upper limb Flashcards
What are the 5 bones of the upper limb (excluding hand bones)?
- Clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- radius
- Ulna
What are the three groups of bones in the hands?
- carpals
- metacarpals
- Phalanges
What are the two joints in the pectoral girdle?
Acroclavicle joint
Gelohumeral joint
What two bones meet in the acroclavicle joint?
acromion
Clavicle
What two bones meet in the glenohumeral joint?
humerus
scapula
Where is the sternoclaviclar joint?
Where the clavicle meets the sternum
Where is the scapulothoracic joint?
Between the scapula and the chest wall
is the scapulothoracic joint a true joint?
no
Where is the glenoid cavity? what does it house?
on the lateral side of the shoulder blade
the head of the humerus
What are the 11 movements of the shoulder joint?
Flexion: Raising the upper arm in front of the body
Extension: Moving the upper arm behind the body
Abduction: Moving the arms from the sides of the body outward and up until your arms are parallel to the floor
Adduction: Moving your arms from a position parallel to the floor to your sides
Internal rotation: Inward rotation of the arm toward the body
External rotation: Outward rotation of the arm away from the body
Horizontal abduction: Movement of the upper arm in the horizontal plane
Circumduction: A movement of the shoulder
Scapular elevation: A movement of the shoulder
Scapular depression: A movement of the shoulder
Scapular retraction: A movement of the shoulder
Scapular protraction
From the posterior view, what are the 3 main stabilising muscles of the shoulder joint?
- rhomboids
- trapezius
- Levator Scapulae
From the anterior view, what are the two main stabilising muscles of the shoulder joint?
serratus anterior
pectoralis minor
Where does the rhomboid minor muscle originate and instert?
originates C7 to T1
inserts at the vertebral border of the scapula, above the scapula spine
Where does the rhomboid major originate and insert?
Originates T2 to T5
inserts at the vertebral border of the scapula, below its spine
what actions do the rhomboids perform?
adducts the scapula and slightly rotates it downwards
Where does the trapezius originate? (3)
from the occipital bone, C7 and all of the Thoracic vertebrae
Where does the trapezius insert? (3)
the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula
The trapezius helps abduction by ________ the __________
rotating
scapula
The upper fibres in the trapezius __________ the _________. This is essential when carrying heavy loads.
elevate
scapula
The middle fibres in the trapezius ___________ the ___________. This is useful when combing hair or reaching for a seatbelt.
retract
scapula
The lower fibres in the trapezius __________ the _________. this is needed for pulling down.
depress
scapula
What does the levator scapulae do?
elevates the scapula
slightly rotates the scapula downwards
Where does the seratis anterior originate?
upper 8 or 9 ribs
Where does the seratus anterior insert?
the medial border of the scapula
What 2 movements does the seratus anterior do?
- rotates the scapula upwards allowing the arm to be raised over 90 degrees
- protracts the scapula (boxing muscle)
How does the seratus anterior stabilise the shoulder?
it stabilises the scapula in rest and exercises, keeping scapula against the ribs
Where does the pectoralis minor originate?
3rd to 5th ribs
Where does pectoralis minor insert?
the coracoid process of the scapula
How does the pectoralis minor stabilse the scapula?
by pulling it downward and anteriorly against the thoracic wall
What is the anagram to remember the rotator cuff muscles?
SITS
What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
- supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres Minor
- Subscapularis
The supraspinatus is the _________ of the rotator cuff muscles. It sits above the spine of the _________ (superior). The supraspinatus initiates ___________.
smallest
scapula
abduction
How does the supraspinatus help stabilise the shoulder?
By keeping the head of the humerus firmly against the glenoid cavity
The infraspinatus sits underneath the _______ of the ________ (inferior). It is the main ___________ ______ of the shoulder joint. It assists with shoulder ___________ and provides __________.
spine
scapula
external rotator
extension
stability
The Teres Minor works with the ____________ to externally rotate the shoulder. It is essential in __________ the shoulder joint.
Infraspinatus
stabilising
The Subscapularis’ primary function is ___________ __________ of the _________. It is a major _________ of the shoulder joint.
internal rotation
humerus
stabiliser
What are the 5 mover muscles of the upper limb?
Deltoid
pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
teres major
coracobrachialis
How does the deltoid move the upper limb? (2)
powerful abductor
it assists in forward elevation
What is the largest muscle of the chest wall?
Pectoralis major
How does the pectoralis move the arm? (3)
it flexes, adducts and medially rotates the arm
latissimus dorsi works with ______ ______ to ________, ____________ rotate and extend the _________________ joint. These muscles also extend the ________.
Teres Major
adduct
medially
glenohumeral
humerus
When the lower limb has reduced strength, Latissumus Dorsi can assist with hitching the ________.
pelvis
Latissimus Dorsi helps support the hands when using _________. A person using a wheelchair relies on Latissimus dorsi when ___________.
crutches
transferring
How does Teres Major move the upper limb? (3)
it works with Latissumus Dorsi to extend, adduct and internally rotate the shoulder.
Teres major is also known as little _______. It helps with rowing, swimming and tennis.
lats
Where does the Coracobrachialis extend from and to?
the coracoid process of the scapula to the shaft of the humerus
How does the coracobrachialis move the upper limb? (2)
it flexes and adducts the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)
The coracobrachialis is the antagonist to which muscle? why?
the deltoid as it brings the arm back down
Which bones meet at the elbow? (3)
humerus
radius
ulna
What is the interosseous membrane? what does it do?
the membrane between the radius and ulna
what does the interosseus membrane do? (3)
it is a site of attachment for muscles
it connects the radius and ulna
it helps to share the load
What kind of joint is the elbow?
a complex hinge joint
what are the three joints within at elbow?
Humero-radial joint
Humero-ulnar joint
Proximal radio-ulnar joint
At which of the joints in the elbow does pronation and supination occur? is this strictly part of the elbow?
proximal radioulnar joint, no
What are the 3 flexors of the elbow and forearm?
biceps brachii
brachialis
brachaioradialis
what is the extensor muscle of the elbow and forearm?
triceps brachii
what does the biceps brachii do?
flexion
supination of forearm
where does the brachials insert and originate?
inserts at the coranod process and ulnar tuberosity
originates at the distal anterior humerus
Where do the triceps insert?
Olecranon process
What is the origin of the lateral head of the triceps?
posterior humerus
What is the origin of the long head of the triceps?
infraglenoid tubercle
What is the origin of the medial head of the triceps?
posterior humerus
What are the pronators of the forearm? (2)
pronator teres
pronator quadratus
What are the supinators of the forearm? (2)
biceps brachii
supinator
What are the carpal bones?
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
captitate
Hamate
What are the 4 joints in the wrist?
radio-carpal
ulno-carpal
midcarpal
carpo-metacarpal
What kind of joint is the midcarpal joint?
a gliding joint
What kind of joint is the radio-carpal and ulno-carpal joint?
ellipsoid or condyloid
what kind of joint is the carpo-metacarpal (thumb) joint?
saddle joint
What movements does the carpo-metacarpal joint allow?
circumduction of the thumb
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
opposition (grip)
What are the four movements of the wrist?
flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation
how do we group the phalanges? (3)
distal phalanges (ends of fingers)
intermediate phalanges (middle)
proximal phalanges (closest to wrist)
What do we call the joints in the fingers?
distal interphalangeal joints
proximal interphalangeal joints
metacarpohalangeal joints
What are knuckles also known as?
meta-carpalphalangeal joints
what kind of joints are the knuckles?
condyloid joints
What movements can the meta-carphalangeal joints do?
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
circumduction
What kind of joints are the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints?
hinge joints
How many joints are in the thumb?
3
How many phalanges are in the thumb?
2
What are the three joints in the thumb?
carpo-metacarpal
metacarpophalangeal
interphalangeal
Where are the extrinsic muscles of the upper limb located?
in the forearm
What do the extrinsic muscles of the upper limb control?
gross motor movements
What are the extrinsic muscles of the arm needed for?
strength, specifically a strong grip
Where are the intrinsic muscles of the upper limb located?
in the hand
What do the intrinsic muscles of the upper limb control?
fine motor movement
What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand needed for?
flexibility of movements, such as holding a pen
Is the flexor digitorum supercicialis an extrinsic or intrinsic muscle in the upper limb?
extrinsic as it is located in the forearm
Where does the flexor digitorum superficialis originate?
the medial epicondyle of the humerus and along the radius
Where does the flexor digitorum attach?
on all 4 fingers on the first (closest to wrist) phalanges
Which of the phalanges does the flexor digitorum superficialis flex?
the middle phalanges
What is the anatomical position of the flexor digitorum superficialis? (2)
superficial
anterior
Is the flexor digitorum profundus muscle intrinsic or extrinsic?
extrinsic as it is located in the forearm
Where does the flexor digitorum profundus originate?
from the ulna
Where does the flexor digitorum profundus attach?
at the distal phalanges (finger tips) of all four fingers
How would you describe the anatomical position of the flexor digitorum profundus? (2)
deep
anterior
Which of the phalanges does the flexor digitorum profundus flex?
all 4 distal phalanges
is the flexor pollicis longus intrinsic or extrinsic?
extrinsic as it is located in the forearm
where does the flexor pollicis longus originate?
the radius and the interosseus membrane
Where does the flexor pollicis longus attach?
at the distal phalanx (tip) of the thumb
How would you describe the anatomical position of the flexor pollicis longus? (2)
anterior
deep
What does the flexor pollicis longus flex?
the thumb
What position should the wrist be in for a strong grip? why?
in extension to enable to flexor tendons to flex at their strongest
Is the extensor digitorum intrinsic or extrinsic?
extrinsic as it is located in the forearm
describe the anatomical position of the extensor digitorum? (1)
posterior
Where does the extensor digitorum originate?
on the lateral epocondyle of the humerus
Where does the extensor digitorum attach?
to the second, thurd fourth and fifth phalanges and the little finger has a spur from the tendon on the fourth finger
What movement does the extensor digitorum allow?
extension of all the fingers
Is the extensor digiti minimi intrinsic or extrinsic?
extrinsic as it is located in the forearm
Where does the extensor digiti minimi originate?
the lateral humeral epicondyle
Where does the extensor digiti minimi insert?
on the distal phlanx of the little finger
describe the anatomical position of the extensor digiti minimi (2)
superficial
posterior
What movement does the extensor digiti minimi allow?
extension of the little finger
Is the abductor pollicis longus intrinsic or extrinsic?
extrinsic as it is in the forearm
Where does the abductor pollicis longus originate.?
from the ulna and interossei membrane
Where does the abductor policis longus insert? (2)
the tendon splits into 2 and inserts on the first metacarpal of the thumb and the trapezium
What movement does the abductor pollicis longus allow?
abduction and extension of the thumb at the CMC joint
How would you describe the anatomical position of the abductor pollicis longus? (2)
deep
posterior
is the extensor pollicis breavis an intrinsic or extrinsic muscle?
extrinsic because it is in the forearm
Where does the extensor pollicis brevis originate?
on the radius and interossei membrane
Where does the extensor pollicis brevis insert?
at the proximal phalanx of the thumb
what movement does the extensor pollicis brevis allow?
extension of the thumb
how would you describe the anatomical position of the extensor pollicis brevis? (3)
superficial and deep muscle in the posterior forearm
Is the extensor pollicis longus an intrinsic or extrinsic muscle?
extrinsic as it is in the forearm
where does the extensor pollicis longus originate?
from the ulna
Where does the extensor pollicis longus insert?
at the distal phalanx (tip) of the thumb
what movement does the extensor pollicis longus allow? (3)
extends the thumb at the CMC joint and IP joint
partially adducts the first metacarpal
describe the anatomical position of the extensor pollicis longus? 2
deep
posterior
is the extensor indicis an intrinsic or extrinsic muscle?
an extrinsic muscle as it is in the forearm
Where does the extensor indicis originate?
from the ulna
where does the extensor indicis insert?
on the middle phalanx of the index finger
what movement does the extensor indicis allow?
extension of the index finger
how would you describe the anatomical position of the extensor indicis? (2)
deep
posterior
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