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Anatomy and physiology > the senses > Flashcards

the senses Flashcards

1
Q

what is a sense?

A

one of the faculties by which the qualities of the external environment are appreciated

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2
Q

what information do the senses provide?

A

information about the changes in the external and internal environments

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3
Q

a sense organ is a collection of what?

A

specialised receptor cells

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4
Q

a sense organ is a system that is capable of what?

A

responding to a particular stimulus from outside or inside the body

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5
Q

what are the 6 things the sense organs can detect?

A

light
heat
pain
touch
smell
taste

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6
Q

What are the 4 things needed for a sensation to occur?

A
  1. a stimulus
  2. a receptor
  3. conduction of the impulse to a neural pathway
  4. a region of a brain to translate impulse into sensation
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7
Q

What does the stimulus do when a sensation occurs?

A

initiates a response by the nervous system

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8
Q

What does a receptor do when a sensation occurs?

A

pick up the stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse

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9
Q

what does a neural pathway do when a sensation occurs?

A

conducts the impulse from the receptor to the brain

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10
Q

What does the brain do when a sensation occurs?

A

translates the impulse into a sensation

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11
Q

what does the general somatosensory area in the brain do?

A

it interprets a bodily sensation

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12
Q

which are the three receptors that the parietal lobe in the somatosensory area gets sensations from?

A

cutaneous
muscular
visceral

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13
Q

the parietal lobe in the somatosensory area perceives what 6 things?

A
  1. pain
  2. temperature
  3. touch
  4. pressure
  5. awareness of muscular movement
  6. position of joints
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14
Q

the parietal lobe in the somatosensory area can tell you the exact ______ of the _____ where sensations _________.

A

point
body
originate

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15
Q

where does the somatosensory association area get its input from? (3)

A

the thalamus, other lower portions of the brain and the general sensory area

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16
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory association area?

A

to integrate and interpret somatic sensations

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17
Q

The somatosensory association area allows you to determine the ________ shape and __________ of an object without looking at it.

A

exact
texture

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18
Q

the somatosensory association area allows you to determine the ___________ of one ________ to another as they are felt.

A

orientation
object

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19
Q

the somatosensory association area stores ___________ of past _________ __________ allowing you to __________ past with present sensory experiences.

A

memories
sensory experiences
compare

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20
Q

where is the primary visual area in the brain?

A

the occipital lobe

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21
Q

what does the primary visual area do?

A

receives input from the eyes and interprets these as visual impressions

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22
Q

where is the visual association area?

A

in the occipital lobe

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23
Q

what is the role of the visual association area?

A

it relates past to present visual experiences and is needed to recognise and evaluate what is seen

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24
Q

where in the brain is the primary auditory area located?

A

in the temporal lobe

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25
Q

what is the role of the primary auditory area?

A

to receive sound and interpret information via impulses from the inner ear

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26
Q

what basic characteristics of sound does the primary auditory area interpret? (3)

A

sound, pitch and rhythm

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27
Q

Where is the auditory association area located?

A

in the temporal lobe

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28
Q

what does the auditory association area determine?

A

if sound is speech, music or noise

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29
Q

where is the primary gustatory area located?

A

in the parietal lobe

30
Q

what does the primary gustatory area do?

A

receives impulses via taste buds and perceives these as taste

31
Q

Where is the primary olfactory area located?

A

in the temporal lobe on the medial aspect

32
Q

what is the role of the primary olfactory area?

A

to receive impulses from the nose and interpret these sensations as related to smell

33
Q

Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors that sense what? (6)

A

touch
pressure
vibration
proprioception
hearing equilibrium
blood pressure

34
Q

nociceptors are sensory precepts that detect what? (1)

A

pain - usually because of physical or chemical damage to tissues

35
Q

photoreceptors are sensory receptors that detect what? (1)

A

light on the retina of the eye

36
Q

Chemoreceptors are sensory receptors that detect what? (3)

A

taste
smell
chemicals in body fluids (eg oxygen, Co2, glucose)

37
Q

Where are thermoreceptors (a type of sensory receptor) located?

A

in skin and elsewhere

38
Q

What do thermoreceptors ( a type of sensory receptor) respond to?

A

changes in temperature

39
Q

What is smell referred to as?

A

olfaction

40
Q

what sense organ is involved in smell?

A

nose

41
Q

Where in the nose does the sense of smell originate in?

A

the nasal cavity

42
Q

as well as smell, the nasal cavity is a passageway for what?

A

respiration

43
Q

where do the nerve fibres of the nose originate?

A

in the upper part of the mucus membrane

44
Q

The specialised ______________ ___________nerves in the nose pick up information of an incoming odour. They pass it to the ____________ _____ which continues as the _________ ______ to the ___________ lobe of the ___________.

A

chemoreceptor
olfactory
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
temporal
cerebrum

45
Q

what is the scientific name for taste?

A

gustation

46
Q

what is the sense organ involved in taste?

A

the tongue/taste buds

47
Q

where in the tongue do the the taste buds lie? (4)

A

the papillae, soft palate, pharynx and epiglottis

48
Q

Taste buds are ______ in structure and form ________ of _____ _______ and ______ __________ of the ________________, _____ and ______ _______ nerves.

A

round
bundles
cell bodies
nerve endings

49
Q

Some taste buds have taste ______ which are stimulated by food and drink. The ______ lead to _______ which allow the ________ in. The dissolved ______________ in the saliva stimulate ________________. These generate and send messages (____________ __________) via the __________ nerves to the _________ area in the ____________ lobe for ____________.

A

hairs
hairs
pores
saliva
chemicals
chemoreceptors
chemical impulses
cranial
taste
parietal
interpretation

50
Q

although taste varies from person to person, what are the four general areas of taste?

A

sweet, bitter, sour and salt

51
Q

which part of the tongue is stimulated by sweet and salty tastes?

A

the tip of the tongue

52
Q

which part of the tongue is stimulated by sour tastes?

A

the sides

53
Q

which part of the tongue is stimulated by bitter tastes?

A

the back

54
Q

why can’t we taste well when our mouth is dry?

A

because we can only taste when substances are in solution

55
Q

how does taste act as protection?

A

because when foul-tasting food enters the mouth and is eaten, reflex gagging or vomiting may be induced

56
Q

what are the sense organs in hearing?

A

ears

57
Q

ears are associated with which two sensory functions?

A

hearing and balance

58
Q

what sensory receptors are involved in hearing?

A

mechanoreceptors

59
Q

when we hear a noise, where are sound waves picked up and transferred to? via what? for what?

A

picked up in the ear
transmitted to cerebrum via 8th cranial nerve for interpretation

60
Q

auditory messages are sent via which nerve to the cerebrum and cerebellum? to do what?

A

the auditory nerve to detect changes in the position of the head

61
Q

once the auditory signals are interpreted, what happens?

A

the skeletal muscles are instructed to maintain balance and posture

62
Q

what sense organs are involved in sight?

A

the eyes

63
Q

what kind of receptors does vision use? where are they located?

A

photoreceptors located in the eye

64
Q

where does light enter the eye through? which then strikes what?

A

the pupil
the retina

65
Q

what are the two light sensitive structures in the retina?

A

rods and cones

66
Q

what do rods and cones in the retina do? where is it sent?

A

they convert incoming light into nerve impulses which are then sent to the optic nerve for interpretation

67
Q

some sensations are felt more __________ than others.

A

strongly

68
Q

What is an example of selective awareness in senses?

A

waking up to a sick screaming child but not a train

69
Q

The effect of a current sensation may be _______________ when the brain compares it with a _________ ___________.

A

exaggerated
previous sensation

70
Q

What is an after-image? give an example

A

when the stimulus stops but we remain aware of the sensation eg when you are able to see a light image after closing eyes

71
Q

What is adaption in sensory characteristics? give an example

A

when a stimulus is still present but we become unaware of it eg becoming nose blind

72
Q

why does adaption happen?

A

due to a decrease in the strength of a sensation due to a prolonged stimulus, partly caused by a decrease in responsiveness

Anatomy and physiology (18 decks)

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