissimus dorsi when ___________.

A

crutches
transferring

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44
Q

How does Teres Major move the upper limb? (3)

A

it works with Latissumus Dorsi to extend, adduct and internally rotate the shoulder.

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45
Q

Teres major is also known as little _______. It helps with rowing, swimming and tennis.

A

lats

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46
Q

Where does the Coracobrachialis extend from and to?

A

the coracoid process of the scapula to the shaft of the humerus

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47
Q

How does the coracobrachialis move the upper limb? (2)

A

it flexes and adducts the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

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48
Q

The coracobrachialis is the antagonist to which muscle? why?

A

the deltoid as it brings the arm back down

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49
Q

Which bones meet at the elbow? (3)

A

humerus
radius
ulna

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50
Q

What is the interosseous membrane? what does it do?

A

the membrane between the radius and ulna

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51
Q

what does the interosseus membrane do? (3)

A

it is a site of attachment for muscles
it connects the radius and ulna
it helps to share the load

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52
Q

What kind of joint is the elbow?

A

a complex hinge joint

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53
Q

what are the three joints within at elbow?

A

Humero-radial joint
Humero-ulnar joint
Proximal radio-ulnar joint

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54
Q

At which of the joints in the elbow does pronation and supination occur? is this strictly part of the elbow?

A

proximal radioulnar joint, no

55
Q

What are the 3 flexors of the elbow and forearm?

A

biceps brachii
brachialis
brachaioradialis

56
Q

what is the extensor muscle of the elbow and forearm?

A

triceps brachii

57
Q

what does the biceps brachii do?

A

flexion
supination of forearm

58
Q

where does the brachials insert and originate?

A

inserts at the coranod process and ulnar tuberosity

originates at the distal anterior humerus

59
Q

Where do the triceps insert?

A

Olecranon process

60
Q

What is the origin of the lateral head of the triceps?

A

posterior humerus

61
Q

What is the origin of the long head of the triceps?

A

infraglenoid tubercle

62
Q

What is the origin of the medial head of the triceps?

A

posterior humerus

63
Q

What are the pronators of the forearm? (2)

A

pronator teres
pronator quadratus

64
Q

What are the supinators of the forearm? (2)

A

biceps brachii
supinator

65
Q

What are the carpal bones?

A

scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
captitate
Hamate

66
Q

What are the 4 joints in the wrist?

A

radio-carpal
ulno-carpal
midcarpal
carpo-metacarpal

67
Q

What kind of joint is the midcarpal joint?

A

a gliding joint

68
Q

What kind of joint is the radio-carpal and ulno-carpal joint?

A

ellipsoid or condyloid

69
Q

what kind of joint is the carpo-metacarpal (thumb) joint?

A

saddle joint

70
Q

What movements does the carpo-metacarpal joint allow?

A

circumduction of the thumb
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
opposition (grip)

71
Q

What are the four movements of the wrist?

A

flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation

72
Q

how do we group the phalanges? (3)

A

distal phalanges (ends of fingers)
intermediate phalanges (middle)
proximal phalanges (closest to wrist)

73
Q

What do we call the joints in the fingers?

A

distal interphalangeal joints
proximal interphalangeal joints
metacarpohalangeal joints

74
Q

What are knuckles also known as?

A

meta-carpalphalangeal joints

75
Q

what kind of joints are the knuckles?

A

condyloid joints

76
Q

What movements can the meta-carphalangeal joints do?

A

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
circumduction

77
Q

What kind of joints are the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints?

A

hinge joints

78
Q

How many joints are in the thumb?

A

3

79
Q

How many phalanges are in the thumb?

A

2

80
Q

What are the three joints in the thumb?

A

carpo-metacarpal
metacarpophalangeal
interphalangeal

81
Q

Where are the extrinsic muscles of the upper limb located?

A

in the forearm

82
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the upper limb control?

A

gross motor movements

83
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the arm needed for?

A

strength, specifically a strong grip

84
Q

Where are the intrinsic muscles of the upper limb located?

A

in the hand

85
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the upper limb control?

A

fine motor movement

86
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand needed for?

A

flexibility of movements, such as holding a pen

87
Q

Is the flexor digitorum supercicialis an extrinsic or intrinsic muscle in the upper limb?

A

extrinsic as it is located in the forearm

88
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum superficialis originate?

A

the medial epicondyle of the humerus and along the radius

89
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum attach?

A

on all 4 fingers on the first (closest to wrist) phalanges

90
Q

Which of the phalanges does the flexor digitorum superficialis flex?

A

the middle phalanges

91
Q

What is the anatomical position of the flexor digitorum superficialis? (2)

A

superficial
anterior

92
Q

Is the flexor digitorum profundus muscle intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinsic as it is located in the forearm

93
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum profundus originate?

A

from the ulna

94
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum profundus attach?

A

at the distal phalanges (finger tips) of all four fingers

95
Q

How would you describe the anatomical position of the flexor digitorum profundus? (2)

A

deep
anterior

96
Q

Which of the phalanges does the flexor digitorum profundus flex?

A

all 4 distal phalanges

97
Q

is the flexor pollicis longus intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinsic as it is located in the forearm

98
Q

where does the flexor pollicis longus originate?

A

the radius and the interosseus membrane

99
Q

Where does the flexor pollicis longus attach?

A

at the distal phalanx (tip) of the thumb

100
Q

How would you describe the anatomical position of the flexor pollicis longus? (2)

A

anterior
deep

101
Q

What does the flexor pollicis longus flex?

A

the thumb

102
Q

What position should the wrist be in for a strong grip? why?

A

in extension to enable to flexor tendons to flex at their strongest

103
Q

Is the extensor digitorum intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinsic as it is located in the forearm

104
Q

describe the anatomical position of the extensor digitorum? (1)

A

posterior

105
Q

Where does the extensor digitorum originate?

A

on the lateral epocondyle of the humerus

106
Q

Where does the extensor digitorum attach?

A

to the second, thurd fourth and fifth phalanges and the little finger has a spur from the tendon on the fourth finger

107
Q

What movement does the extensor digitorum allow?

A

extension of all the fingers

108
Q

Is the extensor digiti minimi intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinsic as it is located in the forearm

109
Q

Where does the extensor digiti minimi originate?

A

the lateral humeral epicondyle

110
Q

Where does the extensor digiti minimi insert?

A

on the distal phlanx of the little finger

111
Q

describe the anatomical position of the extensor digiti minimi (2)

A

superficial
posterior

112
Q

What movement does the extensor digiti minimi allow?

A

extension of the little finger

113
Q

Is the abductor pollicis longus intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinsic as it is in the forearm

114
Q

Where does the abductor pollicis longus originate.?

A

from the ulna and interossei membrane

115
Q

Where does the abductor policis longus insert? (2)

A

the tendon splits into 2 and inserts on the first metacarpal of the thumb and the trapezium

116
Q

What movement does the abductor pollicis longus allow?

A

abduction and extension of the thumb at the CMC joint

117
Q

How would you describe the anatomical position of the abductor pollicis longus? (2)

A

deep
posterior

118
Q

is the extensor pollicis breavis an intrinsic or extrinsic muscle?

A

extrinsic because it is in the forearm

119
Q

Where does the extensor pollicis brevis originate?

A

on the radius and interossei membrane

120
Q

Where does the extensor pollicis brevis insert?

A

at the proximal phalanx of the thumb

121
Q

what movement does the extensor pollicis brevis allow?

A

extension of the thumb

122
Q

how would you describe the anatomical position of the extensor pollicis brevis? (3)

A

superficial and deep muscle in the posterior forearm

123
Q

Is the extensor pollicis longus an intrinsic or extrinsic muscle?

A

extrinsic as it is in the forearm

124
Q

where does the extensor pollicis longus originate?

A

from the ulna

125
Q

Where does the extensor pollicis longus insert?

A

at the distal phalanx (tip) of the thumb

126
Q

what movement does the extensor pollicis longus allow? (3)

A

extends the thumb at the CMC joint and IP joint
partially adducts the first metacarpal

127
Q

describe the anatomical position of the extensor pollicis longus? 2

A

deep
posterior

128
Q

is the extensor indicis an intrinsic or extrinsic muscle?

A

an extrinsic muscle as it is in the forearm

129
Q

Where does the extensor indicis originate?

A

from the ulna

130
Q

where does the extensor indicis insert?

A

on the middle phalanx of the index finger

131
Q

what movement does the extensor indicis allow?

A

extension of the index finger

132
Q

how would you describe the anatomical position of the extensor indicis? (2)

A

deep
posterior

133
Q

SLIDE 91

A
134
Q
A

Anatomy and physiology (18 decks)

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